Chpter I.docx

E- Governance Chapter – I Introduction to E-Government
New Satara College of BCA Pandharpur 1 Prof. Kirpekar R.R.
Chapter – I
Introduction to E-Government
Introduction
The advent of IT as a highly maximized advantaged tool for delivery of products andServiceshas
now redefined the fundamentals and changed the institutions and theirmechanisms of delivery
forever. Technology has increasing rapidly in all spheres of life.Accompanied by the rapid
growth of the internet there has been a naturally associated risein online transactions. This
information age fundamentally changed shift is characterized by citizenand business integration
driven as it were by the choice of service providers andmeans of access.
In this context the concept of public governance has not goneunaffected. It too has seen a
fundamental shift in the concept both in the manner andmethod by which the e-governance
initiatives are being implemented at the centralstate and local government levels through various
PPP’s.(Public & Private Partnerships) This new practice of publicadministration has
developed into the concept of EG(E-Government). It helps simplify processes andmakes access
to government information easier for public sector agencies andcitizens.
Concept of E-Government
"E-government refers to the use by government agencies of information technologies (such as
Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the ability to transform
relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.
These technologies can serve a variety of different ends: better delivery of government services
to citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through
access to information, or more efficient government management. The resulting benefits can be
less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and cost
reductions."
Many developing country governments face these problems of inefficiency, internal and
external communications breakdowns, poor service delivery, and corruption. Civil society
organizations often lack the capacity to use ICT (Information and Communication Technology)
effectively, even though ICT can be a powerful tool for making information available to the
public and preventing corrupt practices.
Definition of E-Government
"E-government is defined as utilizing the Internet and the world-wide-web for delivering
government information and services to citizens."OR

"Electronic government refers to a situation in which administrative, Legislative and judicial
agencies to realize better quality in the provision of public services."
"E-governance is more about government than about "e" improves efficiency, improves services
helps achieve specific outcomes can contribute to broad policy objectives can be a major
contributor to reform can help build trust between governments and citizens can open up the
policy process challenges existing ways of working seamless government services will drive
agencies closer together."
Concept of E-Governance
E-governance is the good usage of information and communication technologies to transform
and enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of informational and
transactional exchanges with in government, between government agencies at National, State,
Municipal & Local levels, citizen & businesses, and to authorize citizens through access and use
of information.
According to The UNESCO, E-governance is the public sector's use of information and
communication technologies in order to enhance information and service delivery, motivating
inhabitant involvement in the decision-making process and making government more
accountable, transparent and effective.
E-governance involves new styles of management, novel ways to decide policy and investment,
new ways of accessing education, and listening to citizens and new ways of organizing and
delivering information and services. The purpose is to give better access, accountability and
efficiency in the delivery of government information and services.
E-Governance has capability to provide all government information and services on internet to
the public and private sector. An e-governance initiatives and innovations will ensure a more
democratic, transparent and accountable framework for the public and private system to operate
in. The governments of developing countries must establish a suitable environment for e-
governance
Definition of E-Governance
E-Governance is defined as the application of electronic means in the interaction between
government and citizens and government and business, to simplify and improve
democraticgovernment and business aspects of governance.
According to Bedi, Singh and Srivastava, 2001
Fundamentally, E-governance, entails electronic governance which uses information and
communication technologies at various levels of the government and the public sector to
improve governance.
Theoretical studies demonstratedthat E-Governance is the process of change of the
relationship of government with its constituents the citizens, the businesses and between its own
organs, through the use of tools of information and communication technology.
According toKeohane and Nye (2000)asserted that "Governance implies the
processes and institutions, both formal and informal that guide and restrain the collective
activities of a group. Government is the subset that acts with authority and creates formal
obligations.

Electronic governance or e-governance isthe application of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information, communication
transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and services between Government-to-
Citizen (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B), Government-to-Government (G2G)
Government-to-Employees (G2E) as well as back office processes and interactions within the
entire government framework. Through e-governance, government services will be made
available to citizens in a convenient,efficient and transparent manner.
The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are government,
citizens and businesses/interest groups. In e-governance there are no distinct boundaries.
The objective of e governance is to embrace information and communication technologies and
offer an opportunity to citizens, so they can get involve in decision making process.
Goals of E-Governance
1. Creating a better business environment:
The use of ICT in government and the establishment of an e-government infrastructure help
to create business-friendly environment by well organized interaction and improving the
interface between government and business. This goal is highly dependent on the country, its
industry strength and its global competitive advantage. Once identified, these should be
incorporated (Other Company) in the country's e-government strategy, with agencies, the
government and public services aligned towards promoting these sectors. E-procurement, for
example, can open new markets to local businesses by opening up the government
procurement process, making it more competitive and fair.
2. Strengthening good governance and broadening public participation:
Promoting transparency and accountability in government through the rapidly increase of
ICT in management and operations also opens opportunities for citizens to be more actively
involved in the policy and decision-making processes of government. As a major tool in
building a tradition of transparency and good governance.
E-governance can advance the fight against corruption. However, e-government by itself will
not put an end to corruption. It must be accompanied by other mechanisms to be fully
effective.
3. Improving the productivity and efficiency of government agencies:
It helps to Increase government staff productivity, reduce overhead from fewer offices and
less paper management, improve capacity for planning management by government and
increase revenue as business and citizens actually apply for more licenses, due to the fact that
the process is much easier and less corrupt.
Induce cost savings in the medium to the long term. In the short term, however, staffing and
costs tend to increase as government must offer multiple delivery platforms (both traditional
and e-government) during the initial transition.

4. Efficiency gains:
E-government provides benefits to the citizen and to public administration at a number of
levels. Significant savings can be obtained in the data collection andtransmission as wellas in
the provision of the information to whole community with this goal.
5. Improving the quality of life for disadvantaged communities:
ICT makes it possible for government to reach marginalized groups/communities and
improve their quality of life. This means empowering them, through their participation in the
political process, as well as delivering much-needed public goods and services.
Finally, the goal of e-government is to enhance the interaction between three main factors in
the society- government, citizens and business- in order to stimulate political, social and
economic progress in the country.
History of E-Governance
Recognizing the increasing importance of electronics, the GOIestablished the Department of
Electronics in 1970. The subsequent establishment of the NIC (National Information Centre)
in1977 was the first major step towards e-governance in India as it brought information’ and its
communication to focus. In the early 1980s, the use ofcomputers was confined to very few
organizations. The advent of personal computersbrought the storage, retrieval and processing
capacities of computers to governmentoffices. By the late 1980s, a large number of government
officers had computers butthey were mostly used for ‘word processing’. Gradually, with the
introduction ofbetter software, computers were put to other uses like managing databases
andprocessing information.
Advances in communications technology further improvedthe versatility and reach of computers,
and many government departments startedusing ICT for a number of applications like tracking
the movement of papers andfiles, monitoring of development programmes, processing of
employees’ pay rolls,generation of reports etc. The main thrust for e-governance was provided
by thelaunching of NICNET in 1987 – the National Information Center onSatellite-Based
Computer Network. This was followed by the launch of the District Information System
programme of theNational Informatics Centre (DISNIC) to computerize all district offices in
thecountry for which free hardware and software was offered to the State Governments.
The concept of e-governance has its origins in India during the seventies with a focuson the
development of in-house government applications in the areas of defense, economic monitoring,
planning and the deployment of IT to manage data intensivefunctions related to elections,
census, tax administration etc.
The efforts of the NIC toconnect all the district headquarters during the eighties was a very
significantdevelopment. From the early nineties, IT technologies were supplemented by
ICTtechnologies to extend its use for wider sectorial applications with policy emphasis
onreaching out to rural areas and taking in greater inputs from NGOs and theprivatesector as
well.
There has been an increasing involvement of international donor agenciesunder
the framework of ‘e-governance for development’ to catalyze the development of e-governance
laws and technologies in developing countries.

E-governance in India has reached the ‘transactional’ stage and provides various
services to citizens and business and government organizations and is dispensed by
central government agencies and different state government departments.The rural landscape in
India is set to take advantage of the flourishing ICT initiatives, through variousinstitutions, more
specifically the CSCs(Common Service Centers). They will offer services in local
languagesthat make a difference in the lives of the rural people. The major focus of E-
governancein the www.indg.in portal is to support the ongoing e-governancemovement in India
by providing a one stop information access to available onlinecitizen services, to state specific e-
governance initiatives and to build awareness aboutonline legal services, mobile governance,
RTI etc.
Domains
E-government refers to the delivery of national or local government information and services via the
Internet or other digital means to citizens or businesses or other governmental agencies. E-government is
a one-stop Internet gateway to major government services. E-government facilitates provision of relevant
government information in electronic form to the citizens in a timely manner; better service delivery to
citizens; empowerment of the people through access to information without the bureaucracy; improved
productivity and cost savings in doing business with suppliers and customers of government; and
participation in public policy decision-making. E-Governance refers to how managers and supervisors
utilize IT and Internet to execute their functions of supervising, planning, organizing, coordinating, and
staffing effectively.
Taxonomy
The three main target groups that can be distinguished in e-governance concepts are government,
citizens and businesses. Abbreviations such as B2B (Business to Business) and B2C (Business to
Consumer) are used, like in e-commerce concepts, to shortly describe which of the main groups
are interacting.
The most common interactions in e-governance; G2C, G2B and G2G are presented
systematically in the figure below:
There are four Phases of E-government as follows
In the first phase, e-governance means being present on the web, providing the public (G2C and
G2B) with relevant information. The format of the early government websites is similar to that of
a brochure or leaflet. The value to the public is that government information is publicly
accessible; processes are described and become more transparent, which improves, democracy

and service. Internally (G2G) the government can also disseminate static information with
electronic means, such as the Internet.
In the second phase, the interaction between government and the public (G2C and G2B) is
stimulated with various applications. people can ask questions via e-mail, use search engines,
and download forms and documents. These save time, In fact the complete intake of simple
applications can be done online 24 hours per day. Normally this would only have been possible
at counter during opening hours. Internally (G2G) government organizations use LANs, intranets
and email to communicate and exchange data.
With phase three, the complexity of the technology is increasing, but customer (G2C and G2B)
value is also higher. Complete transactions can be done without going to an office. Examples of
online services are filing income tax, filing property tax, extending/renewal of licenses, visa and
passports and online voting. Phase three is made complex because of security and
personalization issues. E.g. digital (electronic signatures will be necessary to enable legal
transfer of services. On the business side, the government is starting with e-procurement
applications.
The fourth phase is when all information systems are integrated and the public can get G2C and
G2B services at one computer. The complex aspect in reaching this goal is mainly on the internal
side, e.g. the necessity to drastically change culture, processes and responsibilities within the
government institution (G2G).
Types of E-Governance
 Government -to-citizen (G2C): It is the online non- commercial interaction between
local and central government with private individuals. Public can get services such as
license, death/birth/marriage certificates etc. by the government.
 Government-to-business (G2B): It includes dissemination of policies, memos, rules and
regulations.
 Government -to employee (G2E): It is the online non- commercial interaction between
government organizations and government employees. It includes provision of human
resource training and development.
 Government-to-Government (G2G): It is the online non- commercial interaction
between government organizations, departments and authorities and other government
organizations, departments and authorities. This services can be used as instrument of
international relations and diplomacy.
Current Status in India & Global
The concept of e-governance has its origins in India during the seventies with a
focus on development of in- house government applications in the areas of defense, economic
monitoring, planning and the deployment of Information Technology to manage data for
intensive functions related to elections, census, tax administration etc.A major initiative of the
Government for ushering e-Governance on national scale, called National e-Governance Plan
(NeGP) was approved on 16th May 2006. NeGP consists of 27 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs)
encompassing 9 central MMPs, 11 State MMPs and 7 integrated MMPs that span multiple
backend Ministries/ Departments. It also includes 8 program support components aimed at

creating the right governance and institutional mechanisms, core infrastructure, policies
&standards and the necessary legal framework for adoption of e-Governance in the country. It is
implemented at the Central, State and Local Government levels
i] NIC has maximized advantaged of ICT to provide a robust communication backbone and
effective support for e-Governance at various levels including sub district level in many States.
National Knowledge Network is a core Backbone consisting of 18 Points of Presence with 2.5
Gbps capacity. 96 institutes have been connected to NKN (National Knowledge Network) and 15
virtual classrooms have been setup. NIC has setup National Data Centres at Delhi, Hyderabad
and Pune which provide shared hosting and co-location facilities to the Government across India.
Multipoint Video Conferencing (VC) services are provided over NICNET from 631 existing
studios spread across India. An SMS gateway has been setup to integrate the various applications
hosted by NIC for sending alerts and updates
ii]. The state-wise progress of e-governance (especially in rural development) is represented by
government is a successful attempt to empower the citizen by providing access of information to
the rural people. There are certain other areas where the implementation can help in eradicating
severe problems of the society viz poverty, education, health, sanitation etc. from India with
special focus towards rural masses. Rural India covers over 68% of India's total population
where half of it living below poverty line and struggling for better and easy access to health care
and services
iii] As e-governance is growing rapidly and by span of time every process of the government will
be covered by it.
As a consequence every decision making process will be fully participatory;
which will help in designing policies as well as deciding implementation mechanism by
considering all kinds of beneficiaries. Also, e-governance will be having its positive impacts on
several other areas like; the government offices will be paperless which also results in a
healthier; more green environment. The flow of information will be very fast and its availability
will be everywhere, which will give freedom to every individual from carrying unnecessary
documents like driving license, ration card, voter ID card, PAN card etc. The transparency in the
system will be at its peak i.e. there will not be any inconsistency and redundancy of the data and
information.
Conceptual Foundation
In one and a half decades since its birth in 1993 in United States (Kamensky 2001), e-
government has virtually galloped to occupy the center stage in governance worldwide, in
developed as well as in developing countries. Equally remarkably e-government has found
almost universal ready acceptance as if everyone was just waiting it to happen to address, among
other things, the vexing issues of improved public policy formulation and public service
delivery. Such a remarkable development in such a short period of time is unprecedented in
history of governance. This development has also placed a responsibility on both the e-
government academicians as well as on its practitioners to develop sound conceptual foundations
for e-government. Time has also come to set the e-government terminology in order as the initial
novelty and sheen of e-government have started wearing off and e-government has started
showing signs of stability, maturity and long-term sustainability. Conceptual foundations for any

discipline are necessary, more so for a new, rapidly evolving discipline like e-government.
Conceptual foundations provide necessary clarifications which help us to remove ambiguities in
terminology and provide clarity of meaning, describe scope and content of various terms and
attempt to standardize their usage facilitating communication within the e-government
community of practice (COP) as well as outside it. This helps the development of e-government
discipline. It also helps e-government practitioners to proceed with e-government with a
direction, thus accelerating the pace of e-government practice and development.
Citizen Centric Services or E-Governance Services
1) Government to Citizen Services
One of the key mandates of CSC scheme is to deliver Government to Citizen (G2C)
services. Various G2C services of Central Government Ministries and departments, apart
from State-specific services have been integrated on the Digital Seva portal for delivery to
citizens in rural and remote areas of the country through the network of CSCs(Common
Service Centers).
Bharat BillPay :
Bharat Bill Pay is a Reserve Bank of India (RBI) conceptualized system driven by National
Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). It is a one-stop bill payment platform for all bills –
electricity, mobile, broadband and landline, DTH, Gas, Water, etc. - across India with
certainty, reliability and safety of transactions.
Two primary participants of Bharat Bill Pay are:
Bharat Bill Payment Central Unit (BBPCU) – which implements operational, technical
and business standards for the entire system and its participants. The National Payments
Corporation of India (NPCI) functions as the BBPCU.
) - BBPOUs are authorized operational
units, working as per the standards set by BBPS. BBPOUs will on-board billers, aggregators
and payment gateways; and set up agent network and customer touch points to handle bill
paymentsthrough different delivery channels.
With CSC SPV becoming a BBPOU, CSCs can provide Bharat BillPay service and further
enable the villagers to pay their Electricity, Water, Gas, DTH and Broadband & Landline
Post Paid bills.
Passport
Ministry of External Affairs partnered with CSC SPV in 2014 to launch Passport Seva
services through CSCs across the rural hinterland. Services available through CSCs include
filling and uploading of Passport Application Form, payment of fee and scheduling of
appointment for visit to Passport Kendra.

PAN Card
Applications for new PAN Card are processed through CSCs in collaboration with UTI
Infrastructure Technology And Services Limited (UTIITSL) and National Securities
Depository Limited (NSDL). PAN Card service through NSDL was introduced for CSCs in
February 2016.
Swacch Bharat Abhiyan
Swacch Bharat Abhiyan is the biggest ever cleanliness drive launched by the Government in
2014 to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country. In 2016, Ministry of Urban
Development partnered with CSC to facilitate online applications through CSCs for
construction of individual household toilets across the country under the campaign.
Pradhan MantriAwasYojana
Pradhan MantriAwasYojana (PMAY) is an ambitious housing scheme of the Government for
creating affordable housing units for urban poor. Although, entire urban area of the country
will be covered under the scheme, the initial focus is on 500 select cities.
In November 2016, a MoU was signed between Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation (MHUPA) and CSC SPV for receiving PMAY applications through CSCs.
FSSAI
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) partnered with CSC SPV in July 2016
to provide Food Business Operator (FBO) registration service through CSCs. This initiative
is aimed at registering a large number of unregistered FBOs in the country with the FSSAI
through the vast network of CSCs. Under the service, Registration Certificate is auto
generated after filing of online application through CSC.
Soil Health Card
Soil Health Cards are issued by the Government to farmers with crop-wise recommendations
of nutrients and fertilizers required for individual farms to help them improve productivity
through judicious use of inputs. Launched as a scheme in 2015, the Government plans to
issue these cards to 14 crore farmers.
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare signed a MoU with CSC SPV in December 2016,
to engage CSCs in the Soil Health Card scheme. During 2016-17, 1.24 lakh farmer
registrations have taken place through CSCs across 23 States.
Election Commission Services
The Election Commission of India, in its endeavor to improve enrolment and correct data
errors in the electoral rolls for hassle free elections, has partnered with CSC SPV for delivery
of various electoral registration forms and EPIC printing through CSCs. So far, the Electoral
Registration Management System (ERMS) of Tripura, Punjab, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,

Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Haryana, and Maharashtra have been integrated with Digital
Seva Portal.
Banking:
In 2010, the Reserve bank of India (RBI) issued guidelines to Banks for delivery of financial
services through the CSCs to bring citizens in rural areas under the ambit of financial
inclusion. CSC SPV has since partnered with 42 public and private sector banks and regional
rural banks to leverage its last mile network to bring the unbanked, especially marginalized
communities and women under banking. Under this partnership,CSCs across the country can
become Business Correspondent Agents / Customer Service Points to deliver banking
facilities to citizens, such as:
Opening of Accounts (Manual)
Insurance Service :
CSC SPV acquired license from the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
(IRDA) in 2013 to work as an authorized intermediary to market life and non-life insurance
products through the Rural Authorized Persons, i.e. the VLEs. CSCs started offeringGeneral,
Health and Life Insurance policies to rural investors. So far, 36 insurance companies have
come on board to offer various insurance policies through CSCs. CSCs have also started
offering motor third party insurance to its rural customers.
Collection of Renewal Premium: CSCs across the country can also collect insurance
premium towards renewal of life insurance policies.
Jan Suraksha Schemes:In 2015, theGovernment launched three special insurance and
pension schemes for citizens, especially from the unorganized sector and marginalized
communities. VLEs working as BCAs can offer the three social security schemes – Pradhan
MantriSurakshaBimaYojana (PMSBY), Pradhan MantriJeevanJyotiBimaYojana (PMJJBY)
and Atal Pension Yojana (APY) to citizens. The Punjab National Bank has agreed to extend
APY enrolments of their account holders through CSCs across the country.
Pension Service:
The National Pension System (NPS) is a voluntary, defined contribution retirement savings
scheme designed to enable the subscribers to make optimum decisions regarding their future
through systematic savings during their working life. NPS seeks to inculcate the habit of
saving for retirement amongst the citizens. It is an attempt towards finding a sustainable
solution to the problem of providing adequate retirement income to every citizen of India.
NPS is based on a unique Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN) which is allotted
to each Subscriber upon joining NPS. NPS accumulates savings into subscribers PRA while

he is working and using the accumulations at retirement to procure a pension for the rest of
his life. NPS service has been launched through CSCs since April 2017.
Education Services
NDLM-DISHA:
The Department of Electronics & Information Technology (DeitY), under Ministry of
Communication & Information Technology, initiated a Scheme for IT Mass literacy in 2014.
The first phase of the programme, called National Digital Literacy Mission (NDLM), was
launched in August 2014 to provide basic digital literacy to 10 lakh citizens in select blocks
of each State/UT by covering one person from every digitally illiterate household. The
second phase of the programme, named as Digital SaksharataAbhiyan (DISHA) was initiated
in December 2014 with the objective of providing basic digital literacy training to 42.50 lakh
citizens. Grassroots government functionaries like ASHA and Anganwadi workers and
authorized ration dealers were also covered under this scheme. CSc SPV achieved the targets
under the NDLM-DISHA scheme by October 2016, much ahead of the project deadline.
Pradhan MantriGramin Digital SakshartaAbhiyan (PMGDISHA): Following the successful
implementation of NDLM-DISHA scheme, Government of India launched a new digital
literacy scheme in February 2017, specifically targeted at rural areas of the country. ‘Pradhan
MantriGramin Digital SakshartaAbhiyan (PMGDISHA)’ envisages digital literacy training to
six crore citizens in rural areas, thereby reaching out to 40% of rural households by covering
one member from every digitally unskilled household. CSC SPV has been engaged as the
Implementing Agency for the scheme.
Cyber Gram Yojana:
Cyber Gram Yojana is part of the Multi-Sectoral Development Programme (MsDP) being
implemented by the Ministry of Minority Affairs. Under this programme, basic digital
literacy training is imparted to students from minority community, especially girls studying
in Madrasas.
Other Education Courses:
NIELIT Courses: National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) is
an autonomous scientific society under MeitY that provides professional education through
non-formal sector. CSCs provide facilitation services for students of NIELIT, such as:
• Online Registration/ Fee Collection of Students
• Online Examination Form Submission
• Printing of Exam Admit Card
CSC BCC Course:
In an effort to achieve basic computer literacy in an inclusive manner, CSC SPV provides the
Basic Computer Course (BCC) with emphasis on hands-on training. The programme equips a
person to use computers in professional and personal space.
National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Service: The National Institute of Open
Schooling (NIOS) and CSC SPV have partnered to provide facilitation services for NIOS
students. Under this partnership, CSCs can promote open schooling in rural India, register
students, pay registration and examination fee, provide admission status and declare results.

Online English Speaking Course (GOLS): CSC SPV has partnered with Gurukul Online
Learning Solution (GOLS) to provide the ‘Online English Speaking Course’, which is
targeted at the rural youth to teach them English in a simple and interactive way.
Learn English:
Learn English is an English language course which delivers supplementary learning. The
course content is certified by the British Council and is specially designed to learn English
easily.
Tally Certified Programme:
Tally Certified Programme from Prompt Enterprise is a two-month course, designed to learn
Tally ERP9 though e-content.
Tally KaushalPramanPatra:
Tally Education has introduced a certification on Tally ERP 9 - Tally KaushalPramanPatra
through the CSC platform. Candidates who are interested in Tally and want to pursue it as
career choice can opt for this course.
Introduction to GST:
Tally has introduced a new course on GST, ‘Introduction to GST’ through the platform of
CSC. This course is useful for any citizen who wants to update his/ her knowledge on GST.
SarkariPariksha: SarkariPariksha is an online platform for helping students prepare for both
the State and Central Government exams.
2) Business to Citizen
Mobile Recharge
Mobile Recharge of all the 14 Telecom Service Providers can be done through the Digital
Seva Portal. This service connects with the Telecom Service Providers to enable customers
recharge their mobile real time. The payments can be made through the e-wallet available
through the Digital Seva Portal.
Mobile Bill payments
Mobile Bill payments of 8 Telecom Service Providers can be done through the Digital Seva
Portal. This service connects with the Telecom Service Providers to enable customers to pay
their mobile bills real time.
DTH Recharge
Dish TV Recharge of all six DTH operators can be done through the Digital Seva Portal.
E-Governance Models
E-governance is the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools
in governance functioning. This is far beyond than mere computerization and implies
fundamental change in the way government operates. According to the World bank “E-
Government is to the use by government agencies of information technologies (such as
Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the ability to transform
relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. These technologies can
serve a variety of different ends: better delivery of government services to citizens,
improved interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to

Public Domain -> Wider Public Domain
information, or more efficient government management.The resulting benefits can be less
corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and/or cost
reductions.”
There are five models of e-governance as given by Prof Dr. ArieHalachimi which can be
used as a guide in designing e-government initiative depending on local situation and
governance activities that are expected to be delivered.
1. Broadcasting Model:
In this as name implies information is broadcast to wider public domain
through use of ICT and convergent media. This models strength is its focus on spreading
information to wider mass and through this citizen will be able to judge functioning of
existing government mechanism and able to take informed decision. This empowers them
and they are in a better position to exercise their rights and responsibilities.
Applications :
 Displaying governmental laws and legislations online.
 Making available details of local/ regional/ national government officials online.
 Making available information such as governmental plans, budgets, expenditures,
and performance reports online.
 Putting key judicial decisions which are of value to general citizens and create
 Precedence for future actions online. viz. key environmental decisions, state vs.
citizen decisions etc.
2. The Critical flow Model:
In this information of critical value (which by its very nature will not be
disclosed by those involved with bad governance ) is channelized to targeted section into the
public domain through use of ICT. Targeted audience may include media, affected parties,
opposition parties, judicial bench, independent investigators or the general public. This
model is more focused in terms of its information content and intended users. Due to critical

Critical Domain -> Targeted Domain
aspect of information this model exposes weakest aspects of governance and decision
making process inform people about failure in specific cases and bad governance and build
up momentum for concerted action. At the same time it builds pressure on concerned
government organizations / institutions and individuals to take into cognizance the opinions
and interest of masses in decision making mechanism. Examples: WikiLeaks, Global
Transparency International, India Central Vigilance Committee etc.
The use of Critical Flow Model requires a foresight of:
Understanding the "critical and use value" of a particular information set.
How or from where this information could be obtained.
How the information could be used strategically.
Who are the best target group for such information- the users for whom the availability of
this information will make a huge difference.
Applications :
 Making available corruption related data about a particular Ministry / Division/
Officials online to its electoral constituency or to the concerned regulatory body.
 To make available Research studies, Enquiry reports, Impact studies commissioned by
the Government or Independent commissions to the affected parties.
 To Make Human Rights Violations cases freely available to Judiciary, NGOs and
concerned citizens.
 Making available information that is usually suppressed, for instance, Environmental
Information on radioactivity spills, effluents discharge information on green ratings of
the company to concerned community.
3. Comparative Analysis Model:
This model continuously incorporates best practices in the area of governance and uses them
as benchmark to evaluate other governance practices it uses the result. To advocate positive
changes or influence public opinion on these governance practices. Comparison could be
made over a time scale to get a snapshot of the past and present situation or could be used to
compare the effectiveness of an intervention by comparing two similar situations.
The model is basedon using immense capacity of ICT and social media tools to
explore given information sets with comparable information available in the public or
private domain. Example: Human Development Indicators.

Applications:
 To learn from past policies and actions and derive lessons for future policy-making.
 To evaluate the effectiveness of the current policies and identify key learning’s in terms
of strengths and weaknesses in the policies.
 To effectively establish conditions of precedence, especially in the case of Judicial or
legal decision-making (example for resolving patent-related disputes, public goods
ownership rights), and use it to influence/ advocate future decision-making.
 To enable informed decision-making at all levels by enhancing the background
knowledge and also providing a rationale for action.
 To evaluate the performance and track-record of a particular decision-maker/ decision-
making body.
4. E-Advocacy Model:
It is based on setting up a planned, directed flow of information to build strong virtual allies
to complement action in the real situation. It builds the momentum of real world processes
by adding the opinions and concerns expressed by virtual communities. Virtual communities
come together because they share similar view points or idea or concerns or issues and these
communities in turn join together to support real life group activities for concerted action.
The strength of this is in its diversity of the virtual community, and the ideas,
expertise and resources accumulated through this virtual form of networking. The model is
able to mobilize and leverage human resources and information beyond geographical,
institutional and bureaucratic barriers, and use it for concerted action. Ex. PRS legislative,
Green Peace, etc.

Applications:
 Fostering public debates on global issues, namely on the themes of upcoming
conferences, treaties etc.
 Formation of pressure groups on key issues to force decision-makers to take their
concerns into cognizance.
 Making available opinions of a suppressed groups who are not involved in the decision-
making process into wider public domain.
 Catalyzing wider participation in decision-making processes.
 Building up global expertise on a particular theme in absence of a localized information
to aid decision-making.
 Amplifying the voices of marginalized who are traditionally marginalized from
decision making processes.
5. The Interactive Service Model: This model opens government door for direct
participation of citizens in governance and thus brings greater objectivity and transparency
in decision-making processes through use of ICT tools. Government services are directly
available to it’s citizen in an interactive manner and is done by opening interactive
Government to consumer to government (G2C2G) channels in various aspect of governance.
Some examples are: Grievance Redressal Portal, online passport etc.
Applications:
 Establishing interactive communication channels with key policy-makers and members
of Planning Commissions.
 Conducting electronic ballots for the election of government officials and other office
bearers.
 To conduct public debates / opinion polls on issues of wider concern before formulation
of policies and legislative frameworks.
 Filing of grievances, feedback and reports by citizens with the concerned governmental
body.
 To establish decentralized forms of governance.
 Performing governance functions online such as revenue collection, procurement etc.

Chpter I.docx

More Related Content

Similar to Chpter I.docx (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Chpter I.docx