1. PROJECT BATCH: 5
ADITYA NAYAK :3NG23CV400
MANJUNATH :3NG23CV406
SUDEEPA D :3NG23CV417
VENUGOPALA G :3NG23CV419
GUIDE
NAME OF THE GUIDE: MOUNESH MOTHIKATTI
DISIGNATION OF GUIDE : PROFESSOR
2. INTRODUCTION
Concrete's high mechanical strength, long lifespan, and low production cost make it a popular construction
material worldwide.
Traditional concrete, however, has shortcomings like weak tensile strength and brittleness.
Silica fume is produced during the processing of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys. Because of its huge surface
area and strong reactivity, it is an excellent pozzolan for enhancing concrete's properties.
Concrete's durability, toughness, and simplicity of use can all be improved by mixing with silica fume. In
contrast, metakaolin is a pozzolan made by calcining kaolin clay at very high temperatures.
It is a highly reactive substance, similar to silica fume, that can enhance the qualities of concrete.
silica dust and metakaolin can be used to improve the way concrete works. Lastly, the study will show the
results of experiments done on samples of fiber-reinforced concrete in which some of the cement was
replaced with silica dust and metakaolin
3. The goal of this study is to find out if silica dust and metakaolin could be used instead of cement in fiber-
reinforced concrete.
Amorphous silica and alumina make up the bulk of this fine white powder, The strong reactivity of
metakaolin and its potential to improve concretes characteristics have made it a popular additive.
Metakaolin not only makes concrete stronger and last longer, but it also makes it easier to shape and place.
The small particle size and high surface area of metakaolin result in a more cohesive concrete mix, which
reduces the need for additional water and enhances the flowability of the mix.
This makes metakaolin an ideal material for use in self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and high-performance
concrete (HPC).
As a highly reactive pozzolan, metakaolin can increase the durability, workability, and mechanical qualities
of concrete.
It is ideally suited for use in high-performance and sustainable concrete applications due to its capacity to
generate additional cementitious elements and increase the cohesiveness of the concrete mix.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Sl. No. Title of the paper Name of author Materials are used Result
01
Enhancing Metakaolin-Based
Geopolymer Mortars with
Colemanite Waste and Silica
Fume
Uysal, M., Al-
mashhadani, M.
M., et al,
(2018)
Metakaolin,
silica fume,
Cement ,
Increases in colemanite
waste and silica fume
led to a greater
decrease in density and
water absorption.
02 Evaluating the Influence of
Silica Fume, Metakaolin, and
GGBS on the Performance of
Concrete with M-sand as
Fine Aggregate
Venkat, G. N.,
Chandramouli,
K.,
Metakaolin,
silica fume,
M-sand,
fine aggregate
This shows that M-sand
may compete favorably
with river sand in the
concrete sector.
5. Sl. No. Title of the paper Name of author Materials are used Result
03
Enhancing Nylon Fiber
Reinforced Concrete (NFRC)
with Metakaolin: A Study on
Mechanical and Durability
Properties
Ali, A., Aijaz,
A., et al
Metakaolin,
Corse aggregate,
Cement ,
The study also
discovered that
metakaolin can help
reduce the concrete's
permeability, making it
more resistant to
chemical
attacks,increasing the
material's durability and
useful life.
04
Effects of silica fume and
metakaolin on the
workability and durability of
concrete
Ding, J. T., &
Li, Z.
Metakaolin,
silica fume,
Cement ,
Corse aggregate
Metakaolin and silica
fume were shown to
enhance concrete's
strength, durability, and
workability in the study
6. Sl. No. Title of the paper Name of author Materials are used Result
05
Effect of Silica Fume on the
Microstructure and
Mechanical Properties of
Concrete.
Singh, L.,
Kumar, A.,
silica fume,
Cement ,
Corse aggregate
Improved microstructure
that came from adding
silica fume can be
blamed for the
concrete's better
mechanical qualities and
less porousness.
06
A Review on the Role of
Silica Fume and Metakaolin
as Sustainable Grouting
Materials.
Sai, K. V., Rao,
V. P
Metakaolin,
silica fume
pozzolan,
This review looks at
how silica fume and
metakaolin can be used
as new grouting
materials.
07
A Review of Metakaolin as a
Mineral Admixture in
Cementitious Materials
Nazir, U. U.,
Jandiyal, A.,
Metakaolin,
silica fume
pozzolan,
kaolin clay ,
The review also
discovered that by
incorporating metakaolin
into concrete, a more
eco-friendly and long-
lasting method of
producing concrete can
be achieved.
7. LITERATURE SUMMERY
Uysal, M., Al-mashhadani, M. M., et al, (2018):-
The addition of colemanite waste and silica fume significantly improved compressive and flexural strengths
compared to the control mix.
The best compressive strength (a 48% increase over the control) was achieved with a mixture containing 10%
colemanite waste and 10% silica fume.
The flexural strength peaked at a 46% improvement over the control mix with 5% colemanite waste and 10% silica
fume.
Venkat, G. N., Chandramouli, K.:-
The inclusion of all three mineral admixtures enhanced the mechanical properties of concrete compared to the
control mix.
The study found no significant differences in the performance of concrete produced with M-sand compared to
that with conventional river sand.
These results suggest that M-sand can be a viable and sustainable alternative to river sand in the construction
industry.
8. Ali, A., Aijaz, A., et al :-
The addition of nylon fibers improved tensile strength, impact resistance, and reduced cracking.
Metakaolin decreased the permeability of the concrete, increasing its resistance to environmental stresses
such as freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks.
Literature review and experiments showed that using metakaolin in NFRC enhanced mechanical properties
compared to conventional NFRC.
Ding, J. T., & Li, Z.:-
The silica fume fills voids in the concrete matrix, improving density and strength, while metakaolin reacts
pozzolanically with calcium hydroxide to create additional calcium silicate hydrates, enhancing durability.
Metakaolin also improved workability by lowering water demand and enhancing rheology, although silica
fume’s high reactivity and surface area can reduce workability. The choice and dosage of these admixtures
should be tailored to achieve the desired performance in concrete.
Singh, L., Kumar, A:-
The inclusion of silica fume led to a denser concrete matrix with reduced porosity and water absorption.
The denser microstructure resulted from increased packing density and decreased voids within the concrete.
9. Sai, K. V., Rao, V. P :-
Silica fume, a highly reactive pozzolanic byproduct of the silicon and ferrosilicon industries, improves
grout’s strength and durability.
Metakaolin, produced from calcined kaolin clay, enhances the grout’s rheological properties and reduces
its porosity.
The combination of these mineral additives leads to superior grout performance in applications such as soil
stabilization, tunneling, and underground construction.
Nazir, U. U., Jandiyal, A:-
This article reviewed the use of metakaolin, a pozzolanic material produced by calcining kaolin clay at
high temperatures, as a cement replacement in concrete.
Incorporation of metakaolin enhances the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete, and also
improves durability against environmental factors such as freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks.
Using metakaolin in concrete promotes a more eco-friendly and sustainable construction practice by
reducing cement usage, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions.
10. OBJECTIVES
To test the materials used on concrete
To determine / test the basic test on concrete
To determine the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete
To compare result with normal concrete
13. 5.2 MATERIALS :-
5.2.1FINE AGGREGATE :-
The fine material used in these experiments was
sourced locally and sieved at
4.75 millimeters.
A 2.80 specific gravity was measured for it.
The fine aggregate qualities are listed in the table
below.
property value
Bulk density 1.49 g/cm3
% of voids ratio 34.23 %
Voids ratio 0.58
Specific gravity 2.258
Fineness modulus 2.9
14. 5.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE :-
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Coarse aggregate, also called crushed stone or
gravel, is a crucial part of concrete and plays a
significant role in the structural strength and
performance of concrete mixtures.
It is made up of particles with diameters
ranging from about 4.75 millimeters (mm) to 20
mm, though bigger sizes can also be used for
certain tasks.
S,NO Property Test result
1 Specific gravity 2.74
2 Bulk density(kg/m) 1468 (loose state)
1611 (dry rodded)
3 Fineness modulus 7.17
15. 5.2.3 CEMENT :-
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Cement is an important construction material that
is used to build infrastructure and houses all over
the world.
It is a fine powder made from finely ground
limestone, clay, shale, and other rocks that are
heated to high temperatures in a kiln.
result is called clinker, and it is finely ground to
make cement.
construction needs Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
Properties Obtained
Specific gravity 3.15
Initial setting time 65 min
Final setting time 175 min
Consistency 30 %
16. 5.2.4 SILICA FUME : -
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Silica fume is a byproduct of the electric arc furnace
technique for making silicon and ferrosilicon alloys; it is a
highly reactive pozzolanic substance.
Its large specific surface area is the result of its
composition of very small particles with a typical average
diameter of 0.1 micrometers.
As an extra cementitious ingredient, it can make the
concrete stronger, last longer, and have other technical
benefits.
Properties Value
Colour Dark to light gray
Bulk density 450 – 650 g/cm3
Specific gravity 2.22
Moisture content 1%
SiO2 92%
17. 5.2.5 METAKAOLIN : -
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When kaolin clay is heated, it changes into a pozzolanic
chemical called metakaolin.
Metakaolin's chemical makeup can change based on the
type of kaolin clay used and how it was heated.
Metakaolin is a highly reactive, pozzolanic material
obtained by calcining kaolin clay at temperatures
between 650°C and 800°C.
Properties value
Bulk density ( g/cm3 ) 0.3 to 0.4
Physical form Powder
Colour Off - White
GE brightness 79 - 82
18. 5.2.6 WATER : -
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Ordinary clean potable water is used for
both mixing & curing.
As water is added to cement it creates a
paste that glues all of the aggregates
together.
19. 5.3 tests on materials
5.3.1 Tests on Cement :-
Fineness Test – Measures the particle size of cement.
Consistency Test – Determines the water content needed for standard consistency.
Setting Time Test – Initial and final setting times.
Soundness Test – Assesses expansion due to lime or magnesia.
Compressive Strength Test – Tests the strength of cement mortar cubes.
Heat of Hydration Test – Measures the heat released during hydration.
5.3.2 Test on fine aggregates ( Sand ):-
Sieve Analysis – Determines the gradation.
Specific Gravity and Water Absorption – Indicates porosity and quality.
Silt Content Test – Excess silt can weaken concrete.
Bulking Test – Measures moisture content effects.
20. 5.3.3 Tests on Coarse Aggregates :-
Specific Gravity and Water Absorption.
Aggregate Crushing Value Test – Measures strength of aggregates.
Impact Value Test – Toughness of aggregates.
Flakiness and Elongation Index – Shape and size of aggregates.
Los Angeles Abrasion Test – Resistance to wear.
5.3,4 Fresh concrete tests
Slump Test – Workability (consistency).
Compacting Factor Test – Workability for low-slump concrete.
Vee-Bee Consistometer Test – Workability for very stiff concrete.
Flow Table Test – Measures flowability.
Air Content Test – For air-entrained concrete.
21. 5.3.5 Hardened concrete test :-
Compressive Strength Test – Standard 28-day cube or cylinder tests.
Flexural Strength Test – Measures tensile strength indirectly.
Split Tensile Strength Test – Direct measurement of tensile strength.
Modulus of Elasticity Test – Stiffness of concrete.
Water Absorption Test – Durability indicator.
Rapid Chloride Permeability Test – Durability against corrosion.
