Class 10 metals and non metals notes
- 1. Metal Physical properties..... 1. They are ductile 2. They are malleable 3. They are sonorous 4. They are good conductor of heat & electricity 5. They are generally solid except Hg which is a liquid 6. They have high density except Na , K 7. Metals are hard and strong except Na , K 8. They are lustrous 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 2. REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Au Pt9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 3. METALS chemical properties – 1. Rxn WITH OXYGEN (O₂) a. Metal + oxygen metal oxide (basic) b. This rxn depends upon reactivity series c. (i.e. Na,K,Ca,Mg will react with O₂ easily) d. Ex- Na + O₂ Na₂O(basic) e. Ex- K + O₂ K₂O(basic) f. Na and K being at top of REAC.Series react with O₂ at room temp. g. But Mg does not react with O₂ at room temp. h. Mg is burnt in the presence of O₂ which gives MgO i. Rxn = 2Mg + O₂ 2MgO(basic) j. MgO + H₂O Mg(OH)₂ (a base) k. Al + O₂ Al₂O₃ (Amphoteric Oxide) l. Zn + O₂ ZnO (Amphoteric Oxide) 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 4. 2. Rxn with water (ONLY THOSE WILL REACT WHO R ABOVE H₂) a. Metal + H₂O Metal Hydroxide + H₂ b. Metal + cold or hot H₂O Metal hydroxide + H₂ c. Metal + Steam Metal oxide + H₂ d. K reacts with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS) e. K + H₂O (cold) KOH + H₂ + heat f. Na also react with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS) g. Na + H₂O(cold) NaOH + H₂ + heat h. Calcium with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS) i. Ca + H₂O(cold) Ca(OH)₂ + H₂ j. Magnesium with hot water(HYDROXIDE FORMS) k. Mg + H₂O (hot) Mg(OH)₂ + H₂ l. Aluminium with steam (OXIDE FROMATION) m. Al + H₂O(steam) Al₂O₃ + H₂ n. Also Zn,Fe reacts with steam 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 5. Rxn with water Metal hydroxide Rxn with cold H₂o Rxn with hot H₂o Metal oxide Rxn with steam K,Na, Ca Mg Al,Zn ,Fe9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 6. Rxn with Dilute Acids • BELOW H₂ cannot take part..... • Metal + Dil. Acid Metal Salt + H₂ • Metal react with dil .acid to give Metal Chloride( M+ HCl) • Metal react with dil .acid to give Metal Sulphide(M+ H₂SO₄) • Cu does not react with ACIDS BEING LESS Reactive • Metal below H do not react with dil. Acids , • Ag,Au,Pt being less reactive do not react with acids • ALL METAL ABOVE H RECTS WITH ACID TO GIVE METAL SALT+ Hydrogen GAS • The reaction between nitric acid + metal don't give hydrogen because nitric acid being strong oxidizing agent oxidise hydrogen gas to water . • However very dilute HNO₃ give hydrogen when reacting with Magnesium and Manganese • Mg + HNO₃ Mg(NO₃)₂ +H₂ • Mn + HNO₃ Mn(NO₃)₂ + H₂ 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 7. • AQUA-REGIA • A freshly prepared mixture of HCl and HNO₃ in the ratio of 3:1. • Is highly corrosive in nature • Dissolves Au and Pt also .........(MEANS VERY CORROSIVE IN NATURE!!!!!!!!☺☻) 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 8. • Reaction of METAL with SALT SOLUTION • A more reactive metal displaces low reactive metal from its salt solution • Salt sol. Of Metal A + Metal B Salt sol. of metal B + Metal A • It means that metal B is more reactive than Metal A • CuSO₄ +Zn ZnSO₄(colourless) + Cu • CuSO₄(blue) + Fe(reddish Brown) FeSO₄(green) + Cu 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 9. Rxn of Metal with chlorine • Metal react with chlorine to form ionic chloride. • Metal chloride are non volatile • Have high M.p and B.p • Cu ALSO REACT WITH Cl₂ TO GIVE CuCl₂ • Na + Cl₂ NaCl (NaCl= Na+ Cl- by sharing therefore called ionic chloride) • Ca + Cl₂ CaCl₂ • Mg + Cl₂ MgCl₂ 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 10. Rxn of Metal With Hydrogen • Metal above hydrogen reacts with hydrogen to give metal hydride or ionic hydride • Not all but only Na,K,Ca and Mg reacts with H₂ • Na + H₂ NaH • K + H₂ KH • Ca + H₂ CaH₂ • Mg + H₂ MgH₂ 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 11. NON- METALS • Physical properties..... 1. They are not ductile 2. They are not malleable 3. They are not sonorous 4. They are bad conductor of heat & electricity except GRAPHITE (G con. Of elec.) 5. They are solid,liquid,gas 6. They low high density 7. They are Brittle and Weak except DIAMOND 8. They are not lustrous except IODINE 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 12. • RXn with OXYGEN • Nonmetal + oxygen nonmetal oxide which can be acid/neutral • Acid oxides are called acid anhydrides RXN WITH WATER NO RXN AT ALL RXN WITH ACID NO RXN AT ALL RXN WITH SALT SOL. MORE REACTIVE NON METAL DISPLACES LOW REACTIVE FRLM ITS SALT NaBr+ Cl₂ NaCl + Br₂ RXN WITH CHLORINE FORMS COVALENT CHLORIDE H₂ + Cl₂ HCl RXN WITH HYDROGEN FORMS COVALENT HYDRIDES S + H₂ H₂S CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 13. Metal Non Metal Basic oxide Neutral/acidic oxide React with water Do not react with water React with acid Do not react with acid Forms ionic chloride Forms covalent chloride Forms ionic hydride Forms covalent hydrides Chemical prop. Difference of metal and non metals 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 14. • USES OF METAL / NON – METALS 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan METAL NON- METAL Cu,Al are used to make wires Hydrogen is used in the hydrogenation of oil to get ghee Fe,Cu,Al used to make household Liquid HYDROGEN AS ROCKET FUEL Ag,Au for jewelleries CARBON IN cells Zinc for galvanization Nitrogen in food preservation Hg in thermometer Sulphur in hardening of rubber Al foil in food packing Sulphur in match stick Lead in car batteries Sulphur in gun powder
- 15. How do metal and non metal react • Metal + Non- metal ionic compound • Non metal + Non Metal covalent compound • Every element wants to become stable and to gain the nearest inert gas electron configuration • Element can become stable by a. Losing 1 or more e- with other atom b. Gaining 1 or more e- “ m+nm c. Sharing 1 or more e- ‘” “ “ ‘ “ nm+nm 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 16. OCCURENCE OF METALS • Most metal are reactive therefore found in form of compound.. • Compound of CARBONATE,SULPHIDE,CHLORIDE • Cu , Ag and Au being less reactive can be formed in native state ( free state) .. • All metal above Cu are found in form of compounds 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan MINERALS AND ORES The natural material in which metal exist is called MINERAL Those mineral from which metal can extracted are called OREs
- 17. EXTRATION OF METAL • The process of obtaining metal from ore is called extraction of metal • The various process involved in the extraction of metal is called METTALURGY • The three major steps involved in the purification of metal are a. Concentration of Ore b. Conversion of concentrated ore into metal c. Refining of impure metal 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 18. a. Concentration of ore • The unwanted impurities present on the ore is called gangue. • By removing gangue one gets a greater concentration of metal in ore • This is called Con. Of Ore . 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 19. • b. Conversion of concentrated ore into metal 1. FOR HIGHLY REACTIVE METAL • Metal such as K,Na,Ca,Mg and Al are at topmost of reactivity series • They cannot be reduced by carbon to get pure metal .because metal have more attraction for Oxygen than carbon • They are extracted by electrolytic reduction of their molten chloride or oxide. • During electrolysis CATHODE acts as POWERFUL REDUCING AGENT by supplying electrons to reduce metal ion into metal • Till magnesium are extracted by the electrolysis of their chloride whereas aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of its oxide • Extraction of sodium metal • NaCl (electrolysis) Na + Cl₂ • Extraction of aluminium • Al2O3 (ele) Al +O2 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 20. • Extraction of moderately reactive metal • The extraction of metal is harder with carbonates and sulphides Therefore all ores are converted into oxide by Calcination or by roasting • A carbonate ore oxide Calcination • CALCINATION :- process in which carbonate ore is heated in the ABSENCE of oxygen to get metal oxide • Ex- ZnCO₃ (Calcination) ZnO + CO₂ • A sulphide ore oxide roasting • Roasting :- process of heating sulphide ore in PRESENCE of oxygen to get metal oxide • ZnS + O₂ (ROASTING) ZnO+ SO₂ • The metal oxide obtained are converted to free metal by reduction with C,Al,Na,Ca9/4/2015 by shubham Ranjan
- 21. • Thermite Rxn:- the reduction of metal oxide to form metal by using Al as reducing agent • Fe₂O₃ + Al Fe (molten) + Al₂O₃ + heat • This process is called Thermite welding OR aluminothermy .... 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 22. EXTRACTION OF LESS REACTINE METAL • Are extracted just by reduction of their oxide by heating • OR JUST BY HEATING IN AIR 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
- 23. Refining of Metal • The process of refining of impure metal is called refining of metal . • Most common one is Electrolytic refining • Electrolytic refining :- refining by electrolysis • A thick block of impure metal is made anode • a thin strip of pure metal is mate cathode • A water soluble salt of metal is taken as electrolyte . 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan