Class 2

Agenda
 Presentation: Four Sentence Types
 Discussion: review for essay #1
 In-Class Writing: In Class Essay
#1

Types of Sentences
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Compound-complex

#1: Simple Sentence
 A simple sentence has one subject
and one verb

I like to study grammar.
 A simple sentence is also called an
independent clause.
 An independent clause ends with a
period or semicolon.

Simple Sentences
 Examples:
 Carol’s sweater is red.
 You and Alex need to be
quiet.
 Ms. Bennett did a
cartwheel and a backflip.

#2: Compound Sentence
 A compound sentence is made up of
two or more simple sentences joined by
one of the following:

A comma and a coordinating conjunction
 I like to study grammar, and I love this class.

A semicolon
 I like to study grammar; I love this class.

A semicolon and an adverbial conjunction
 I like to study grammar; therefore, I love this class.

Coordinating
Conjunctions
 Coordinating Conjunctions are used to join together two
independent clauses.
 Examples:
 For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 So

Two independent clauses joined together
I love you, and you love me.
Independent
clause
Independent
clause

Semicolons
 “If the relation between the ideas expressed
in the main clauses is very close and
obvious without a conjunction, you can
separate the clauses with a semicolon”
(Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p.
361).

COMPOUND SENTENCE:
SEMICOLON
Kelsey has benefited from her writing
exercises; she has good grammar and
punctuation.
Tiffany works in San Francisco; she
runs The Duck.
Elaine pays attention in class; she
takes copious notes

COMPOUND SENTENCE:
adverbial conjunctions
MOREOVER
HOWEVER
NEVERTHELESS
OTHERWISE
THEREFORE

COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Thomas is cool; moreover, he is fashionable
.
Luke’s grandmother buys him sweaters;
however, he does not wear them.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent

#3: Complex Sentence#3: Complex Sentence
 A complex sentence is a simple
sentence (independent clause) to which
a part of a sentence (dependent clause)
has been added.
 Because I like to study grammar, I
love this class.
 I love this class because I like to study
grammar.

A dependent clause joined to an independent clause.
(The dependent clause needs the rest of the
sentence for support.)
Because you love me, I love you.
Dependent
clause
Independent clause

A dependent clause contains a subject and verb. It begins
with a subordinating conjunction, and thus it does not express
a completed thought. A dependent clause is also called a
subordinate clause.
Dependent clauses, like babies, cannot stand alone.
Because you love me.
Fragment!

A Tip on Punctuation
 Since dependent clauses are only part
of a sentence, you can never connect
them to another sentence with a
semicolon. Semicolons are only used
between two independent clauses.
 I have loved you for years ; although I
never admitted it.
 I have loved you for years, although I never
admitted it. OK
No!

Common Subordinating (Dependent)
Conjunctions
after even if now that that where
although even
though
once though whereas
as if rather than unless wherever
as if whenever since until whether
because in order
that
so that when which
before than in case while

Complex Sentences
 Examples:
 When Trey was little, he played with
blocks.
 After class, good students study.
 If I pass 1A, I will take 1B.
 Use the stairs in case of fire.
 Ava stands at the bottom of the cliff
while the climber moves up the rock.

#4: Compound/Complex
Sentence
#4: Compound/Complex
Sentence
 A compound/complex sentence is the
last and most complicated type of
sentence.
 It contains at least one dependent
clause and at least two independent
clauses.

A dependent clause added to two or more independent
clauses
Because we are a family, I
love you, and you love me.
2 independent clauses
Dependent
clause

Compound Complex
Sentences
Example:
 Laura forgot her friend’s birthday, so
she sent her a card when she finally
remembered.

Simple Compound
Complex Compound/
complex
Since every sentence in English fits into
one of these four categories,

Think You’ve Got It?
 1 independent clause = simple sentence
 Don’t’ forget: These can have compound subjects and
predicates!
 2 independent clauses = compound sentence
 1 or more dependent clause + 1 independent clause
= complex sentence
 2 or more independent clauses + 1 or more dep. clause
= compound complex sentence

Simple, Compound, or Complex?
 The teacher walked into the classroom,
greeted the students, and took
attendance.

 The teacher walked into the classroom,
greeted the students, and took
attendance.
 SIMPLE:
 Subject: “the teacher”
 Compound Predicate “walked into the
classroom, greeted the students, and took
attendance.”

 Juan played football while Juanita went
shopping.

 Juan played football while Juanita went
shopping.
 COMPLEX
 Independent Clause: Juan played football
 Subordinate Clause: while (subordinating
conjunction) Juanita went shopping.

 Juan played football, yet Juanita went
shopping.

 Juan played football, yet Juanita went
shopping.
 COMPOUND
 Juan played football, yet (coordinating
conjunction)
 Juanita went shopping.

 After Reggie passed the test, he went
to the bar to celebrate!

 After Reggie passed the test, he went
to the bar to celebrate!
 COMPLEX
 After (subordinating conjunction) Reggie
passed the test,
 he went to the bar to celebrate!

CONGRATULATION
S!
YOU NOW KNOW EVERYTHING
YOU NEED TO KNOW
• To write anything you want to
write
• Any way you want to write it
• And still get the punctuation right
each time!

HOMEWORK
 Read: HG through chapter 2. SMG 16-38
 Study: Vocab (chapters 1 and 2).
 Post #2: If your last name begins with the letter A-I, answer the
questions in the “Analyzing Writing Strategies” section after the Dillard
essay on pages 25-26
 If your last name begins with the letter J-Q, answer the questions in the
“Analyzing Writing Strategies” section after the Wolff essay on page 31-
32
 If your last name begins with the letter R-Z, answer the questions in the
“Analyzing Writing Strategies” section after the Bragg essay on page 36-
37.
 Bring: SMG

 This chapter features four narrative essays like those
we will be writing in class. As you read, pay attention
to the structure of each. In particular, notice the margin
notes in the essay “Calling Home” by Jean Brandt.
Read The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing,
pages 16-38: Do the Reading!
If you don’t yet have the text, you can read
these pages on the website under “primary
texts” and “Remembering an Event: St.
Martin’s Guide.”

 To best learn new words, use these steps:
 Make vocabulary cards by printing the word
on one side of a 3x5 card and the definition on
the other side.
 Use the words in your writing—either in your
journal entries or in your drafting.
 Use the words when you speak—either in
class or out of class, if the opportunity arises.
 Remember, there will be quizzes and tests on
these words. Bring your cards to class.
Learning Vocabulary

Vocabulary: Make Cards!
Chapter 1
1. Entrails
2. Reaping
3. Apothecary
4. Iridescent
5. Paraffin
6. Meager
7. Racketeers
8. Sustenance
9. Tribute
10. Repentance
Chapter 2
1. Synonymous
2. Tenuous

In-Class Essay #1
You may use only these tools:
Pen or #2 Pencil
Paper or Blue Book
Your Own, Original One-page Outline

Remember
 An introduction: Description or narrative
 A thesis statement: At the end of your introduction
 Body paragraphs for each subject
 A topic sentence for each paragraph
 Examples and explanation for why you chose each item.
 Examples and explanation for the items that you didn’t
choose.
 A conclusion: maybe a prediction of your future in the woods
or some other way to bring closure to your essay

The Essay Question
 Write an essay arguing for the supplies you have chosen to
take with you into the wild. Present the issue to readers, and
develop an argument for the purpose of confirming,
challenging, or changing your readers’ views on which supplies
are the most important for survival.
 Your final essay should be around 500 words. This will be
around four pages, hand written. This, of course, is an
estimate. Handwriting varies greatly. Between three and six
pages will likely be the norm for this essay.
 Good Luck! May the odds be ever in your favor

Class 2

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Class 2