Class 2
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This document discusses the differences between language and speech. It notes that language involves both understanding and producing information, including its form (phonology, morphology, syntax) and content. Speech involves areas like articulation and voice. Additionally, written language can communicate across time and space permanently, while speech is usually transient and used for immediate interactions. The document also contrasts the complexity and dynamism of written versus spoken language.
Class 2
- 1. Written and Oral Communication Daniil V. Osipov
- 2. 2 Let’s RememberLet’s Remember Game Transmit information as you remembered
- 3. 3 Language vs. SpeechLanguage vs. Speech Difference?
- 4. Structure 4 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 5. • Language involves the understanding (receptive abilities) and the production (expressive abilities) of information 1. Form of language includes: - Phonology - Morphology - Syntax 2. Content 3. Function 5 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 6. • Speech involves several areas: - Articulation - Voice - Fluency 6 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 7. Time & Space 7 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 8. • Writing is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out. • Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along 8 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 9. • A written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood. • Speech is usually used for immediate interactions. 9 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 10. Complexity & Dynamism 10 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 11. • Written language tends to be more complex than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written texts also have no spoken equivalent. • Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as news reports and scripts for plays and films. 11 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 12. • Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. They need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between people who know one another well. • Speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied. 12 Language vs. Speech (cont.)Language vs. Speech (cont.)
- 14. • Purposeful. You will be writing to solve problems and convey information. You will have a definite purpose to fulfill in each message. • Persuasive. You want your audience to believe and accept your message. • Economical. You will try to present ideas clearly but concisely. Length is not rewarded. • Audience oriented. You will concentrate on looking at a problem from the perspective of the audience instead of seeing it from your own. 14 Business WritingBusiness Writing
- 15. • Prewriting (25 %) - analyzing - anticipating - adapting • Writing (25%) - researching - organizing - composing • Revising (50% = 45% revising + 5% proofreading) - proofreading - evaluating 15 3-x-3 Writing Process3-x-3 Writing Process
- 16. • Business letters serve one purpose. • Business letters are expensive. • Business letters serve as a record. 16 Business LettersBusiness Letters
- 17. • Know WHAT you’re writing about — SUBJECT. • Know WHO you’re writing for — AUDIENCE. • Know WHY you’re writing — PURPOSE. • Know HOW you’re writing — ORGANIZATION. 17 Business Letters (cont.)Business Letters (cont.)
- 18. THE SEVEN “C’S” OF STYLE • Conversational • Clarity • Concise • Complete • Concrete • Constructive • Correct 18 Business Letters (cont.)Business Letters (cont.)
- 19. The parts of the business letter 1. Letterhead or Heading 2. Date 3. File Number (optional) 4. Confidential (optional) 5. Inside Address 6. Attention Line (optional) 7. Salutation (optional) 8. Subject Line (optional) 9. Body of the Letter 10. Complimentary Close (optional) 11. Signature 12. Added Information (optional) 13. Postscript (optional) 14. Mailing Instructions (optional) 19 Business Letters (cont.)Business Letters (cont.)
- 21. • Physical barriers • Perceptual barriers • Emotional barriers • Cultural barriers • Language barriers • Gender barriers • Interpersonal barriers 21 Communicative BarriersCommunicative Barriers
- 22. • Pinpoint problematic areas for improvement. • Remove distractions when communicating. • Learn to effectively listen. • Respect the boundaries of others. • Practice flexibility in communication. 22 How to Overcome BarriersHow to Overcome Barriers
- 23. • Control external and internal distractions • Become actively involved • Separate facts from opinions • Identify important facts • Avoid interrupting • Ask clarifying questions • Paraphrase to increase understanding • Capitalize on lag time • Take notes to ensure retention • Be aware of gender differences. 23 Building Listening SkillsBuilding Listening Skills
Editor's Notes
- #3: In late 2007, as the mortgage crisis gained momentum and many banks were suffering losses, Goldman Sachs executives traded e-mail messages saying that they would make “some serious money” betting against the housing markets.