Class 7 online
- 2. AGENDA Review: The Argument Essay Intro, thesis, reasons and support, and various counterarguments The Ending Putting it all together The Outline Quoting and citing outside sources Video: MLA format Preparing the final draft Quiz 4
- 3. Take a look at what you have so far: Introduction Thesis Reasons and support for your argument. Counterarguments Counterarguing Readers’ Objections Counterarguing Opposing Positions Quick Review If you haven’t yet drafted these parts of your essay, return to the Class 6 presentation, and finish the writing work.
- 4. Counterargument: A sentence strategy: Concession followed by refutation As you draft, you will need to move back and forth smoothly between arguments for your position and counterarguments against your readers’ likely objections and preferred positions. One useful strategy for making this move is to concede the value of a likely criticism and then to refute it immediately, either in the same sentence or in the next one. The following sentences from Jessica Statsky’s essay illustrate ways to make this move (the concessions are in italics, the refutations in bold): The primary goal of a professional athlete — winning — is not appropriate for children. Their goals should be having fun, learning, and being with friends. Although winning does add to the fun, too many adults lose sight of what matters and make winning the most important goal. (par. 5) And it is perfectly obvious how important competitive skills are in finding a job. Yet the ability to cooperate is also important for success in life. (par. 10) In both these examples from different stages in her argument, Statsky concedes the importance or value of some of her readers’ likely objections, but then firmly refutes them.
- 5. The concession-refutation move, sometimes called the “yes-but” strategy, is important in most arguments. Following is an outline of some other kinds of language authors rely on to introduce their concession-refutation moves:
- 6. Review your counterarguments now to see if you can revise them with the strategies on slide 4 or sentence starters that showcase the concession- refutation style on slide 5.
- 7. The Ending Although you must be original to make a reiteration of your position compelling, you can, as Estrada and Etzioni do. You can conclude by looking to the future or by urging readers to take action or make changes, as Statsky does. Or, you could conclude with a challenge, as Etzioni does. In the in-class version of this argument essay, I suggested explaining the end of your adventure or predicting the future, but there are other ways to end as well. Draft your conclusion now. Try two ways to end and see which you like better. You may be able to combine them for an even better finish to your essay.
- 8. Now that the parts of your essay have been written, lets look at ways to organize your paper with an outline!
- 9. I. Presentation of the issue II. Accommodation of some aspect of an opposing position III. Thesis statement IV. First supply choice with reasons and support V. Second supply choice with reasons and support VI. Third through sixth supply choices with reasons and support. VII. Conclusion If most or all of your readers are likely to disagree with you, for example, you might try to redefine the issue so that these readers can see the possibility that they may share some common ideas with you after all. To reinforce your connection to readers, you could go on to concede the wisdom of an aspect of their position before presenting the reasons and support for your position. You would conclude by reiterating the shared values on which you hope to build agreement. In this case, an outline might look like this:
- 10. I. Presentation of the issue II. Thesis statement III. Your six supply choices with reasons and support IV. First opposing argument with refutation V. Second opposing argument with refutation (and so on) VI. Conclusion If you have decided to write primarily for readers who likely agree rather than disagree with you, then you might choose to strengthen your readers’ convictions by organizing your argument as a refutation of opposing arguments, and you might conclude by calling your supporters to arms. Here is an outline showing what this kind of essay might look like:
- 11. How and When to Cite Sources Avoiding Plagiarism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pTrU_YyjxI
- 12. MLA format: on our website Under “MLA Guidelines” MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages. Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
- 13. Avoiding Plagiarism: Writers — students and professionals alike — occasionally fail to acknowledge sources properly. The word plagiarism, which derives from the Latin word for “kidnapping, ”refers to the unacknowledged use of another’s words, ideas, or information. Students sometimes mistakenly assume that plagiarizing occurs only when another writer’s exact words are used without acknowledgment. In fact, plagiarism also applies to such diverse forms of expression as musical compositions and visual images as well as ideas and statistics. Therefore, keep in mind that you must indicate the source of any borrowed information or ideas you use in your essay, whether you have paraphrased, summarized, or quoted directly from the source or have reproduced it or referred to it in some other way. Remember especially the need to document electronic sources fully and accurately. Information, ideas, and images from electronic sources require acknowledgment in even more detail than those from print sources (and are often easier to detect as plagiarism if they are not acknowledged). Some people plagiarize simply because they do not know the conventions for using and acknowledging sources. Others plagiarize because they keep sloppy notes and thus fail to distinguish between their own and their sources’ ideas. If you keep careful notes, you will not make this serious mistake. Another reason some people plagiarize is that they feel intimidated by the writing task or the deadline. If you experience this anxiety about your work, speak to me. Do not run the risk of failing the course or being expelled from school because of plagiarism. If you are confused about what is and what is not plagiarism, be sure to ask me.
- 14. Quoting and Summarizing: Writers use sources by quoting directly and by summarizing. Deciding Whether to Quote or Summarize As a general rule, quote only in these situations: (1) when the wording of the source is particularly memorable or vivid or expresses a point so well that you cannot improve it. (2) when the words of reliable and respected authorities would lend support to your position. (3) when you wish to cite an author whose opinions challenge or vary greatly from those of other experts. (4) when you are going to discuss the source’s choice of words. • Summarize any long passages whose main points you wish to record as support for a point you are making.
- 15. Short Quotations To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.
- 17. Basic In-text citations In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. General Guidelines • The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page. • Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/
- 18. In-text Citations: Author-page style MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. The author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.
- 19. In-text citations for print sources with known author For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation. Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. U of California P, 1966.
- 20. When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number. We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming" 6). In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows: "The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar. 2009. In-text citations for print sources with no known author
- 21. Long Quotations For quotations that extend to more than four lines of verse or prose, place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks: Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch (10 spaces) from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by an additional quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. (Smith 142) When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)
- 22. Citing Two or More Paragraphs When citing two or more paragraphs, use block quotation format, even if the passage from the paragraphs is less than four lines. Indent the first line of each quoted paragraph an extra quarter inch. In "American Origins of the Writing-across-the-Curriculum Movement," David Russell argues, Writing has been an issue in American secondary and higher education since papers and examinations came into wide use in the 1870s, eventually driving out formal recitation and oral examination. . . . From its birth in the late nineteenth century, progressive education has wrestled with the conflict within industrial society between pressure to increase specialization of knowledge and of professional work (upholding disciplinary standards) and pressure to integrate more fully an ever-widening number of citizens into intellectually meaningful activity within mass society. (3)
- 23. Citing Summarized Material In Randall Kennedy’s article “Racial Passing” in the Ohio State Law Journal, he discusses such a case in the journey of Ellen Craft, a black woman who passed not only as white but as a white man in order to smuggle her husband north to avoid slavery (1). Yes! You must cite summarized material!
- 25. 1” all around Go to “Layout” and adjust margins or use custom settings Times New Roman 12 Indent body paragraphs ½ inch from the margin Double Click in Header Area Type your last name Justify right Go to “insert” and click on “page number” Margins and Formatting Header: Last Name 1
- 26. Your Name Dr. Kim Palmore EWRT 1A 22 July 2017 Original Title (not the title of a novel we read) No italics, bold, underline, or quotation marks Centered on the page No extra spaces (just double spaced after your heading and before the body of your text) Heading: Double Spaced Title
- 28. Take a break after writing your draft. Do a spellcheck of your second draft. You should revise your paper in terms of misspelled words, typos, and accidental word repetitions; Look for punctuation errors. Do a grammar check. Grammatical mistakes are far less obvious than spelling errors. Correct run-on sentences, fragments, faulty parallelisms, problems with noun-verb agreement, dangling participles, improper usage of passive voice, and so on. Preparing the Final Draft
- 29. Next, check the technical aspects. This includes the formatting style, your works cited page, and in-text citations. Read the whole piece of writing once again. Since it is the last time you will read through it with an intention to make corrections, be extra-attentive and check every detail in the text. Evaluate the structure of your essay, the way your arguments are organized, and the credibility of these arguments. Check for weak transitions between paragraphs, grammar, stylistics, syntax, and punctuation one last time. Preparing the Final Draft: con’t
- 30. Homework Read: The HG through chapter 21 Post #8: your conclusion Post #9: your properly formatted works cited entries Bring: Bring three copies (one can be electronic) for the writing workshop. Your essay should be complete and ready to turn in. This means your formatting should be correct, and your works cited page should be complete.