Classification and applied aspects of joints
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This document discusses the classification and applied aspects of joints. It begins with an introduction to joints, their functions, and definitions. It then discusses the structural and functional classifications of joints. The structural classification includes fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. The functional classification includes synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. It further elaborates on the different types of joints like hinge, ball and socket, and saddle joints. Finally, it discusses some applied aspects like dislocations, sprains, and arthritis.
Classification and applied aspects of joints
- 1. Classification and Applied Aspects of Joints Dr Mathew Joseph MBBS, MD(AIIMS), BCC(Palliative Medicine) Assistant Professor Department of Anatomy Al Azhar Medical College & Super Speciality Hospital Thodupuzha
- 2. Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Classification of Joints 3. Applied Aspects of Joints 4. References 5. MCQs
- 3. Introduction • Arthrology / Syndesmology : Study of joints • Synonyms: Articulatio (Latin) Arthron , Syndesmo (Greek) • Definition: Joints are the regions of the skeleton where two or more bones meet and articulate. • Function: Facilitate growth / Allow movements between bones.
- 4. ** Several classifications of joints have been made considering the range of movements possible, type of intervening soft tissues; there is no satisfactory single classification. ** Here we consider the Structural and Functional classification of joints according to Gray’s Anatomy 41st International edition.
- 5. Classification of joints Functional Classification: (based on degree of mobility): 1.Synarthroses: Immovable joints (cranial sutures in adults, primary cartilaginous joints in growing children). 2.Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints (joints between adjacent laminae of vertebrae). 3.Diarthroses: Freely movable joints (synovial joints).
- 6. Functional classification (cont….) Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses
- 7. Structural classification: (Based on type of intervening connecting tissue ) 1.Fibrous: Bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue that allows little movement. 2.Cartilaginous: Bones are joined by cartilage (primary or secondary). Some allows restricted movement. 3. Synovial: These are freely moving joints in which the articulating bony surfaces are covered in smooth articular cartilage and separated by a film of viscous synovial fluid that serves as a lubricant.
- 8. Structural classification (cont….) Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
- 9. Fibrous joints 1. Sutures: Articular surfaces are connected by a thin layer of connective tissue. They are confined to the skull and are immovable. 2. Syndesmoses: Bones are connected by a considerably greater amount of connective tissue than in sutures in the form of interosseous ligaments and membranes. Slight movement is permitted. e.g. interosseous membranes, inferior tibiofibular joints 3. Gomphosis (peg and socket joint): Articulation of teeth in alveolar sockets of mandible and maxilla by periodontal ligament.
- 10. Fibrous joints (cont….) Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses
- 11. Sutures • Plane • Serrate • Denticulate • Squamous • Schindylesis
- 12. Cartilaginous joints 1.Primary (Synchondroses) Hyaline cartilage. Bone growth. Synostosis. Temporary. 2.Secondary (Symphyses) Median Plane.
- 13. Synovial joints • Most evolved and freely movable joints • Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid • Often termed as diarthrodial joints • Components: 1. Fibrous capsule 2. Synovial membrane 3. Ligaments 4. Articular cartilage 5. Articular disc or meniscus 6. Bursae 7. Fat pads (Haversian glands)
- 14. Classification of Synovial joints According to shape of articular surfaces. According to plane of movements. 1. Plane 1.Uniaxial 2. Hinge 2.Biaxial 3. Pivot 3. Multiaxial 4. Condylar 5. Ellipsoid 6. Saddle 7. Ball and socket
- 15. Plane joints • Articular surfaces are nearly flat. • Allow pure translations or sliding between bones. • Intercarpal joints
- 16. Hinge joints (Ginglymus) • Articular surfaces are hinge shaped. • Movements takes place in a single stationary axis and is restricted to one plane. elbow,knee, interphalangeal joints.
- 17. Pivot joints (Trochoid joints) • Rounded end of osteous pivot fits into the concavity of another bone. • The rounded part is surrounded by a ligament (osteoligamentous ring). • Limited rotation around a central axis.(Uniaxial) • e.g. superior radio-ulnar and atlanto-axial joints.
- 18. Condylar joints • Round articular surface of one bone fits into a socket- type articular surface of another bone. • Permit movements in two directions. • e.g. knee and temporo- mandibular joints.
- 19. Ellipsoid joints • Elliptical convex surface of one bone articulates with elliptical concave surface of another. • Permit movements in two directions. • Combination of movements cause circumduction. • e.g. wrist and atlanto-occipital joints.
- 20. Saddle (sellar) joints • Articular surfaces are reciprocally saddle shaped i.e. concavo-convex. • e.g. first carpo-metacarpal
- 21. Ball and socket (spheroidal) joints • Rounded convex surface of one bone (globoid head) fits into the cup-like socket of another bone. • Permits greatest range of movements. • Multiaxial. • e.g. Shoulder, Hip joints.
- 22. According to plane of movements • Uniaxial: Hinge and Pivot • Biaxial: Condylar, ellipsoid, saddle • Multiaxial: Ball and socket Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
- 23. Applied Aspects of Joints Dislocation: Condition in which the articular surfaces of the joint are abnormally displaced so that one surface loses its contact completely with the other. Subluxation: Partial contact retained. Dislocation and Subluxation are commonly caused by trauma. Pain, Restriction of motion. X-ray. Shoulder,TMJ,Thumb. **Recurrent dislocations: Joint capsule and ligaments overstretched and become loose.
- 25. • Sprain: Ligament of a joint is overstreched or torn. • Intense pain, Restriction of movements due to pain. • Ligaments of knee, ankle, lower spine. • Partial tear. • Complete tear – Surgical repair.
- 26. Arthritis: • Term indicates all inflammatory and degenerative diseases of joints. It can be caused by a variety of diseases. • Rheumatoid Arthritis – Osteoarthritis - Gouty Arthritis - Septic Arthritis - Tuberculos Arthritis. • The involved joint is commonly swollen and its movements are restricted and painful.
- 28. References 1. Gray’s Anatomy 41st International Edition. 2. Inderbir Singh’s Textbook of Anatomy 6th Edition. 3. Google for images.
- 29. MCQs 1. All of the following are examples of the fibrous joint except: a) Suture b) Syndesmosis c) Symphysis d) Gomphosis
- 30. 2. All of the following are examples of the synovial joint except: a) Pivot b) Saddle c) Syndesmosis d)Ellipsoid
- 31. 3. Subtype gomphosis is classified under: a) Biaxial synovial joint b) Symphysis c) Fibrous joint d) Synchondrosis
- 32. Thank You