Long bone
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This document provides an overview of long bone anatomy and classification of joints. It describes the main parts of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphysis and their structures. It also classifies bones based on shape and classifies joints based on both structure and function, describing the characteristics of synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous joints. Key joint types include ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding and saddle joints.
Long bone
- 1. Anatomy of long bone and classification of Joints Prepared by Dr DipendraMaharjan 1st yr Resident, NAMS
- 2. Bone тАв Calcified, living, connective tissue that forms the majority of skeletal system тАв Intercellular calcified matrix which consist collagen fiber тАв Functions as тАУ тАУ тАУ тАУ тАУ Supportive structure Protector Reservoir Act as a lever Act as a container
- 3. Type of Bone тАв Compact тАУ Dense bone tissue composed of osteons, which resist pressure and shocks and protect the spongy tissue тАУ forms especially the diaphysis of the long bones. тАв Spongy тАУ Tissue made of bony compartments separated by cavities filled with bone marrow, blood vessels and nerves тАУ gives bones their lightness.
- 4. Classification of bone тАв According by shape тАУ Long bone тАУ Short bone тАУ Flat bone тАУ Irregular bone тАУ Sesamoid bone
- 5. Long bone тАв Longer than they are wide. тАв Reflects the elongated shape rather than the overall size. тАв Consist of a shaft plus two ends and are constructed primarily of compact bone тАв may contain substantial amounts of spongy bone. тАв All bones of the limbs, except the patella, wrist and ankle bones, are long bones.
- 6. Parts of long bone
- 7. тАв Epiphysis тАУ Are expanded articular ends тАУ separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate during bone growth тАУ composed of a spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone. тАУ Proximal epiphysis тАв Enlarged terminal part of the bone, тАв nearest the center of the body, тАУ Distal epiphysis тАв Enlarged terminal part of the bone, тАв farthest from the center of the body,
- 8. тАв Metaphysis тАУ Part of the bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis; тАУ it contains the connecting cartilage enabling the bone to grow тАУ disappears at adulthood. тАв Diaphysis тАУ Elongated hollow central portion of the bone located between the methaphyses; тАУ made of compact tissue тАУ encloses the medullary cavity.
- 9. Structure of long bone
- 10. тАв Osteon тАУ Elementary cylindrical structure of the compact bone тАУ Runs parallel to longest axis of bone тАУ Surrounds and opens into Haversian canal. тАв Haversian canal тАУ Lengthwise central canal of the osteon тАУ enclose blood vessels and nerves.
- 11. тАв VolkmannтАЩs canals тАУ Perforating canal тАУ Transverse canals of the compact bone enclosing blood vessels and nerves тАУ they connect the Haversian canals and with the medullary cavity and the periosteum. тАв Medullarycavity тАУ Cylindrical central cavity of the bone containing the bone marrow тАУ encloses lipid-rich yellow bone marrow.
- 12. тАв Periosteum тАУ Fibrous membrane rich in blood vessels that envelopes the bone тАУ contributes especially to the boneтАЩs growth in thickness. тАУ anchored to the bone itself by bits of collagen called SharpeyтАЩs perforating fibers. тАв Concentric lamellae тАУ Bony layers of osteon made of collagen fibers тАУ arranged concentrically around the Haversian canal тАУ form as the bones grow.
- 13. тАв Articular cartilage тАУ Smooth resistant elastic tissue covering the terminal part of the bone тАУ facilitates movement and absorbs shocks. тАв Blood vessel тАУ Channel in the bone through which the blood circulates, carrying the nutrients and mineral salts the bone requires. тАв Bone marrow тАУ Soft substance contained in bone cavities, producing blood cells тАУ red in children, yellow in the long bones of adults.
- 14. JOINTS the site where two or more skeletal elements come together
- 15. Classification of Joint тАв According to function of joint тАУ Synarthroses тАв no/little movement тАв Sutures, Teeth,Epiphyseal plates,1st rib and costal cart. тАУ Amphiarthroses тАв slight movement тАв Distal Tibia/fibula, Intervertebral discs, Pubic symphysis тАУ Diarthroses тАв great movement тАв Glenohumeral joint, Knee joint, TMJ
- 16. тАв According to the structure of Joint тАУ Cartilaginous тАУ Fibrous тАУ Synovial
- 17. тАв Cartilaginous Joint тАУ are connected entirely by cartilage тАУ allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint тАУ also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. тАУ Types тАв Synchondrosis тАв Symphysis
- 18. Cartilaginous тАв Synchondrosis (synarthroses) тАУ Primary cartilaginous joints тАУ Occur where two ossification centre in a developing bone remain seperated by a layer of cartilage тАУ Growth plate between head and shaft of developing long bone тАУ Allow bone growth and eventually become completely ossified тАв Symphysis (amphiarthroses) тАУ тАУ тАУ тАУ Secondary cartileginousjoints Two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage Mostly occur in midline Pubis symphysis, intervertebral disc between adjacent vertebrae
- 19. тАв Fibrous Joint тАУ are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen тАУ Types тАв Sutures тАв Syndesmoses тАв Gomphosis
- 20. Fibrous тАв Suture тАУ Only in skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue тАв Gomphoses тАУ Occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone тАУ Short collagen tissue fibre in the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket тАв Syndesmoses тАУ Joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament тАУ Are moveable тАУ Ligamentumflavum, interosseos membrane
- 21. Synovial Joint тАв Are diarthrosis тАв the most common and most movable type тАв achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. тАв The main structural differences between synovial and fibrous joints are тАУ the existence of capsules surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint тАУ the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within those capsules.
- 22. Classification of synovial Joint тАв Based upon movement тАУ Uniaxial joint тАУ Biaxial Joint тАУ Multiaxial Joint
- 23. Classification of synovial Joint тАв Based on the shape of their articular surface тАУ Planar Joint тАУ Hinge Joint тАУ Pivot Joint тАУ Bicondylar Joint тАУ Condylar Joint тАУ Saddle Joint тАУ Ball and socket joint
- 24. тАв Plane Joint тАУ Also called Gliding Joints тАУ One moves across the surface of another тАУ Allow sliding or gliding movements тАУ Acromoclavicular joint
- 25. тАв Hinge Joint тАУ Also known as ginglymus joint тАУ Allow movement around one axis that passes transversly through the joint тАУ Permit flexion and extension тАУ Humeroulnar joint
- 26. тАв Pivot Joint тАУ Also called trochoid joint тАУ Allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone тАУ One bone rotates another тАУ Atlanto-axial joint
- 27. тАв Bicondylar Joint тАУ Formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surface тАУ Allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis тАУ Knee joint
- 28. тАв Condylar Joint тАУ Ellipsoid Joint тАУ Allow movement around two axis that are at right angle to each other тАУ Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and limited circumduction тАУ Wrist joint
- 29. тАв Saddle Joint тАУ Also known as sellar joint тАУ Allow movement around two axis that are at right angle to each other тАУ Articularsuface are saddle shaped тАУ Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction тАУ Carpometacarple joint of the thumb, sternoclavicular joint
- 30. тАв Ball and Socket Joint тАУ Universal joint, spheroidal joint тАУ Allow movement around multiple axis тАУ Permits extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction except gliding тАУ Hip joint, glenohumeral joint
- 31. Thank You!
- 32. References тАв GrayтАЩs anatomy for student by Drake, Vogi тАв GrayтАЩs anatomy : the anatomical by susanstandring тАв Clinical anatomy by region тАУ Richard snell тАв NetterтАЩs Anatomy тАв Gross Anatomy BRSeries by Kyung тАв Clinically oriented Anatomy by Moore тАв LastтАЩs Anatomy regional and applied