Classification of poisons and its mode of action
- 1. POISONS AND ITS MODE OF ACTIONBY JONATHAN DAVID STEPHEN.V
- 2. POISONS Introduction to Poisons :- Poison is any substance (solid, liquid, gas) which if assimilated in the living body or brought into contact with any part thereof, will lead to deterioration of health or may eventually lead to death by its constitutional or local effects. Every agent may be harmful if acting on an organism at a high enough dose. Poison may also be defined, as a material which when administered, inhaled or ingested is capable of acting deadly on the human body. Thus almost anything is a poison
- 3. Difference Between Medicines or Poison a medicine in a toxic dose is a poison and a poison in a small dose may be a medicine. According to law the key distinction between a medicine and poison is the intent with which it is given to a person. Therefore, if the substance is administered with the intention to save a life, it is a medicine but it acts as a poison if it is given with the intent to cause harm to the body
- 4. Poison Information Centers National Poisons Information Centre has been established in AIIMS, New Delhi. It uses a computer software on poisons (INTOX) compiled by WHO. Nation Institute of Occupational Health at Ahmedabad also has one centre. Regional centers are located in Chennai and Cochin (POISINDEX). These centres provide toxicity assessments and treatment recommendations over the telephone through the day for all categories of poisons.
- 5. Classification of Poisons A) Mode of action B) Chemical nature Both classifications have their own importance in forensic investigation. Mode of action helps in determining the type of poison and on the other hand chemical nature of poison helps in analyzing it
- 6. MODE OF ACTION A mode of action defines a functional or anatomical modification, at the cellular level, stemming from the exposure of a living organism to a material or a substance. In comparison, a mechanism of action describes such changes at the molecular level. Poisons are classified into three groups : Corrosive Irritant Systematic
- 8. Corrosive Poisons A corrosive poison is simply a highly active irritant and not only produces inflammation but also actual ulceration of the tissues. Basically a corrosive poison fixes, destroy and erodes the surface with which it comes in contact i.e. they produces local action. They act by extracting water from the tissues and coagulate cellular proteins and convert hemoglobin into haematin. This group consists of strong acids and strong alkalis. These include mineral acids, such as sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid; organic acids, such as oxalic acid, carbolic acid, acetic acid, salicylic acid; concentrated alkalis such as, caustic soda, carbonates, ammonium, sodium and potassium.
- 9. Irritant Poisons Irritant poisons causes pain in abdomen, vomiting and purging. In post-mortem appearance they are usually evident to the naked eye and shows redness or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract. This group is further divided into; inorganic, organic, and mechanical substances. Corrosives in dilute solutions act as irritants. Inorganic irritant poisons The inorganic subgroup consists of non-metallic and metallic poisons. Examples of nonmetallic poisons are phosphorous, chlorine, bromine and iodine etc. The metallic poisons include arsenic, antimony, mercury, lead, copper, thallium, zinc, manganese, barium and radioactive substances.
- 10. Organic irritant poisons This group of poisons comprises of animal and plant poisons. Examples of plant poison are abrus precatorius, castor, marking nut, ergot, calotropis etc. The animal poisons include snakes, insects, cantharides, spider etc. Mechanical substances This group includes coarsely powdered glass, chopped hairs, dried sponge and diamond dust.
- 11. Systematic poisons This class of poisons directly affects the main organs of the body system and therefore they are referred to as systematic poisons. It includes nervous system (neurotics), cardiovascular system (cardiac), Respiratory system (asphyxiate). Neurotics Poisons Neurotic poisons act chiefly on the nervous system though some neurotics have a local irritant action. All alkaloids poisons fall into this group. This group consists of poisons that have specific action on the cerebrum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, the poisons being known as cerebral, spinal and peripheral respectively.
- 12. Cerebral Poisons The poisons acting on the cerebrum may have a somniferous, inebriant or deliriant effect. The somniferous poisons include opioids; the inebriant ones include alcohols, anaesthetics, sedatives and hypnotics, fuels and agrochemical compounds. The deliriant are dhatura , belladonna, cannabis indica. Spinal Poisons The poisons acting on the spinal cord include nux vomica and its alkaloids and gelsemium. Peripheral Poisons The poisons acting on the peripheral nerves include curare and conium.
- 13. Cardiac Poisons These are poisons acting on the heart and it includes digitalis, oleander, aconite and nicotine.
- 14. Asphyxiant Poisons These poison acts on the respiratory system and it include irrespirable gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sewer gases and some war gases.
- 15. Miscellaneous Poisons The poisons having different pharmacological action are put together in this group. It includes analgesics. Antipyretics, antihistaminic, tranquilizers, antidepressants, street drugs and designer drugs.
- 16. Nature of Poison Gaseous Poisons: These types of poison are in gaseous state and if inhaled, hamper the competence of the blood as a carrier of oxygen and may damage the tissues of the air passages and lungs. Some the examples of gaseous poisons are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur oxide, chlorine, nitrous oxide, tear gas etc. Volatile Inorganic Poisons: Acute poisoning with volatile substances usually follows the slow inhalation of vapors in order to become intoxicated. Cyanide, phosphine, arsine, phosgene, chloride, etc. are few Volatile Inorganic Poisons. Volatile Organic Poisons: These are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature. The high vapor pressure which results from a low boiling point, causes large numbers of molecules to sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the surrounding air. Examples of Volatile Organic Poisons are ethanol, ethanol, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde.
- 17. Non-Volatile Inorganic (anions) Poisons: Examples are halides, dichromate, chlorates, azides , nitrites ,sulphate, phosphide , cyanide etc. Non-Volatile Inorganic (cations) Poisons: Examples are mercury, arsenic, barium, thallium, lead, antimony, bismuth etc. Non-Volatile Organic Neutral Poisons (pesticides): Examples of Non-Volatile Organic Neutral Poisons are organophosphates, organochlorates, carbmates, pyrethroides. Non-Volatile Organic Acidic Compound (acidic drugs): Drugs/ Poisons, which are acidic in nature, are called Acidic Drugs. These drugs readily reacts with bases to form salts. Few of the examples are barbiturates, sulpha, phenolic compounds (Phenol, Cresols etc.), salicylates. Non-Volatile Organic Alkaline Compounds (basic drugs): If the drugs contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons available for reaction with protons they will behave as bases only Examples alkaloids, benzodizepine. Plant Poisons: The active constituents of plants that exert toxic effects are organic compounds and non-volatile in nature. Examples: - Dhatura, aconite, oleander, nux vomica etc.
- 18. Miscellaneous Poisons: These poisons may be organic or norganic, volatile or non-volatile and or animal, plant origin or toxins produced thereof. I.Mechanical poisons: Examples: - diamond dust, glass powder, chopped hair. II.Food poisoning: (mycotoxins) III.Animal /insect poisons: Examples: - snake venom, scorpion, poisons bees, poisons ants.