Clauses
- 1. UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE AMBATO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y DE LA EDUCACIÓN CARRERA DE IDIOMAS MODULE: GRAMMAR III
- 2. ELEMENT 2 Define concepts of the studied phrases by different essays. RESULT: List the studied clauses and use them in role plays and conversations. PRODUCT: Write a composition about your life applying the five studied clauses.
- 3. CONTENT What are clauses? Independent clauses Dependent or subordinate clauses Adjective clauses Adverb clauses Noun clauses
- 4. What is a clause?
- 5. aCLnAdUS aE verb A group of words with both a subject & verb
- 6. What’s the difference between a phrase & a clause?
- 7. PHRASE a group of words that does not have both a subject and a verb CLAUSE A group of words with both a subject & verb
- 8. The Basics Phrase : Group of words that does not have a subject and a verb Example: My neighbor’s dog Clause. A Subject + verb …it may or may not be a sentence Example: My neighbor’s dog left me a present.
- 10. Independent Clause Expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence..
- 11. Independent Clause Expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. Doesn’t need anything else to make sense.
- 12. Independent Clauses Have a subject, predicate (verb), and makes sense all by itself.
- 13. Independent Clause Examples: 1.The doorbell rang. 2. She smiled down on the children. 3.The turkey was hot and juicy.
- 14. Independent Clauses can come at the end or at the beginning of a sentence. The girl ran to her room when the boy called her. After mother got home, she went to bed.
- 15. Independent Clauses 1.Since the hurricane hit, many people have been suffering. 2.The clouds gathered quickly, as if it were going to rain. 3.Although the deer was dead, we picked it up anyway. 4.Father asked us to sit down, once the speaker was done. 5.Please be quiet, until Mrs. Slagle is finished. 6.Whether you finish or not, you should always try your best!
- 16. DEPENDENT CLAUSE
- 17. Dependent Clause Doesn’t express a complete thought. It can’t stand alone as a sentence. It sounds like something else should follow in order to make sense. **Must have a subject and predicate(verb) otherwise it’s a phrase*
- 18. Dependent Clause Examples: because the door was open, when it started raining, Until your father gets home,
- 19. Dependent Clauses can come at the end or at the beginning of a sentence. The girl ran to her room when the boy called her. After mother got home, she went to bed.
- 20. Dependent Clauses begin with Subordinating Conjunctions After, although, as, as if, Because, before, For, if, once, Since, so, so that, than, that, though, till, Unless, until, When, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether, while
- 21. Dependent Clauses Usually have a comma when they are found in the first part of a sentence. If found at the end of the sentence, there will not be any comma.
- 22. Dependent Clauses 1.After the car went off the road, it was totaled. 2.She sang a song when it was her turn. 3.Though the weather man said rain, it was sunny. 4.He hugged her although she was wet. 5.Before the dance, she went home. 6.The boys help out if they get to listen to music.
- 23. Independent/Dependent Clauses 1.She drove the car so that her brother could walk. 2.Whenever it rains, we get a ride from father. 3.Unless the game is over, we always stay to help. 4.The coach gives us advice so we can win the game. 5.Cole helps his mother whereas James just bugs her. 6.He closed the window because it was windy.
- 24. Independent/Dependent Clauses 1.Sugar water is a solution whereas gravel isn’t. 2.Once the ice melted, the grass turned green. 3.He will sleep till his mother comes home. 4.Wherever there is chocolate, there is candy. 5.Since the melt-down, the skaters haven’t been the same. 6.His room was clean before his friend came over.
- 25. Independent/Dependent Clauses 1.If the dance ends at 11:00, come home after it. 2.Naps are great although teenagers don’t think so. 3.As the moon came out, the sun went down. 4.Reports come out whenever 9 weeks end. 5.She parked the car before he got out. 6.While he danced the waltz, she did the Monkey.
- 26. Independent/Dependent Clauses 1.When dad comes home, the house becomes quiet. Mrs. Bigbee smiles whenever her kids follow the rules. 3.After the accident, the cattle were wild. 4.The water fountain was broken because of the handle. 5.Whenever you see a quarter, pick it up. 6.Help one another because it’s the right thing to do.
- 27. Independent/Dependent Clauses 1.They will walk home unless she has detention. 2.The books were late since they were overdue. 3.There’s no way unless your brother goes. 4.While you’re there, pick up another gallon of milk. 5.So there isn’t any fighting, please buy two. 6.The ground will freeze if it gets cold enough.
- 28. Independent/Dependent Clauses 1.If the dance ends at 11:00, come home after it. 2.Naps are great although teenagers don’t think so. 3.As the moon came out, the sun went down. 4.Reports come out whenever 9 weeks end. 5.She parked the car before he got out. 6.While he danced the waltz, she did the Monkey.
- 29. A FAIRYTALE The Fearless Princess
- 30. Once upon a time, there was a prince. He decided to take a walk in a dark and scary forest. All of a sudden, a terrible storm moved in… …and the prince got completely lost.
- 31. In the morning, a terrifying dragon found the prince. The prince became very, very scared. Suddenly a knight in armor appeared from behind a tree and attacked the dragon. Now, the terrible dragon was afraid and ran away.
- 32. When the prince walked up to the knight, the knight took off his armor … … and a beautiful princess stood in front of him. She was strong and smart and sweet …
- 33. … and she took him to her castle where they lived happily ever after.
- 34. Definitions Can you complete these definitions? An aAdjne catdivjeec dtievesc dribeescs roibre ms o…difies a noun or pronoun. An adjective clause is a … An adjective clause is a dependent clause that describes a noun or pronoun in a main clause. Adjective clause pronouns (or relative pronouns) are … Adjective clause pronouns (or relative pronouns) are who, whom, which, and that.
- 35. Relative Pronouns 1 Use who and that to refer to people. This is the prince who got lost. Here is the knight that the prince respects. This is the princess who saved the prince.
- 36. Relative Pronouns 2 Use which and that to refer to things. The knight holds the sword which scared the dragon. The dragon that scared the prince spits fire.
- 37. Relative Pronouns 3 That is less formal than who and which. The knight holds the sword that scared the dragon. This is the princess that saved the prince’s life.
- 38. Adjective Clauses 1 Here is the knight. He attacked the dragon. Here is the knight who attacked the dragon. noun subject adjective clause describes the noun
- 39. Adjective Clauses 2 Do you see the dragon? It scared the prince. subject Do you see the dragon that scared the prince? noun adjective clause describes the noun
- 40. Adjective Clauses 3 The dragon was dangerous. The knight attacked the dragon. The dragon that the knight attacked was very dangerous. noun object subject adjective clause describes the noun
- 41. Adjective Clauses 4 The prince was scared. The princess saved him. The prince whom the princess saved was scared. noun object subject adjective clause describes the noun
- 42. Form sentences with adjective clauses. Who and what are these fairytale figures and items? 1 2 3 4 5 Practice 1
- 43. Using Whose 1 Use whose to replace a possessive adjective. An adjective clause with whose can modify people. The princess was powerful. They lived in her castle. noun The princess whose castle they lived in was powerful.
- 44. Using Whose 2 An adjective clause with whose can also modify things. The dragon ran away. Its appearance terrified the prince. noun The dragon whose appearance terrified the prince ran away.
- 45. Combine the sentences below. Change the second sentence to an adjective clause. Practice 2 The dragon, whose fire and smoke scare everyone, is dangerous. 1. The dragon is dangerous. His fire and smoke scare everyone. 2. The storm storm, is through frightening. which The the prince is walking through the storm. walking, is frightening. 3. The princess is fearless. The prince The princess, with whom the prince escapes with her. escapes, is fearless.
- 46. The Adverb Clause How? Where? When? Why? •To what extent? •Under what condition?
- 47. Where can you find an adverb? Adverbs modify: VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and other ADVERBS
- 48. Therefore you can find them: Nearly anywhere in the sentence… However, they are usually near the verb, adjective or adverb they modify (but not always) Examples: He can run fast. (tells: how he can run) She really likes soccer. (tells: to what extent, she likes…)
- 49. More Examples: They can swim really quickly. (modifies the adverb quickly. It answers – How quickly?) He is not enjoying this activity. (Just remember the word not is always an adverb.) She is always late for class. (The words always, never, sometimes, rarely, etc. are also adverbs)
- 50. Adverbs answer where… Your book is here. Your pencil is there. The birds are flying high. The plane is flying by.
- 51. Adverbs answer when… He came home late. She woke early. They are performing now. She will do her homework later.
- 53. Unlike an adverb or an adverb phrase, an adverb clause has a subject and a verb ADVERB: They will leave soon. ADVERB PHRASE: They will leave (in a few minutes). ADVERB CLAUSE: They will leave when they are ready. S V
- 54. Definition… An adverb clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Like an adverb an adverb clause tells where, when, how, why, to what extent or under what condition.
- 55. Adverb Clauses can also be found nearly anywhere in the sentence… …beginning, middle or end… EXAMPLES: You may sit wherever you wish. (modifies the verb sit and tells where) When spring sets in, many students go crazy. (modifies the verb go and tells when) Sammy and Alexandra look as though they have some exciting news for us. (modifies the verb look, telling how S. and A. look)
- 56. More examples… Happy because she made an A, Maia hurried to phone her mom. (modifies the adjective Happy, telling why Maia was happy.) Will can climb higher than I can. (modifies the adverb higher, telling to what extent or how much higher Will can climb) If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go to the beach for class. (modifies the verb will go, telling under what condition we will go to the beach.)
- 57. COMMA RULES… When an adverb clause begins a sentence, it is followed by a comma.
- 58. Subordinating Conjunctions: An adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction—a word that shows the relationship between the adverb clause and the word or words that the clause modifies.
- 59. Common Subordinating Conjunctions: after as though since when although because so that whenever as before than where as if how though wherever as long as if unless whether as soon as in order that until while
- 60. NOTE! The words after, as, before, since, and until are also commonly used as prepositions. Example: PREPOSITION: (After lunch) we’ll finish building the rocket. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION: After you wash the dishes, you can make the bed.
- 61. SUBORDINATE (DEPENDENT) CLAUSES: Adjective Clause Adverb Clause Noun Clause Relative Subordinating Pronoun Conjunction
- 62. Noun Clause A noun clause has a subject and verb. It is used as the subject or object in a sentence. A noun clause is a dependent clause that works like a noun. You can find it as a subject or object. noun clause I read what she wrote. noun clause What she wrote is interesting.
- 63. Noun Clauses Beginning with Question Words Wh- clauses begin with words like who, what, how, whenever, which, etc. I need to explain what a noun clause is. I don't know where Mary lives. Tell me how old she is. First, you need to explain what a noun clause is. What is a noun clause? Where does Mary live? How old is she? noun clause questions
- 64. Questions What do you do in class? Where does he work? What should I do? Who are they? What happened? Noun Clauses What we do in class is easy. Where he works is a secret. I don’t know what you should do. Mary knows who they are. She knows what happened.
- 65. Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether or If When a Yes/No question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce the noun clause. I don't know whether you have studied noun clauses before. I don't know if you have studied noun clauses before. I wonder if it will rain tomorrow. I wonder if it will rain tomorrow or not. I wonder whether or not Mary went to work yesterday. I wonder whether Mary went to work yesterday or not. Whether he invites her or not is important.
- 66. Question Words Followed by Infinitive Question words (when, where, how, who, whom, whose, what, which) and whether may be followed by an infinitive. My mother told me where to go. My mother told me where I should go. He can’t decide whether to accept the offer or not. He can’t decide whether he should accept the offer or not. Please tell me how to operate this machine. Please tell me how I could operate this machine.
- 67. Noun Clauses Beginning with That I think that the war will end soon. object of the verb think I think the war will end soon. I know (that) he will be successful. Teachers claim that grammar is fun. That Mary studied very hard was obvious to John. (That Mary studied very hard) is the subject of the sentence. That pollution affects the quality of our lives is obvious. It is obvious that pollution affects the quality of our lives. That he is still alive is a miracle. It is a miracle that he is still alive.
- 68. Noun Clauses Beginning with That I think that the war will end soon. object of the verb think I think the war will end soon. I know (that) he will be successful. Teachers claim that grammar is fun. That Mary studied very hard was obvious to John. (That Mary studied very hard) is the subject of the sentence. That smoking is an unhealthy habit is a known fact. It is a known fact that smoking is an unhealthy habit. It is a miracle that he is still alive.