Climate change and vulnerability
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The document summarizes strategies for climate change and sustainable development presented at a conference from March 20-22, 2012 in Hyderabad, India. It discusses concepts like vulnerability, adaptation, national climate change plans, impacts on water resources, agriculture, forests and more. Biocharculture is introduced as a process using biochar for carbon sequestration and sustainable cultivation. Adaptation benefits of biocharculture include securing crops from climate impacts, reclaiming degraded soils, water conservation and reducing impacts of chemicals.
![Climate Change and
Sustainable Development
Strategies
20thMarch – 22nd March, 2012
Centre for Climate Change and Environment Advisory;
DR. MCR HRD Institute Campus, Hyderabad
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy
Chief Executive Officer [CEO],
GEOECOLOGY ENERGY ORGANISATION [GEO]
http://e-geo.org](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/climatechangeandvulnerability-120321234949-phpapp01/85/Climate-change-and-vulnerability-1-320.jpg)
Climate change and vulnerability
- 1. Climate Change and Sustainable Development Strategies 20thMarch – 22nd March, 2012 Centre for Climate Change and Environment Advisory; DR. MCR HRD Institute Campus, Hyderabad Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy Chief Executive Officer [CEO], GEOECOLOGY ENERGY ORGANISATION [GEO] http://e-geo.org
- 2. Vulnerability Vulnerability to climate change is the risk of adverse things happening Vulnerability is a function of three factors: Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive capacity
- 3. Adaptation “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm of exploits beneficial opportunities” (Third Assessment Report, Working Group II) Includes “actual” (realized) or “expected” (future) changes in climate
- 4. Adaptation (continued) Two types of adaptation Autonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be what people and systems do as impacts of climate change become apparent Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to reduce potential risks of future climate change
- 5. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA - CAUSE AND USE Decrease in rainfall SEMI-ARID Climate change / variability High temperatures ENVRIONMENT Increase in intensity of cultivation -Energy Needs -Charcoal Making Groundwater use + Contribution of salts - Biochar -Use of complex fertilizers - Wood for utility -Surfacing of natural salts -Pods / leaves as from deep inside the ground livestock feed through groundwater ALKALINE SOILS Poor germination, Fallow Suitable for Non-availability of soil minerals lands growth of Decrease in yield Prosopis Juliflora
- 6. Climate Changes in India Increase in surface temperature by 0.4 degree C over the past century. Warming trend along the west coast, in central India, the interior peninsula, and northeastern India.
- 7. Climate Changes in India Cooling trend in northwest India and parts of South India. Regional monsoon variations: increased monsoon seasonal rainfall along the west coast, northern Andhra Pradesh and North- western India, decreased monsoon seasonal rainfall over eastern Madhya Pradesh, North- eastern India, and parts
- 8. Climate Changes in India Observed trends of multi- decadal periods of more frequent droughts, followed by less severe droughts. Studies have shown a rising trend in the frequency of heavy rain events and decrease in frequency of moderate events over central India from 1951 to 2000. 8
- 9. Climate Changes in India Records of coastal tide gauges in the north Indian ocean for the last 40 years has revealed an estimated sea level rise between 1.06- 1.75 mm per year. The available monitoring data on Himalayan glaciers indicates recession of some glaciers. 9
- 10. Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons) 25 20.01 20 15 11.71 9.4 9.87 10 5 3.6 4.25 1.02 0 USA Europe Japan China Russia India World average
- 11. Impacts of Climate Changes Water resources Agriculture and food production Health Forests Coastal areas Vulnerability to extreme events Bioenergy Livelihoods Environment Economy Ecology 11
- 12. National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) Protecting the poor and vulnerable sections of society through sustainable development sensitive to climate change Achieving national growth objectives through a qualitative change in direction, ecological sustainability, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. 12
- 13. National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) Efficient and cost effective strategies for end use Demand side Management. Technologies for adaptation and mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions. Promote sustainable development - Regulatory and voluntary mechanisms 13
- 14. Core of NAPCC - National Missions National Solar Mission:The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency: Current initiatives are expected to yield These National Missions are being institutionalized by the respective Ministries/ Departments.2012. savings of 10,000 MW by
- 15. Core of NAPCC - National Missions National Mission on Sustainable Habitat: To promote energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning. National Water Mission: With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures.
- 16. Core of NAPCC - National Missions for Sustaining the National Mission Himalayan Ecosystem: The plan aims to conserve biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan region, where glaciers that are a major source of India’s water supply are projected to recede as a result of global warming. National Mission for a “Green India”: Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s territory.
- 17. Core of NAPCC - National Missionsfor Sustainable National Mission Agriculture: The plan aims to support climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change: To gain a better understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modeling, and increased international collaboration. It also encourage private sector initiatives to develop adaptation and mitigation technologies through venture capital funds.
- 18. Source: New Indian Express
- 20. Rural Livlihoods - Resources The livelihoods of the rural poor are directly dependent on environmental resources. land Water Forests Energy Are vulnerable to weather and climate variability forest water stress groundwater soil fertility habitats increases levels recede declines disappear.
- 21. Paying the most Climate change will only exacerbate the vulnerabilities of the rural poor. As climate- sensitive, natural ecosystems deteriorate, subsis tence will slip further out of reach.
- 22. India’s rural poor, who have least contributed to Climate Change, will pay some of the problem’s heaviest tolls.
- 23. In the life of a farmer climate Variability and Extreme events are more important than climate change
- 24. Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions Precipitation is less than potential evapo- transpiration. Low annual rainfall of 25 to 60 centimeters and having scrubby vegetation with short, coarse grasses; not completely arid.
- 25. Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions Climate Variability and extremes are an expected characteristic of semi-arid lands. The people vulnerable to droughts, which trigger frequent subsistence crises In Andhra Pradesh Increasing crop failures, dislocation, famine, poverty, increases 2009 witness to stratification and the social inequities. • 50 years old drought • 100 years old flood
- 26. “VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA” Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification Community Empowerment Energy Bio Diversity Agriculture Production Water Resources Climate Change Appropriate Skills Water Management SCENARIO 1 Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political AFPRO 26
- 28. Major challenges of Agriculture Climate change - Soil fertility Water variability - management extremes Impact of Burning of crop Alkalinity of soils hazardous residue pesticides and nitrogen
- 29. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0 195152 195253 195354 195455 195556 195657 195758 195859 195960 196061 196162 196263 196364 196465 196566 196667 196768 196869 196970 197071 197172 197273 197374 197475 197576 197677 197778 197879 197980 198081 198182 198283 198384 198485 198586 198687 198788 198889 198990 199091 199192 199293 199394 199495 199596 199697 199798 199899 199900 200001 200102 200203 200304 200405 200506 200607 Mahabubnagar District Rainfall Pattern R2 = 0.1374 200708 200809 200910 y = -4.6207x + 851.14 201011 201112 201213 201314
- 30. Crop Water Soil Climate Energy Environment
- 31. Field level interventions ACTIVITY CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FACILITATION RESEARCH
- 32. INCREASE D PRODUC SOIL SPIRITU CARBON TEMPERA AL TION SEQUEST TURE RATION REGULAT ED CREMATI BELIEFS ON TERMITE MOISTUR S / ANTS E CULTUR REPULSIO RETENTI AL N ON ALTARS RITUALS ENER GY EARTHW WATER SOIL FESTIVA ORMS CONSERV AMENDMENT LS INCREASE ATION BIOC HAR NITROGE N/ BIOMASS BIOCHAR PHOSPH COMPOS OROUS T FOOD RETENTI INSECT PRESER ON REPELL VING ENT FOOD SOIL MICROBE NURSERI FILTERI S CLEANI PESTICID ES NG DENSITY NG INCREASE ES MEDIA ADBSORB TION GOOD STOVES SOAK MEDICI • TLUDs PITS NE • Other POULTRY - stoves CH4 PRACTICES REDUCTIO N BIOCH AR MATTR WASTE URINAL ESS MANAGE SOURCES CROP S MENT (BIOMAS RESIDUE S) • Sludge BIOCH TOOTH ANIMALS AR POWDE BRICKS R AIR AQUAR LIVESTOC QUALIT POULTRY IUM / Y FYM / K - URINE LITTER TERRA WATER COMPOST AND • CO2 / RIUMS TREAT DUNG MENT CH4 Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO http://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com
- 33. RITUAL / SPIRITUAL AGRICUTU SANITATIO / SOIL ANIMALS ENERGY HABITAT HEALTH WATER RE N RELIGIOUS / PRACTICES APPLICATIO PADDY N IN ANIMAL BIOCHAR SOURCE FIRE / ALTAR METHANE PLACES TO BIOCHAR URINALS FROM / YAGNAS / EMISSIONS TAP BRICKS CLEANING EFFICIENT AGNIHOTRA REDUCTION URINE, SANIT TEETH TLUD COOK ATION AND STOVES BIOCHAR EMISSIONS REDUCTION BIOCHAR PESTICIDE & TOILETS COMPLEX BIOCHAR IN FIRE DURING CHEMICALS AQUARIUMS WATER FESTIVALS AFFECTS RUMINANT AS BY PURIFICATIO MITIGATION ANIMALS PRODUCT N– METHANE BIOCHAR IN FROM BIOCHAR COLOR, ODO EMISSIONS CATTLE GASIFIER TABLETS R, REMOVAL EMMISIONS REDUCTION SHEDS STOVES, BOIL OF HARMFUL REDUCTION AS FEED ERS ETC ELEMENTS, E FROM FARM ADDITIVE BIOCHAR IN TC. YARD POULTRY CREMATIONS MANURES FARMS CLEANING AND PLATES / COMPOSTS UTENSILS BIOCHAR SOAKING IN CHARCOAL BIOCHAR IN COMPOST WITH PRODUCTIO FOOD AS ANIMALS N FROM NATURAL / CROP BIOCHAR IN PART OF URINE AND BIOMASS / ARTIFICIAL RESIDUE FRIDGES, MA FOOD EXCRETA - WASTE FIRES IN MANAGEMEN TTRESSES, ET BATHING PREPARATIO VALUE MANAGEMEN FORESTS / T C. NS ADDITION T FIELDS, ETC.
- 34. Biocharculture Biocharculture is the process of using Biochar, including for cultivation of crops • Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems • Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable cultivation and carbon sequestration. • Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600 degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass cook stoves. • Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic C, Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than uncharred organic matter
- 35. Biocharculture Adaptation benefits Lessen the impact of hazardous Securing the crop Reclaim the water pesticides and from drought and degraded soils, conservation, complex chemicals climate variabiiity & to reduce plant uptake. Conversion of crop reducing residue into increases in emissions and Biochar an option Increase in crop C, N, pH, and increasing the and address yield available P to the sequestration of carbon plants greenhouse gases sequestration Reduction in Increase in the soil Impacts of Biochar Temperature leaching of the bio microbes / worms last more than regulation in the / chem fertilizers at the biochar and 1000 years. soil applied soil interface
- 36. CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA Farmers focus 80% ON CROP 20% ON SOIL
- 37. BIOCHAR COMPOST
- 38. APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS
- 39. CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST 4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS
- 40. BIOCHAR CONTROL 1.5 FEET 6 FEET
- 41. Adaptation Initiatives Requirement Objective 1 Better SMC conservation - Support for management of Addition of OM (compost, Labor Cost soil moisture manures, GM,GLM) Cover crop, mulching, - Biomass residue incorporation availability 2 Efficient use of Minimising the ground - Credit support Ground water water usage for critical irrigation. - Community Social regulations to support control competitive digging of bore wells Increasing SRI under borewell and - Comm.support efficiency of tanks - Technical water use support Micro-irrigation methods - Credit/financial (drips, spriklers) support
- 42. Adaptation Initiatives Requirement Objectives 3 Diversify crop Crop diversification from - Drought , stress r / farm wheat, paddy to resistant varieties systems millets, Maize, Sorghum - Timely availability of Mono cropping to seeds, contingency intercropping, mixed seeds cropping - Credit for seeds Soil fertility improvement through cropping systems - CB on technology Encouraging horticulture - Good planting material Biomass improvement/ - Timely availability of integration of Multi-Purpose implements Trees Improved implements - Timely availability of drought power Easing bullock constraint - Marketing support
- 43. Adaptation Initiatives Requirement Objectivr 4 Strengthening Health care system for - Support for man livestock preventive diseases power production system Strengthening sheep and goat systems - Technical through CIG concept. support Strengthening Fisheries production 5 Promoting alternate Promoting back yard - Credit support livelihood activities poultry for income Heifer rearing - Technical Ram lamb rearing support actvity 6 Creating Buffers Community managed - Infrastructure fodder banks Seed Banks to maintain - Capacity buffer seed and seeds of Building contingent crops - Manpower
- 44. BIOCHAR RESULTS GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING SEASON)
- 45. Methane Emissions from paddy fields
- 46. Biochar – livestock urine
- 47. BIOCHAR URINALS TAPPING NITROGEN FROM URINE OF ANIMALS AND PEOPLE USING BIOCHAR
- 48. OTHER BIOCHAR APPLICATIONS BIOCHAR BRICKS, GREEN BUILDINGS
- 52. MAGH SERIES BIOCHAR PRODUCING STOVES
- 53. MAGH SERIES BIOCHAR PRODUCING STOVES
- 56. BIOCHAR INDIA | BIOCHARCULTURE | GOOD STOVE | GEO | GOODPLANET BIOCHAR LINKS Terra Preta Info - Indian conext Biochar Urine Biochar Experiments Biochar Urinals Biochar - Alkaline soils Biochar - Alkaline soils report Biochar Soil life Charcoal production Termites Earthworms Biochar Production Magh Biochar Retort Pottery Shards GEO mini metal kiln In soils ARTI - Charcoal Cleaning Biochar Plants Biochar for Cleaning Prosopis Juliflora Prosopis Juliflora report Green Buildings Biochar Bricks Stoves Magh series tlud woodgas or Rural Trash microgasifier stoves Biochar plus Anila GSBC PROJECT ON CNN
Editor's Notes
- #35: Biochar is a part of the solution for cotton crop sustainable cultivation, there is a need to create large scale awareness among the farmers to continue traditional best practices of Biochar application and also adopt appropriate best technologies for improving the fertility of the soils and their sustainability.