Climatic assessment - jaisalmer
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Jaisalmer is a town located in Rajasthan, India. The town layout and building designs help provide a cool environment for residents. The streets are oriented east-west and buildings are densely constructed on both sides of narrow streets. This orientation and density provides shade. Houses range from simple single room structures to large multi-story havelis of the wealthy. All buildings use thick sandstone walls and shading elements to remain cool in the desert climate with little rainfall and high temperatures.
Climatic assessment - jaisalmer
- 2. Location Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India Longitude 75°55'E Latitude 26°55'N Altitude 241.7m above mean sea level
- 4. Relative Humidity & Rainfall
- 6. Town Layout • Narrow winding streets with densely built construction on both sides • All Major streets were oriented in the East-West direction at right angles to the direction of dust storms • The height of the building compared to the width of streets is large to create shaded cool environment for the pedestrians and other social activities on the streets. Plan of Jaisalmer town
- 7. Smaller Houses The simplest town house consists of a single room, a verandah and a courtyard. Larger houses of this type have another verandah over the entrance and some houses have an additional room on one side of the courtyard. These single storey structures are owned by the poorest people and have been built in the peripheral areas of the town.
- 8. Middle Income Houses A two or three-storey structure, this house type can be considered the typical house of Jaisalmer. It is similar to the first house type in plan, with the only difference that additional rooms and small enclosed terraces are located at the upper floors. The front part of the first floor has a balcony projecting onto the street.
- 9. Havelis The most complex and interesting residential buildings in Jaisalmer are the havelis (Fig.7) built by the rich merchants or courtiers. In these four or five-storied houses, the courtyard is surrounded by rooms or verandahs on all sides. There are underground rooms as well, sometimes at two levels one below the other. The uppermost storey comprises terraces enclosed by wind pavillions and high parapet walls. In some cases, the house is built around two courtyards.
- 10. Plan and Section of a typical Haveli in Jaisalmer
- 11. Building Construction Details • Most common building materials – Light yellowish sandstone for walls (0.45m or more in thickness) – 50 mm thick panels of limestone used on upper levels for elements on projecting wall facades
- 12. .. BC Details contd. • Two types of construction used for floors and roofs – Traditional method: Laying closely spaces timber beams and covering them with a layer or reed or grass matting with a layer of earth on top. – Because of lack of availability in the desert, stone beams are being used.
- 13. Natural Cooling Systems Shading mask for the small horizontal projections for a south-facing wall in a relatively wide street.
- 14. An E-W street orientation, in summer the sun would be shining on the south facade from 9.30am to 2.30pm. The corresponding solar altitudes during this time are 54° to 86° and even small horizontal projections are sufficient to shade the south-facing building. The north face of the building receives solar radiation before 8 am and after 4pm with solar altitude being less than 35°. At this time the building opposite shades the northern facade even if the street is relatively wide.
- 15. Shading mask for an eastern wall in a narrow street. The shading mask for a western wall is similar.
- 16. For streets oriented N-S, the summer sun shines on the east facade till 11.30am and the west facade after 12.30pm. The solar altitude during these periods varies from 0° to 79°, With a narrow street, the building facades would be shaded before 10.30am and after 1.30pm (Fig.10), Thus, solar radiation would be incident on the E-W facades for no more than an hour each which is taken care of by the massive wall construction.