code mixing and code switching

CODE MIXING- ICE CANDY-MAN

1 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………PAGE # 1
1.1 BACK GROUND STUDY…………………………………………PAGE # 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM………………..PAGE # 2
1.3 AIMS & OBJECTIVES…………………………………………….PAGE # 2
1.4 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS…………………………PAGE # 3
1.5 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………….PAGE # 3

2 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..PAGE # 4

2.3 DEFINE LANGUAGE……………………………………………..PAGE # 4
2.4 SOCIOLINGUISTIC……………………………………………….PAGE # 4
2.5 CODE………………………………………………………………PAGE # 5
2.6 SPEECH COMMUINITY…………………………………………PAGE # 6
2.7 BILINGUALISM/MULTILINGUALISM…………………………PAGE # 6

3 CODE-MIXING………………………………………………………PAGE # 7
3.1 FEATURES OF CODE-MIXING…………………………………PAGE # 8
3.2 CODE-MIXING LINGUISTIC FORM……………………………PAGE # 8
3.3 CODE-MIXING SOCIO CULTURAL MEANING………………PAGE # 9
3.4 TYPES OF CODE-MIXING……………………………………....PAGE # 9
3.5 REASON OF CODE-MIXING…………………………………...PAGE # 10
3.6 CODE-MIXING IN PAKISTAN……………………………………PAGE # 10
3.7 CODE-MIXING IN LITERATURE………………………………...PAGE # 10

4 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………...PAGE # 14
5 REFRENCES………………………………………………………..PAGE # 15

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ABSTRACT:
Through this project we present an analysis of Urdu-English code-mixing in
Pakistani English. However, data has been analyzed only at the phrase and clause level. Based on
a novel from Pakistani English Literature, this research aims to show that code-mixing is not a
grammarless phenomenon rather it is ruled governed activity at the phrase and clause level. This
research suggests that variations and changes in a language are an integral part of bilingualism
and multilingualism. All the present data shows that the occurrences of various Urdu phrases and
clauses impose no ungrammatical effect on the construction of English syntax.

Language plays an important role in the society and this leads to the study of code
mixing in relation to sociolinguistics and how code mixed utterances have been triggered as a
result of language gap, stylistic motivations, domains, societal factors, message intrinsic factors,
physical settings and situational factors. This work examined how these motivations have
resulted in code mixed utterances by critically analyzing randomly selected utterances from the
selected text from „ICE-CANDY MAN'. We find many Urdu phrases in English sentences in this
text, which brings out the creative and unpredictable nature of language users. It is therefore safe
to conclude that motivations for code mixing enhance communication among people
linguistically united or disjointed.

Key words: Bilingualism, multilingualism, code-switching and code mixing, non-native
varieties of English.

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION:

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY:
Society impinges on language, and language impinges on the society. Hence, there must be a
relationship existing between language and society. The interdependency of these two entities,
language and society led to the study of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study of all
aspects of linguistics applied towards the connections between language and society, and the way
we use it in different language situations. Language is seen as a unifying force and a common
ground among various people through which effective communication is carried out. It has
however been noticed that even within the same language, there are different ways or styles of
speaking.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM:
The multilingual nature of the country and some individuals‟ multilingual or bilingual
competence and the inter-language relationship existing between English language and our
native language that led to code-mixing in conversation, discourse and communicative
competence. These lead to the following questions

 Is there any limit or restriction to code-mixing?
 Is code-mixing really necessary in communication?
 What informs code-mixing?

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
This research is informed by questions arising from code-mixing in our daily conversation with
one another. This research focuses on some literary texts in which Urdu language predominates
in the English medium used. This research attempts at discovering why the people code mix in
their conversation. This study will examine the various reasons and motivations for code-mixing.
This study will look at how the people have arrive at a communicative end via code-mixing and
examines the success or otherwise of this trend.

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1.4 DELIMITATION AND LIMITATION:
Due to the level of knowledge and understanding of the English, Urdu and Pidgin languages, we
will cover some selected literary text of Pakistani literature in English, in which these languages
are used, and our work is limited to code-mixing in this project.

1.5 METHODOLOGY:
Ten chapters of the novel Ice-Candy Man will be chosen randomly from The Pakistani Literature
in English, these chapters will be analyzed alongside the reasons and motivations for code-
mixing. Data has been analyzed only at the phrase and clause level.

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2. INTRODUCTION:
2.1 LANGUAGE:

Language is a major means of identifying a set of people, nation or country. Hornby (list of
linguists), defines language as the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by
a people of a particular country.

The word „language‟ is derived from „lingua‟ the Latin word for tongue, which rightly
emphasizes the speech aspect as basic in language. It is often called that „man is a social being‟;
and what, perhaps, plays the vital role in enabling man to act as a „social being‟ is his ability to
use language for communication. Language is the fundamental tool for social interaction that
opens up the possibilities to convey, inform and share different ideas, thoughts, messages,
feelings and viewpoints.

Babatunde asserts that:

The indispensability of language has been inexorably tied to the existence of man in the society.
Language plays an important role in our lives.
Sellers assert that:

“Language is intrinsic to the way we think, to the way we construct our groups and self
identities, to the way we perceive the world and organize our social relationships and political
systems”.

According to another linguist Whitman:

“language is not an abstract construction of the learned or of dictionary-makers, but is something
arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and
has its basis broad and low close to the ground”.

2.2 SOCIOLINGUISTICS:

Human beings are great travelers, traders and colonizers. The mythical tales of nearly all cultures
tell tales of the trials and tribulations of travel and exploration, such as those of “Ulysses” in
Homer‟s “Odyssey”. Surely, one of the tribulations of ranging outward from your house is
sooner or later you will encounter people who do not speak your language, nor you theirs. Some
parts of the world, we may not have to travel farther than the next door to find languages
disconnect and other part we may have to cross the ocean. This situation is so common in
human history and society, several solutions for bridging this communication gap have arisen,
sociolinguistics being one.

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Many scholars have discussed sociolinguistics and have come up with several definitions based
on their individual perspectives. Hudson defines sociolinguistics as, the study of language in
relation to the society. It is the study of language as it affects and is being affected by social
relations; it is also the study of language and linguistic behavior as influenced by social and
cultural factors.

Holmes defines sociolinguistics as, the way people use language in different contexts, and the
way people indicate aspects of their social identity through language. Sociolinguistics is a
scientific discipline developed from the cooperation of linguistics and sociology that investigates
the social meaning of the language system and language use, and the common set of conditions
of linguistic and social structure.

Fishman defines sociolinguistics as the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the
characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three
constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community.

Anything that either examines language in its social context or investigates social life through
linguistics could be referred to as sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study and analyses of
language; its nature, characteristics as well as its structure in relation to the society where it
functions. The focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language.

Sociolinguistics actually does not discuss a structure of a language, but it focuses on how a
language is used, so it could play its function well. From this statement, we can get a description
that people also face language conflicts before sociolinguistics appears. So it is clear now that the
role of sociolinguistics is to manage a language as its functions in society, or in other words
sociolinguistics deals with a language as means of communication.

2.3 CODE:

In everyday interaction, people usually choose different codes in different situation. They
may choose a particular code or variety because it makes them easier to discuss a particular
topic, regardless where they are speaking. When talking about work or school at home, for
instance, they may use the language that is related to those fields rather than the language used in
daily language communication at home.

A code is a system that is used by people to communicate with each other. When people want to
talk each other, they have to choose a particular code to express their feeling. According to
Stockwell, a code is “a symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in
a particular language, or dialect, or register, or accent, or style on different occasions and for
different purposes.”

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Ronald Wardaugh also maintains that a code can be defined as “a system used for
communication between two or more parties used on any occasions.” When two or more
people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that
they employ a code. Therefore, people are usually required to select a particular code
whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to
another or to mix codes, sometimes in very short utterances and it means to create a code.

From those opinions of the code given by many linguists above, we can make conclusion
that a code can be said as a language. The code is a form of the language variation that is
used by a society to make communication with other people.

2.4 SPEECH COMMUNITY:

Human beings are social beings who are always committed to a certain group of people called a
community. A particular community has its own characteristics, including the way of its
communication. This community is called speech community.

Bloomfield offers the simple definition of speech community. He says that a speech community
is a group of people who interact by means of speech. Spolsky also defines speech community as
“all the people who speak a single language and so share notions of what is same or different in
phonology or grammar.”

Because of the system, Gumperz further states that “the language of a speech community can be
analyzed both within the context of the language itself and also within the broader context of
social behavior”. One example of this phenomenon is language switching and mixing.

2.5 BILINGUALISM/ MULTILINGUALISM:

Most people as speakers usually occupy more than one code and require a selected code
whenever they choose to speak with other people. The phenomenon of people having two or
more than two codes (languages) is called bilingualism or multilingualism.

To clarify the term bilingualism or multilingualism, Spolsky defines a bilingual as “a person
who has some functional ability in the second language.” This may vary from a limited ability
in one or more domains, to very strong command of both languages. According to
Bloomfield, bilingualism is a situation where a speaker can use two languages as well.

Gumperz also mentions that bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in-group
communication and the common language for their interaction and communication with
outsiders. In this case, the bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language
choice meaning that bilinguals are able to choose which language that he is going to use.

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In other words, since the members of a bilingual community vary in the capacity of mastering
the languages used in the community, they have to be able to set a condition where they can
communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code switching and code mixing.

3. CODE MIXING:

Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same
oral/written text. It is a common phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages are
used. Studies of code-mixing enhance our understanding of the nature, processes and constraints
of language and of the relationship between language use and individual values, communicative
strategies, language attitudes and functions within particular socio-cultural contexts.

Code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Nababan
said that, code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions. In formal situation, the speaker
tends to mix it because there is no exact idiom in that language, so it is necessary to use
words or idioms from other language.

Referring to the different characteristics and features of code-mixing, various linguists have
defined it in different ways. For instance O”

Numan and Carter define code-mixing as, “a phenomenon of switching from one language to
another in the same discourse.” According to Berthold, Mangubhai and Bartorowiez 1997, code-
mixing occurs when speakers shift from one language to the other in the midst of their
conversation. Thus this definition accommodates inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential
mixing both under the term code switching.

Code-mixing is an interesting phenomenon in bilingual societies. Code-mixing leads to language
hybridization that in turn gives birth to the issues of language maintenance, shift, and desertion.
Wardhaugh (1992), characterizes that code mixing occurs when during conversation, speakers
“use both languages together to the extent that they shift from one language to the other in the
course of a single utterance”. In code-mixing sentences, pieces of one language are used while a
speaker basically using another language.

Code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Code
mixing often occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in language A and the rest in
language B. In addition, Nababan, a linguist, said that code mixing is found mainly in informal
interactions. In formal situation, the speaker tends to mix it because there is no exact idiom in
that language, so it is necessary to use words or idioms from other language.

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At last, we can say the phenomenon of bilingualism results in the occurrence of code mixing. It
happens when a speaker requires a particular code, in order to switch or mix one code to another
and even create a new code.

3.1 FEATURES OF CODE MIXING:
Code-mixing is a phenomenon of switching one language to another in such communities where
people are bilingualism or multilingualism. If we talk about features of code mixing then we
come top know that; Sridhar, a linguist, has elaborated the following three features of code
mixing through analysis of a text.

These features are an applicable on the everyday language use:

 The mixed elements are on every level of grammatical organization such as noun, verbs,
attributive and predicative adjectives, and noun phrases etc.

 The mixed elements are not specifically culture oriented or „culture bond‟. They are
mostly from day to day life and every day usage items, which have acceptable equivalent
in the language in which they are mixed.

 The mixed elements obey the rules of the original language from which they are taken as
far as their grammatical organization is concerned

3.2 CODE MIXING: LINGUISTIC FORM:
In some subjects we have difficulty in coding for language diaries due to delicate differentiation
between our mother language and English mix in daily utterances. In some cases, English proper
names and acronyms were not counted as English linguistic elements. In others, certain English
words have become somewhat lexicalized in some other language and treated as pure parts of
that language. Examples include “Mummy” (mama), “BB” (baby), “OK” and “Bye-Bye”.

In fact, the difficulty in coding has highlighted a significant issue: how mixed is a mixed code?
Code-mixing refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two or more language systems in
the same utterance at various levels: phonological, lexical, grammatical and orthographical. Due
to constraints of space, the discussion will focus on lexical and grammatical code-mixing.

 Phrases
 Short forms
 Proper nouns

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 Lexical words
 Incomplete sentences
 Letters of the alphabet
 Single full sentences and two-sentence Units

3.3 CODE MIXING: SOCIO CULTURAL MEANING:
Code mixing plays a very significant role in language variation, and also provides an insight into
the socio-cultural phenomena taking place in that area or region, through the linguistic choices of
the people. Code mixing is done in almost all the languages of the world; however, South Asia is
a fertile field for search in code mixing since in all South Asian countries a wide range of codes
exist simultaneously, and their interaction given way to code mixing. Code mixing is a social
phenomenon; and social and linguistic characteristics of code mixing are interlinked. The social
aspects of code mixing i.e. the setting, addressee, and addresser as well as other social factor
such as prestige attached to a particular language, socio-historical background of a language etc.
determine the linguistic choices and preferences in the process of code mixing. On the other hand
the linguistic choices of items to be code mixed reflect the socio-cultural context.

3.4 TYPES OF CODE MIXING:

 Intra-lexical code mixing:
 Involving a change of pronunciation
 Intra-sentential switching / code mixing

INTRA-LEXICAL MIXING:
This kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary. The insertion of well-
defined chunks of language B into a sentence that otherwise belongs to language A. Insertion of
words from one language into a structure of another language.

INVOLVING A CHANGE OF PRONUNCIATION:
This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people say
an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. For instance, the
word „strawberry‟ is said to be „stroberi‟ by Indonesian people. The use of element from either
language in a structure that is wholly or partly shared by languages A or B.

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INTRA-SENTENTIAL:
The succession of fragments in language A and B in a sentence, which is overall not identifiable
as belonging to either A, or B and do come again. `That's all right then, and do come again.

3.5 REASON OF CODE-MIXING
When code mixing occurs, the motivation or reasons of the speaker is an important consideration
in the process. According to Hoffman, there are a number of reasons for bilingual or multilingual
person to switch or mix their languages. Those are:

 Interjection
 Quoting somebody else
 Expressing group identity
 Because of real lexical need
 Talking about a particular topic
 Repetition used for clarification
 Being emphatic about something
 To soften or strengthen request or command
 Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
 To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience

3.6 CODE MIXING IN PAKISTAN:
The emergence of English as a lingua franca in the recent decades has given rise to the process of
code mixing of English with the local languages all over the world. This process is significantly
observable in South Asia and particularly in the Sub-continent. As far as Pakistan is concerned
mixing of English words in other codes is a prominent feature of the present socio-linguistic
scenario. Code-mixing of English with the national language of Pakistan, Urdu is a common
aspect of the present socio-linguistic situation. Even a layman frequently uses the English words
in everyday conversation. Thus, such instances can be frequently heard:

 Kitna khubsurat scene hai. (noun)
 In dono ko compare kro. (verb)
 Yeh one-sided report hai. (noun phrase)
 Aaj main nay bara tasty kofta curry banaya hai. (noun phrase hybridization)

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3.7 CODE MIXING IN LITERATURE:
Code-mixing is the widely accepted phenomena in the everyday life of bilinguals. Pakistani
English Literature in which Pakistani speech communities and characters are depicted is the
examples of these instances. The sociolinguistics types, reasons and context of the code-mixing
done by the characters are traced down in this work which proves that sociolinguistics theories
are not only applicable to real life situations but also on the written representation of such
situations by competent authors.

ICE-CANDY MAN BY BAPSI SIDHWA:
Bapsi Sidhwa is an author of Pakistani origin who writes in English and is resident in
America. She describes herself as a "Punjabi-Parsi-Pakistani". Ice Candy Man presents violation
of human rights and pathetic conditions during the partition of Subcontinent in 1947. Through
the character of Lenny, Bapsi Sidhwa gives the details of how the political changes affect the
citizens of India. The novel realistically represents the exploitation and suppression of women.
Men using their masculine powers fulfill the desires and brutally assault the women. Sidhwa as a
novelist talks about the power and skills of women.

Sidhwa's novel deals with the partition of India and its aftermaths. This is the first novel by a
female novelist from Pakistan which describes the fate of people in Lahore. The novel deals with
"the bloody partition of India through the eyes of a girl Lenny growing up in a Parsee family,
surviving through female bonding and rebellion."

SIGNIFICANCE OF CODE-MIXING IN NOVEL:
Bapsi Sidhwa is an author of Pakistani origin who writes in English and is resident in
America. She describes herself as a "Punjabi-Parsi-Pakistani". She mentions Urdu and Punjabi
and she wants to dominate her own language because language is the symbol of a person
identity. Sidhwa uses Urdu language in her novel just because she wants to give local touch to
her novel

We find many examples of code mixing in this novel “ICE CANDY MAN”. Bapsi Sidhwa is a
Pakistani writer and she uses Urdu language in her novel just because she wants to give local
touch to her novel. When she wrote this novel she lived in English colonized society, where
Urdu and Punjabi are the common language of the people. She mentions Urdu and Punjabi in her
novel because she wants to dominate her own language because language is the symbol of a
person identity. We find different examples of code-mixing in “ICE CANDY MAN” that is
following:

“Waris road, lind with rain gutters”………………………………………………….....[Page 1]

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“A few furlongs away jail road vanishes into the bazaars of mozan chungi”………....[Page 2]

“An English gnome wagging a leathery finger in my ayah’s face”…………………….[Page 2]

“She sends her ……mini aunty, who with her dogged devotion to my mother”……....[Page 8]

“Her eyes twinkling concern, in her grey going out saari”……………………………...[Page 8]

“She calls him, Jan: life”……………………………………………………………….[Page 10]

“In the faint glow of night bulb”……………………………………………………….[Page 10]

“Bhai jee! Wake up”…………………………………………………………………....[Page 10]

“Lungar deen! Paisay ka teen! Tamba motaa, pag mahin!”………………………....[Page 3]

“She wears only white khaddar saaris”…………………………………………………[Page 4]

“And will soon sweep away the Raaj!”………………………………………………...[Page 17]

“Shanta pushes the red felt slippers”…………………………………………………....[Page 11]

“A thread of saliva stretch to a wet spot on the dhurrie”………………………………[Page 11]

“The shawl she has flung aside earlier lies in a heap on the floor”……………………..[Page 11]

“A woman in a shabby black burka holds the child”………………………………….[Page 12]

“She is called, in moments of needs and gratitude, bijli”……………………………….[Page 21]

“Far away I hear a siren, tee-too!”………………………………………………………[Page 21]

“Choorails, vitches with turned- about feet, who ate the hearts of children”………….[Page 22]

“Coming to get men on his motorcycle”………………………………………………..[Page 22]

“He is my little English baba!”…………………………………………………………[Page 25]

“Last evening ayah took us for a walk in Simla-pahari”……………………………....[Page 25]

“You like jungly lions in zoo”……………………………………………………….....[Page 26]

“He is a pahailwan: a wrestler”…………………………………………………………[Page 27]

“His shoulders gleam with sweets and a stripped lungi clings to his buttocks and legs”.[Page 27]

“Ayah covered my head with her saari palloo”…………………………………………[Page28]

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“Japanese will help us liberate India from the Angrez”………………………………...[Page 28]

“I have never seen you in shalwar-kamize”…………………………………………….[Page 29]

“Arrey baba, says ayah”………………………………………………………………..[Page 29]

“Duffa ho! Go! She says”……………………………………………………………….[Page 29]

“Save me! Save me! Bachao! Bachao!”………………………………………………...[Page 30]

“Ayah Shouts: put him down at once, oye, badmash!”………………………………...[Page 30]

“Hollow-eyed and dazed with heat we pile perspiring into the Tonga”………………...[Page 32]

“Who is going to rule once we get swaraj?”…………………………………………….[Page 36]

“Then, at last, the Grand Vazir appeared on deck”……………………………………..[Page 38]

“Shabash! Well done! Say the parsees”…………………………………………………[Page 39]

“Emperor Akbar invited Zarathushti scholar to his darbaar”…………………………...[Page 40]

He is a politician, yaar, says masseur soothingly………………………………………..[Page 91]

Arrey, you foolish Sikh……………………………………………………….…………[Page 92]
She is forever slapping the dough into chapattis…………………………….………….[Page 94]

In the evening she sweeps our compound with a stiff reed jharoo…………………….[Page 94]

Because y‟all do “kaan! Kaan!” at the top of your voices like a rowdy flock of crows[Page 100]

Aiiay jee, aiiay! Sit, Sufi sahib, sit…………………………………………………..…[Page 100]

How will I show my face to Jemadar Tota Ram? …………………………………….[Page103]

His head wrapped in a crisp white puggaree, his lungi barely clearing the mud……...[Page 105]

A hookah swinging in his right hand…………………………………………………..[Page 105]

Wearing calf-length shirts over tight churidar pyjamas, perform the ghadka before drifting
waves of admirers……………………………………………………………………… [Page105]

Frying onion pakoras………………………………………………………………….. [Page105]

Dost Muhammad appears to have sunk lower into the charpoy……………………….. [Page107]

We keep track of things on our chaudhry’s radio………………………………………[Page107]

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May the ten Gurus help us, ‘the granthi sighs.wah Guru!...............................................[Page107]

Here‟s something from your Noni chachi, pahailwan………………………………….[Page108]

They cannot throw the Mussulmans out!........................................................................ [Page109]

I‟ll prepare the tea and parathas………………………………………………………...[Page109]

What answer do you have to that, Hawaldar Sahib?......................................................[Page 110]

We call it Dungarwadi………………………………………………………………….[Page113]

She hums a new tune and sighs: Siski hawa ne lee: Har pati kanp oothi……………..[Page119]

The wrestler shouts to Chotay………………………………………………………….[Page 127]

Be right back janab!........................................................................................................[Page 129]

The Angrez call you a “bloody nuisance”………………………………………………[Page129]

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CONCLUSION:
It is a saying that language communicates a wide range of functions within the constraints of its
structure. Multilingual persons therefore have at their disposal a greater repertoire of structural
potential for the expression of meaning. A fully adequate account of linguistic knowledge must
be inclusive of cross-language phenomena and be able to explain the structural characteristics of
code-mixing, including the types of sociolinguistic knowledge which multilingual speakers
tacitly command. Code-mixing is associated with situational informality in which the switching
has an unmarked and positive function even if its semantic and cultural dimensions are also
operating below the level of conscious awareness.

Written language, however, is relatively planned, and the careful writer has more time to be
aware of dimensions of meaning that lie beneath the surface. In the case of writers who make art
with language, while the structure may for the most part be consistent with spoken switching, it
is nevertheless a marked choice given that it is in the written and public medium. Multi-literate
texts are constructed deliberately so that switch points or other points of linguistic contact within
the text often signal additional, metaphorical levels of meaning which are coherent with the
theme and/or other aspects of the work. To succeed in delivering these levels of meaning, the
multi-literate writer must depend upon readers whose literacy‟s overlap with those of the writer.

The implications for the development of a literary aesthetic in a multilingual society are that it is
not enough to recognize that a written work exhibits two or more languages and to understand
the meanings of the words in each language. To fully appreciate the aesthetic within the work,
the writer and reader both must comprehend the complex political, historical, social, and
interdictions, as badge of identity, as index of civility, as symbol of otherness, as bearer of
ideology, as words in the mouth of a preacher.

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REFRENCES:

 www.lingref.com/isb/4/039ISB4.PDF
 www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Codemixing
 www.aclclp.org.tw/clclp/v14n3/v14n3a3.pdf
 soar.wichita.edu/.../t11060_Brezjanovic%20Shogren.pdf
 www.books.google.com.pk/books/about/Bilingual_Speech
 “Bilingualism in Cicero? The evidence of Code-Switching”
In Bilingualism in Ancient Society. 28-167
 Bilingualism in Ancient Society. Language Contact and the Written Text.
Oxford: Oxford UP
 www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL/issues/2007/21-2.pdf
 www.grin.com/en/e-book/92496/code-switching-and-code-mixing
 www.estudiosirlandeses.org/Issue3/issue3pdfs/pdftinabennett-kastor.pdf
 jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30027655?uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101564056737
 Florian Coulmas The Handbook of Sociolinguistics Blackwell Handbooks in
Linguistics 1998.pdf
 originalresearch.blog.uns.ac.id/reasons-and-motivations-for-code-mixing.pdf
 Class Lectures & Notes Provided By Teacher
 Ice Candy-Man by Bapsi Sidhwa
 www.sscs.arts.uwa.edu.au
 www.flipkart.com/ice-candy-man-1947

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