Coding respiratory problems article
- 1. November/December 2014 | www.aafp.org/fpm | FAMILY PRACTICE MANAGEMENT | 17 CME “Diseases of the Respiratory System” (J00-J99), perhaps more than any other chapter in ICD-10, leaves room for physicians to make a judgment call about how to code certain conditions. Before we get into the codes them- selves, let’s explore a few confounding factors: 1. Symptom vs. diagnosis. With the exception of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis, a specific infec- tious agent causing a disease is rarely identified at the time of the initial visit. ICD-10 allows you to report signs or symptoms (R00-R99) when you have not yet established or confirmed a related definitive diagnosis; however, some- times what seems like a sign or symptom might actually be considered a diagnosis in ICD-10. Take “sore throat” for example. Code R07.0, “Pain in throat,” specifically excludes “sore throat (acute),” but J02.9, “Acute pharyngi- tis, unspecified,” specifically includes “sore throat (acute).” Therefore, it appears that ICD-10 considers “sore throat” to be a definitive diagnosis rather than a symptom. 2. Acute vs. acute recurrent. In ICD-9, codes were divided into “acute” and “chronic” conditions. In ICD- 10, there is the additional classification of “acute recur- rent.” In the absence of specific definitions, you must use your judgment to determine the time frame between epi- sodes that would qualify a condition as “acute recurrent.” Your documentation will need to support whichever clas- sification you use. 3. Inflammation vs. infection. Although the suffix “itis” references inflammation, the conditions pharyngi- tis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, etc., are all subcategories under “Acute upper respiratory infections” (J00-J06) in ICD-10. So, when you see an inflammation that is not from an infection, you need to look for a more specific code. 4. Multiple sites vs. the lower anatomic site. ICD-10 instructs that when a respiratory condition is documented as occurring in more than one site and there is not a spe- cific code for that condition, it should be classified to the lower anatomic site. The example the ICD-10 book pro- vides is tracheobronchitis being coded as bronchitis (J40). 5. Unspecified vs. lacking specific documentation. Although ICD-10 includes unspecified codes such as J06.9, “Acute upper respiratory infection, unspecified,” ©CHRISTINESCHNEIDER About the Author Dr. Beckman is a family physician, former chief medical officer, and consultant with The Beckman Group in Milwaukee, Wis. Author disclosure: no relevant financial affiliations disclosed. J00, “Acute nasopharyngitis” Once you understand a few peculiarities, you’ll be ready to code common diseases of the respiratory system. Kenneth D. Beckman, MD, MBA, CPE, CPC Coding Common Respiratory Problems in ICD-10 Downloaded from the Family Practice Management Web site at www.aafp.org/fpm. Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Family Physicians. For the private, noncommercial use of one individual user of the Web site. All other rights reserved. Contact copyrights@aafp.org for copyright questions and/or permission requests.
- 2. 18 | FAMILY PRACTICE MANAGEMENT | www.aafp.org/fpm | November/December 2014 to avoid claim denials think carefully before using them. The use of unspecified codes is discouraged if you’re using them because of a lack of clinical documentation. 6. Tobacco vs. no tobacco. ICD-10 requires that if tobacco is a factor in any ill- ness, you must add the appropriate code from the F or Z series to identify current use, his- tory of use, or exposure. (See “Tobacco use or exposure codes.”) Given the frequency of smoking as a causative agent in respiratory conditions, you’ll want to keep these tobacco codes in mind. Now that you are aware of these idiosyn- crasies, which can affect both your documen- tation and your coding, let’s navigate through the respiratory system. Acute nasopharyngitis Ready for some good news? The common cold is still the common cold and has a simple, three-digit ICD-10 code: J00, “Acute naso- pharyngitis.” ICD-10 even includes “common cold” in the description. Sinusitis The ICD-10 codes for sinusitis align fairly well with those in ICD-9. Both sets include maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoi- dal. ICD-10 adds the option of pansinusitis. In ICD-9, pansinusitis fell under “Other”; however in ICD-10, “Other acute sinusitis” (J01.80) is for infections involving more than one sinus but not pansinusitis. Both ICD-9 and ICD-10 include a code for unspecified. Each of the acute sinusitis codes requires a fifth digit that differentiates “acute” from “acute recurrent.” The chronic codes have only four digits. (See “Sinusitis codes.”) If the cause of the sinusitis is known, add a code from B95-B97, “Bacterial and viral infec- tious agents,” to identify the infectious agent. Clinical scenario: A 62-year-old female presents to your office with classic symptoms of sinusitis. She has no known risk factors other than sharing a household with her husband who smokes in the residence. On examination, you are able to elicit tenderness over the maxil- lary sinuses only. You place her on a two-week course of oral antibiotics and assign code J01.00. After completing the antibiotics, she returns with persistent symptoms. She is now tender over both the frontal sinuses as well as the maxillary sinuses. You prescribe a differ- ent antibiotic for a longer course and arrange to see her again in four weeks. The condition ICD-10 considers “sore throat” to be a definitive diagnosis rather than a symptom. TOBACCO USE OR EXPOSURE CODES Nicotine dependence Unspecified F17.20* Cigarettes F17.21* Chewing tobacco F17.22* Other tobacco product F17.29* Tobacco use (problems related to lifestyle) Z72.0 Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke – occupational Z57.31 Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (second-hand smoke exposure and passive smoking) Z77.22 Personal history of nicotine dependence Z87.891 See a previous discussion of these codes in: Beckman KD. How to document and code for hypertensive diseases in ICD-10. Fam Pract Manag. 2014;21(2):5-9. http://www.aafp.org/ fpm/2014/0300/p5.html. *Note: Code requires a sixth character: 0, uncomplicated, 1, in remission, 3, with withdrawal, 8, with other specified nicotine-induced disorder, 9, with unspecified nicotine-induced disorder. SINUSITIS CODES Acute sinusitis Acute recurrent sinusitis Chronic sinusitis Maxillary J01.00 J01.01 J32.0 Frontal J01.10 J01.11 J32.1 Ethmoidal J01.20 J01.21 J32.2 Sphenoidal J01.30 J01.31 J32.3 Pansinusitis J01.40 J01.41 J32.4 Other J01.80 J01.81 J32.8 Unspecified J01.90 J01.91 J32.9
- 3. November/December 2014 | www.aafp.org/fpm | FAMILY PRACTICE MANAGEMENT | 19 is not yet recurrent or chronic, so you assign code J01.80, “Other sinusitis, acute,” which is for infections involving more than one sinus. You also document the second-hand smoke exposure using Z77.22, “Contact with and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.” On her follow-up visit, her condition has completely resolved. Three months later, she again presents with maxillary sinusitis. Because she has gone a sig- nificant period of time without signs or symp- toms, you use the acute recurrent code J01.01. Pharyngitis The pharyngitis codes are also pretty straight- forward. The condition can be acute or chronic and due to streptococcus, due to a known agent other than streptococcus, or unspecified. (See “Pharyngitis codes.”) Three additional causes of acute pharyngitis that may be identified in the primary care office are excluded from this category: gonococcus (A54.5), herpes (B00.2), and mononucleosis (B27.-). These codes are typically used for a follow-up visit after the results of previously ordered labs are available. Tonsils and adenoids This group of codes, like the sinus codes, includes acute, acute recurrent, and chronic codes. It also includes a set of codes for non- infectious conditions. In a similar manner to ICD-9, there are separate codes for abscess and for hypertrophy. Adenoid vegetations had a stand-alone code in ICD-9, but this condi- tion was merged into “Other chronic diseases of tonsils and adenoids” in ICD-10. (See “Tonsil and adenoid codes.”) Clinical scenario: A 4-year-old male is brought in to your office with an acute sore throat. A rapid strep test is positive, and you place him on an appropriate course of penicillin. You code the visit J03.00. He presents two months later in the same manner with the same result. You again treat him but now use the recurrent code J03.01. He has two additional episodes over the next four months. At his 5-year-old preventive care examina- tion, you note that he has significant enlarge- ment of his tonsils and adenoids. You do not detect any sign of a current infection or abscess. You code the visit using Z00.121, “Encounter for routine child health examina- tion with abnormal findings” (primary) and J35.3, “Hypertrophy of tonsils with hypertro- phy of adenoids” (secondary). Larynx, trachea, and epiglottis These codes include acute (with or without obstruction) and chronic codes, but there are no acute recurrent codes. The unspecified codes do not differentiate between the larynx and trachea but use the term “Supraglottitis.” (See “Larynx, trachea, and epiglottis codes,” page 20.) Note that while tracheitis and supraglottitis are divided into “with” and “without obstruc- ICD-10 RESPIRATORY CODES TONSIL AND ADENOID CODES Infectious Non- infectious Adenoiditis, chronic J35.02 Adenoids, hypertrophy J35.2 Tonsillitis Acute streptococcal J03.00 Acute recurrent streptococcal J03.01 Acute, due to other specified organism J03.80 Acute recurrent, due to other specified organism J03.81 Acute, unspecified J03.90 Acute recurrent, unspecified J03.91 Chronic J35.01 Peritonsillar abscess J36 Tonsils, hypertrophy J35.1 Tonsillitis and adenoiditis, chronic J35.03 Tonsils and adenoids Hypertrophy J35.3 Other chronic diseases J35.8 Chronic disease, unspecified J35.9 PHARYNGITIS CODES Streptococcal pharyngitis J02.0 Acute pharyngitis due to other specified organisms J02.8 Acute pharyngitis, unspecified J02.9 Chronic nasopharyngitis J31.1 Chronic pharyngitis J31.2
- 4. 20 | FAMILY PRACTICE MANAGEMENT | www.aafp.org/fpm | November/December 2014 tion” by the use of a fifth digit, acute obstruc- tive laryngitis (croup) has a stand-alone four-digit code, J05.0. Hopefully, you will rarely see acute epiglot- titis in the office, but be aware that there are codes for this condition without obstruction (J05.10) and with obstruction (J05.11). There are separate codes for noninfectious conditions, such as those related to the vocal cords and larynx. (See “Vocal cord and larynx codes.”) Clinical scenario: A 40-year-old female presents to your office on Monday morning. She has an important business presentation later in the week and can barely speak. She gives you the history that her twin daughters were in a soccer tournament over the weekend and she spent two days cheering incessantly. She had no preceding symptoms of a viral upper respiratory infection. Your examina- tion shows diffuse erythema of the larynx and vascular engorgement of the vocal folds. You recommend voice rest and adequate hydration and provide reassurance. Your first thought is to code this as acute laryngitis, J04.0; however, this code falls in the J00-J06 range titled “Acute upper respira- tory infections” and you see no evidence that this is an infective laryngitis. Therefore, you look up “hoarseness” in the ICD-10 index, and this takes you to R49.0, “Dysphonia.” Nose There are a few codes specific to the nose that you will commonly encounter in primary care. Infective rhinitis defaults to the “Acute naso- pharyngitis” (common cold) J00 code, discussed earlier. However, chronic rhinitis gets its own code, J31.0. Vasomotor and allergic rhinitis also have their own code series (J30). (See “Rhinitis and other codes related to the nose.”) Clinical scenario: A father brings his 8-year-old daughter to your office because of allergy symptoms. He tells you that every fall she develops sneezing, a runny nose, and itchy eyes. The symptoms are worse when she is outdoors. The family recently adopted a dog from the local shelter, but the girl’s symptoms do not seem worse. You make a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and discuss conservative care including the use and overuse of decongestants and antihistamines. You suspect this condition may be caused by pollen but have not performed allergy testing. The his- In ICD-10, many codes include not only “acute” and “chronic” classifi- cations but also “acute recurrent.” If there is no defini- tive diagnosis or evidence of infec- tion for a patient’s respiratory prob- lem, consider a symptom code. For infective rhinitis, use code J00 (com- mon cold), but for chronic, vasomotor, and allergic rhinitis use codes in the J30-J31 range. VOCAL CORD AND LARYNX CODES Paralysis Unspecified J38.00 Unilateral J38.01 Bilateral J38.02 Polyp J38.1 Nodules of vocal cords J38.2 Edema of larynx J38.4 Laryngeal spasm J38.5 RHINITIS AND OTHER CODES RELATED TO THE NOSE Rhinitis Infective J00 Chronic J31.0 Vasomotor J30.0 Allergic rhinitis Due to pollen J30.1 Other seasonal J30.2 Due to food J30.5 Due to animal hair and dander J30.81 Other J30.89 Unspecified J30.9 Nasal polyps J33.0 Deviated nasal septum J34.2 Hypertrophy of nasal turbinates J34.3 LARYNX, TRACHEA, AND EPIGLOTTIS CODES Acute Chronic Laryngitis J04.0 J37.0 Tracheitis without obstruction J04.10 Tracheitis with obstruction J04.11 Laryngotracheitis J04.2 J37.1 Supraglottitis without obstruction J04.30 Supraglottitis with obstruction J04.31
- 5. November/December 2014 | www.aafp.org/fpm | FAMILY PRACTICE MANAGEMENT | 21 tory suggests it is not related to the new pet or to food. You cannot use the “Other allergic rhinitis” code because it is used when the etiology is known but not listed in ICD-10. Therefore, you select J30.9, “Allergic rhinitis, unspecified.” This is an example of the correct use of an “unspecified” code. It is being used per ICD- 10 guidelines “when the information in the medical record is insufficient to assign a more specific code.” However, if in your clinical judgment the condition is caused by pollen, you need to document that judgment in the record and then assign code J30.1, “Allergic rhinitis due to pollen.” Remember that ICD-10 does not prohibit you from using your clinical judgment, but your documentation must support your judgment. Bronchitis and bronchiolitis These two conditions are commonly encoun- tered in the primary care office, but document- ing the causative organism is rare, with the exception of J20.5, “Acute bronchitis due to respiratory syncytial virus” (RSV), in a pedi- atric patient. Therefore, you’ll typically use just two ICD-10 codes: J20.9 and J21.9. (See “Bronchitis and bronchiolitis codes.”) Influenza and pneumonia As we move further down the respiratory tract, the likelihood of a primary care physician using diagnostic codes that specify the causative organism decreases, particularly in the office setting. When you make a clinical diagnosis of influenza in the office, coding will reflect an unidentified influenza virus. Therefore, depend- ing on the presence of any additional findings, you will likely use one of several codes for “Influenza due to unidentified influenza virus.” (See “Influenza codes.”) For influenza NOS (not otherwise speci- fied), ICD-10 directs you to use J11.1. There are multiple additional codes for identified influenza virus infections, including novel A types (avian, swine, etc.). Community-acquired pneumonia is often a clinical diagnosis based on the history and physical examination, with no radiologic con- firmation typically required or recommended on initial presentation. If your medical record documents findings consistent with pneu- Remember that ICD-10 does not prohibit you from using your clinical judgment, but your documentation must support your judgment. Use “Other allergic rhinitis” when the etiology is known but not listed in ICD-10; use “Aller- gic rhinitis, unspeci- fied” when the etiology is unknown. Your clinical judgment and documentation are key to your code selection. When you make a clinical diagnosis of influenza in the office setting, your coding will likely reflect an unidenti- fied influenza virus. ICD-10 RESPIRATORY CODES BRONCHITIS AND BRONCHIOLITIS CODES Acute bronchitis, unspecified J20.9 Acute bronchiolitis, unspecified J21.9 INFLUENZA CODES Influenza due to unidentified influenza virus With unspecified type of pneumonia J11.00 With other respiratory manifestations J11.1 With gastrointestinal manifestations J11.2 With otitis media J11.83 With other manifestations J11.89 PNEUMONIA CODES Pneumonia, unspecified organism J18.9 Additional clinical findings: Bronchopneumonia, unspecified organism J18.0 Lobar pneumonia, unspecified organism J18.1 Hypostatic pneumonia, unspecified organism J18.2 Other pneumonia, unspecified organism J18.8 Positive sputum culture: Viral pneumonia J12.0 - J12.9 Bacterial pneumonia J13 - J17
- 6. 22 | FAMILY PRACTICE MANAGEMENT | www.aafp.org/fpm | November/December 2014 ASTHMA CODES Uncomplicated With (acute) exacerbation With status asthmaticus Mild intermittent J45.20 J45.21 J45.22 Mild persistent J45.30 J45.31 J45.32 Moderate persistent J45.40 J45.41 J45.42 Severe persistent J45.50 J45.51 J45.52 Unspecified J45.909 J45.901 J45.902 monia, you should code the visit as such rather than using sign and symptom codes. Remember that your clinical judgment and medical record documentation are the key elements that support your coding determination. In most cases, only one ICD-10 code will be applicable: J18.9, “Pneumonia, unspecified organism.” Clinical findings might allow for increased coding specificity. In addition, there are numerous ICD-10 codes that should be used if a positive sputum culture has been documented. (See “Pneumonia codes,” page 21.) Emphysema/COPD For these conditions, ICD-10 uses two base code catego- ries: J43 for emphysema and J44 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). All codes require a fourth digit. However, without additional testing, it is unlikely that a primary care physician can clearly differentiate emphysema from chronic bronchitis. Per the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health, “Most people who have COPD have both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Thus, the general term ‘COPD’ is more accurate.”1 In that case, J44.9, “COPD, unspecified,” should be used. (See “Emphysema/COPD codes.”) Asthma Classification of asthma is based on the NHLBI’s “Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Man- agement of Asthma” published in 2007. Coding is based on the classification level and the presence of an acute exacerbation or status asthmaticus. (See “Asthma codes.”) Clinical scenario: A 23-year-old female presents to your office as a new patient. She states she is having prob- lems with her asthma. Her past history included daily symptoms prior to being started on a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid with the need for short-acting beta agonist daily. With the use of the medications, her asthma had been well controlled prior to developing upper respira- tory infection symptoms three days earlier. You make the diagnosis of an acute exacerbation of moderate persistent asthma (J45.41) and treat her accordingly. At a follow-up visit one week later, she is symptom- free and tells you she has returned to her baseline status. An office FEV1 (test of forced expiratory volume in one second) is reduced about 5 percent. You confirm her diagnosis of moderate persistent asthma and code the visit using J45.40. More to come This completes our tour of the respiratory system codes. In the next installment in this series (see “Articles in FPM’s ICD-10 series”), we’ll head south and review documentation and coding for gastrointestinal disorders common in primary care. 1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) quiz answers. NHLBI website. http://1.usa.gov/1r7IqHy. Accessed May 27, 2014. ARTICLES IN FPM’s ICD-10 SERIES You can access the following articles in FPM’s ICD-10 topic collection: http://www.aafp.org/fpm/icd10. “ICD-10 Simplifies Preventive Care Coding, Sort Of,” FPM, July/August 2014. “ICD-10 Coding for the Undiagnosed Problem,” FPM, May/June 2014. “How to Document and Code for Hypertensive Diseases in ICD-10,” FPM, March/April 2014. “10 Steps to Preparing Your Office for ICD-10 – Now,” FPM, January/February 2014. “Getting Ready for ICD-10: How It Will Affect Your Documentation,” FPM, November/December 2013. (Includes a section on diabetes mellitus codes.) “The Anatomy of an ICD-10 Code,” FPM, July/August 2012. “ICD-10: What You Need to Know Now,” FPM, March/ April 2012. Send comments to fpmedit@aafp.org, or add your comments to the article at http://www.aafp.org/ fpm/2014/1100/p17.html. EMPHYSEMA/COPD CODES Emphysema J43.X Other COPD J44.X COPD, unspecified J44.9