Cognitive Modeling & Intelligent Tutors
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The document discusses cognitive modeling and intelligent tutoring systems, primarily highlighting their development and effectiveness in educational settings, particularly in algebra and physics tutoring. Key concepts include model tracing and knowledge tracing, which personalize instruction based on cognitive theories like ACT-R, leading to improved student learning outcomes. Notable studies demonstrate that intelligent tutoring can enhance learning independent of curriculum reforms.
Cognitive Modeling & Intelligent Tutors
- 1. Cognitive Modeling and Intelligent Tutors Cody A. Ray Base slides adopted from Ken Koedinger’s presentation for 2011 Franklin Award for John R. Anderson
- 2. Goals of Intelligent Tutoring Automate education. Private tutors=$$$ Explore epistemological issues related to the knowledge being tutored and how it can be learned.* Anderson, Boyle, Corbett, & Lewis. Cognitive modeling and intelligent tutoring. Artificial Intelligence . 42 (1990) 7-49 * Intelligent tutoring is used to test cognitive theories, such as ACT-R
- 3. Cognitive Modeling Performance models of executing skills Correct & incorrect rules to perform skills Model tracing : follow in real-time the cognitive states the student goes through in solving the problem Learning models of how skills acquired Assumptions about how knowledge state changes after each step in solving problem Knowledge tracing : track changes in student’s knowledge across problems
- 4. Real World Impact of Cognitive Science (PAT) Algebra Cognitive Tutor Based on computer model of student learning Used in 2600 schools 500,000 students Spin-off: Koedinger, Anderson, Hadley, & Mark (1997). Intelligent tutoring goes to school in the big city.
- 5. Cognitive Tutor Algebra: Problems that engage intuition & interest Health Care Extinction Smoking Risks Importance of Math Education
- 6. Algebra Cognitive Tutor Sample Analyze real world problem scenarios Tracked by knowledge tracing Model tracing to provide context-sensitive Instruction Use graphs, graphics calculator Use table, spreadsheet Use equations, symbolic calculator
- 7. ACT-R: A Cognitive Theory of Learning and Performance Big theory … key tenets: Learning by doing in addition to watching & listening Production rules represent performance knowledge: These units are: Instruction implications: modular context specific isolate skills, concepts, strategies address "when" as well as "how" Anderson, J.R., & Lebiere, C. (1998). Atomic Components of Thought . Erlbaum.
- 8. Learning in ACT-R Declarative Knowledge and Productions Productions by-product of interpretive use of declarative knowledge. Highly efficient, use-specific Knowledge Compilation learning process which creates productions Tutoring create experiences to acquire production rules of a competent problem solver
- 9. Cognitive Model : A system that can solve problems in the various ways students can Strategy 1: IF the goal is to solve a(bx+c) = d THEN rewrite this as abx + ac = d Strategy 2: IF the goal is to solve a(bx+c) = d THEN rewrite this as bx + c = d/a Misconception: IF the goal is to solve a(bx+c) = d THEN rewrite this as abx + c = d Cognitive Tutor Technology Apply ACT-R to individualize instruction Anderson, J. R., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., & Pelletier, R. (1995). Cognitive tutors: Lessons learned. The Journal of the Learning Sciences , 4 (2) 167-207
- 10. Cognitive Tutor Technology Use cognitive model to individualize instruction Cognitive Model : A system that can solve problems in the various ways students can 3(2x - 5) = 9 6x - 15 = 9 2x - 5 = 3 6x - 5 = 9 If goal is solve a(bx+c) = d Then rewrite as abx + ac = d If goal is solve a(bx+c) = d Then rewrite as abx + c = d If goal is solve a(bx+c) = d Then rewrite as bx+c = d/a Model Tracing : Follows student through their individual approach to a problem -> context-sensitive instruction Anderson, J. R., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., & Pelletier, R. (1995). Cognitive tutors: Lessons learned. The Journal of the Learning Sciences , 4 (2) 167-207
- 11. Cognitive Tutor Technology Use cognitive model to individualize instruction Cognitive Model : A system that can solve problems in the various ways students can 3(2x - 5) = 9 6x - 15 = 9 2x - 5 = 3 6x - 5 = 9 If goal is solve a(bx+c) = d Then rewrite as abx + ac = d If goal is solve a(bx+c) = d Then rewrite as abx + c = d Model Tracing : Follows student through their individual approach to a problem -> context-sensitive instruction Knowledge Tracing : Assesses student's knowledge growth -> individualized activity selection and pacing Anderson, J. R., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., & Pelletier, R. (1995). Cognitive tutors: Lessons learned. The Journal of the Learning Sciences , 4 (2) 167-207 Hint message: “Distribute a across the parentheses.” Bug message: “You need to multiply c by a also.” Known? = 85% chance Known? = 45%
- 12. Cognitive Tutor Algebra course yields significantly better learning Course includes text, tutor, teacher professional development 8 of 10 full-year controlled studies demonstrate significantly better student learning Koedinger, Anderson, Hadley, & Mark (1997). Intelligent tutoring goes to school in the big city.
- 13. Andes Physics Tutoring Upgrading homework support only Same problems, exams, lectures, etc. other existing physics courses can use it Different cognitive models, tutoring system, and context same results!
- 14. Koedinger vs Andes Conceptual understanding * Multiple-choice standardized tests * * effect size Yet Koedinger changed curriculum and tutoring, while Andes only changed the way students completed homework. Koedinger 1.2 0.7 Andes 1.21 0.69 Koedinger 0.3 0.3 Andes 0.25 -
- 15. Summary Intelligent tutors provide evidence for underlying cognitive theory (eg, ACT-R) Personalized tutors enhance learning Examples: Algebra Tutor, Physics Tutor Cognitive tutoring might help independently of curricular reform Can be used more widely, helping students in both reformed and traditional courses
- 16. Thank you! Acknowledgements Koedinger, Anderson, Hadley, & Mark (1997). Intelligent tutoring goes to school in the big city. Artificial Intelligence in Education. 8 (1997) 30-43 Anderson, Boyle, Corbett, & Lewis. Cognitive modeling and intelligent tutoring. Artificial Intelligence . 42 (1990) 7-49 VanLehn, Lynch, Schulze, Shapiro, Shelby, Taylor, Treacy, Weinstein, & Wintersgill. The Andes Physics Tutoring System: Lessons Learned. Artificial Intelligence in Education . 15 (2005) 147-204