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Collection Management A Concise Introduction 1st
Edition John Kennedy (Auth.) Digital Instant Download
Author(s): John Kennedy (Auth.)
ISBN(s): 9781876938130, 1876938137
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 23.36 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english

COLLECTION MANAGEMENT
REVISED EDITION

Topics in Australasian Library and Information Studies
Series editors: Dr Stuart Ferguson
This series provides detailed, formally refereed works on a wide range of topics and issues
relevant to professionals and para-professionals in the library and information industry and
to students of library and information studies. All titles are written from an Australasian
perspective, drawing on professional experience and research in Australia, New Zealand
and the wider Pacific region. Proposals for publications should be addressed to the series
editors (sferguson@csu.edu.au).
Recent publications include:
Number 27
Libraries in the twenty-first century: Charting new directions in information services
Stuart Ferguson
Number 26
Collection management: A concise introduction. Revised edition
John Kennedy
Number 25
The other 51 weeks: A marketing handbookfor librarians. Revised edition
Lee Welch
Number 24
Archives: Recordkeeping in society
Edited by Sue McKemmish, Michael Piggott, Barbara Reed and Frank Upward
Number 23
Organising knowledge in a global society: Principles andpractice in libraries and
information centres
Ross Harvey and Philip Hider
Number 22
Computersfor librarians: An introduction to the electronic library. 3rd edition
Stuart Ferguson with Rodney Hebels
Number 21
Australian library supervision and management. 2nd edition
Roy Sanders
Number 20
Research methodsfor students, academics and professionals. 2nd edition
Kirsty Williamson et al.

COLLECTION MANAGEMENT
A concise introduction
Revised edition
John Kennedy
Topics in Australasian Library and Information Studies, Number 26
CIS
Centre for Information Studies
Charles Sturt University
Wagga Wagga New South Wales

Copyright © John Kennedy 2006
This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research,
criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopied,
recorded or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be made to
the Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University.
ISBN 1 876938 13 7
ISSN: 1030-5009
National Library of Australia cataloguing-in-publication data
Kennedy, John, 1947-.
Collection management : a concise introduction.
Rev ed.
Bibliography.
Includes index.
ISBN 978 1 87693 813 0.
ISBN 1 876938 13 7.
1. Collection management (Libraries). 2. Collection
development (Libraries). I. Charles Sturt University.
Centre for Information Studies. II. Title. (Series :
Topics in Australasian library and information studies ; no. 26).
025.2
This revised edition published in 2006
Series editor: S. Ferguson
Copy editor: R. Crease
Indexer: S. Quinn
Cover designer: T. O'Neill
Printer: On-Demand, Southbank VIC
Centre for Information Studies
Locked Bag 660
Wagga Wagga NSW 2678
Australia
Phone:+ 61 (0)2 6933 2325
Fax:+61 (0)2 6933 2733
Email: cis@csu.edu.au
http://www.csu.edu.au/cis

Acknowledgements
A major part of the work of researching and writing this book was undertaken
during a period of leave from Charles Sturt University in the first half of 2001
under its Special Studies Program, and I am grateful to the University for its
generosity in granting me this leave, which made it possible to work on the book
for five months, free from the normal responsibilities of teaching and
administration. In recent years my teaching responsibilities have frequently
included collection management subjects, and numerous students in these subjects
have enriched my understanding of collection management by sharing with me
insights provided by their own very diverse experiences and reflections.
Professor Ross Harvey, one of the co-editors of the TALIS series, gave
important and valuable advice, particularly at a crucial early stage of my thinking
about this book. To the other co-editor of TALIS, the current director of the Centre
for Information Studies, Dr Stuart Ferguson, who undertook major editorial
responsibility for this title, I am grateful for much advice and assistance that have
made the book far better than it would otherwise have been. Dr Gayner Eyre,
director of the Centre until the end of 2001, provided strong support and
encouragement in moments of uncertainty.
Special thanks are due to Mr Chris Jones, Chief Librarian of the Great Lakes
Library Service, who read the book in manuscript and made numerous valuable
suggestions for improvement, besides providing an electronic copy of his library's
collection development policy. Mr Howard Boyle and Mr Stephen Cohen of
Rockdale City Library, and Mr Laurie Urane, Manager of Hurstville City Library
and Information Service, generously gave of their time to discuss collection
management with me, and provided copies of the collection development policies
of their respective libraries. My sister Marie Kennedy gave valuable help by
allowing me to stay at her apartment in Sydney during an extended period of
research in that city.
In accordance with an old but still entirely valid tradition I acknowledge that
responsibility for the shortcomings of the book is mine.
John Kennedy

About the author
John Kennedy was born in Limerick, Ireland, in 1947, and migrated with his
parents to Sydney in 1957. He received his formal library science education at the
University of New South Wales and at the College of Librarianship Wales in
Aberystwyth. After part-time work during student days at two libraries in Sydney,
he spent eight years on the staff of the James Cook University Library in
Townsville, before becoming a lecturer in Library and Information Studies at
Charles Sturt University in 1989. His library-related teaching and research interests
have mainly been in the areas of collection management, publishing, librarianship
education and reference work. He has produced several previous publications on
the subject of collection management, including co-authoring Collection
developmentfor Australian libraries, published by the CIS in its Topics in
Australasian Library and Information Studies series in 1992. A continuing
enthusiasm for the saga literature of medieval Iceland has led, amongst other
things, to a PhD in that area in 1986.

Note on the revised edition
The invitation to prepare a revised edition of Collection management: A concise
introduction provided an opportunity to review the entire text, and to make some
corrections. It also made it possible to revise some wording in the interests of
greater clarity, though not all changes to the first edition are likely to contribute to
a simpler picture for the reader! Particularly in the area of acquisitions, the
situation confronting libraries is not tending to become more clear-cut, and even a
concise overview such as this needs to reflect new challenges and increasing
complexity.
Four years after the publication of the first edition, updating was obviously
necessary. New developments, and tendencies becoming more prominent, needed
to be mentioned; new editions of documents quoted or cited in place of older ones;
and more current terminology used in place of older words and phrases.
The author is grateful to the director of the Centre for Information Studies, Dr
Stuart Ferguson, for the opportunity to prepare a revised edition for publication in
the Centre's 'Topics in Australasian Library and Information Studies' series. He
would also like to express thanks to Michelle and Bruce Burdekin for allowing him
the exclusive use of their idyllically situated holiday home on the New South
Wales Mid North Coast for a period of undisturbed research and writing during
long service leave at the beginning of 2006. Much of the work on this revision was
done during that period. Mr Chris Jones, Manager, Library Services at the Great
Lakes Library Service, welcomed the author in that library and made available to
him his updated version of its Collection development strategy.
June 2006

Introduction
Looking up the word 'library' in a general dictionary, even one published quite
recently, is very likely to provide a range of definitions similar to what is found in
the fourth edition of The Macquarie dictionary:
1. a place set apart to contain books and other literary material for
reading, study, or reference, as a room, set of rooms, or building
where books may be read or borrowed
2. a lending library or a public library
3. a collection of manuscripts, publications, and other materials for
reading, study, or reference
4. a series of books of similar character, or alike in size, binding, etc.,
issued by a single publishing house
5. a collection of films, records, music, etc.
6. Computers an organised collection of programs or routines suitable
for a particular model of computer (2005, p.823, formatting added).
Dictionaries, of course, are the work of people whose profession is
lexicography, not library science, and it would be unreasonable to expect their
concise definitions to be precisely what the professionally aware librarian would
most like to see. For many years it has been fundamental to the thinking of
librarians that a library is not primarily a matter of bricks and mortar, or even of
print and other materials capable of storing data. Their emphasis has been on the
library as a group of people - professional, para-professional and support staff-
and on the repertoire of services provided to clients of the library by those people,
making use of buildings, books, films, records and other resources. In the last
twenty years, the picture has been increasingly modified to place less emphasis on
the role in service provision of buildings and more tangible media like print and
film, and to stress instead the providing of resources and services electronically, to
clients who might rarely or never visit the bricks and mortar library building. But
services, the people served and the people providing the services have remained
central to how librarians regard the 'library'.
Yet we should not dismiss entirely the definitions of the lexicographers, with
their focus on places and collections. A central tenet of modern lexicography is that

xiv Collection management
compilers of dictionaries have an obligation to define words in a way which
reflects how they are actually used, rather than how guardians of the language or
other interested parties think they should be used, and undoubtedly many people do
still think of libraries as rooms or buildings, or as collections of materials such as
books, films, and so on. Perhaps more important, it remains the case, even in an
increasingly digital era, that a vital element in any library is its collection. This is
true even if the library possesses few or no materials printed on paper or on film.
As will emerge more clearly in the chapters which follow, resources held or made
available in digital form are as much a part of a library's collection as materials
printed on paper, even if their presence in the library is intangible.
While for many of us the words 'library' and 'collection' evoke images of
public libraries, academic libraries or other institutions maintained by people with
formal library science qualifications, the words are also used to refer to more
informal assemblages of books,films,and so on. There would be nothing
especially unusual about my referring to the books and periodicals surrounding me
in my home as my 'home library', or about references to my private 'collection' of
books or my 'collection' of compact discs or vidéocassettes. But such assemblages
of materials brought together and maintained by individuals and households are
usually rather random affairs created over the years from gifts, purchases needed at
one stage in life or other for work or study and a certain amount of impulse buying.
That they are of such a nature is not a criticism. Indeed, one of the great pleasures
of such collections is precisely the imprint on them of the changing and developing
tastes of an individual or small group, and the element of serendipity they allow.
It is not such libraries and such collections that will concern us here. Public
libraries, libraries in educational institutions, and special libraries managed by
trained librarians to serve the needs of organisations and corporations in the
governmental and private sectors do indeed sometimes contain surprising things,
but their purpose is to supply the needs and wants of clients, not of those who
create and maintain the library. It has been generally recognised since ancient times
that those who collect for such libraries, and in doing so spend money provided by
others, have an obligation to the clients and cannot simply consult their own whims
in deciding what should be in the collection. The collection that is the product of
their work should not have a pronounced random or serendipitous quality, but
should be focused on client wants and needs. The focus in the following pages will
be on the responsibilities and opportunities that confront those whose duty it is to
look after collections in formally constituted libraries and manage them in an
efficient and effective manner.

Introduction xv
The layperson's immediate answer to the question 'What kind of material is
contained in library collections?' would still today probably be 'Books'. But a little
reflection will suggest that this is not an entirely adequate response. Many other
kinds of material are held in libraries and so make up its collection. Special
libraries serving the needs of private companies or government departments are
very likely to have far more issues of trade, professional and academic journals
than they have printed books, and in other libraries (including public libraries)
recorded music and other sound on discs or tapes form an important part of the
collection. Libraries also collect films in various formats, kits and games, and even
items more usually associated with museums and art galleries which may have
been given to them as gifts or deliberately sought because of their association with
authors strongly represented in the collection of print materials.
Increasingly in recent years, however, libraries have turned their attention to
digital resources. Some digital resources resemble music discs or vidéocassettes in
that it is possible to bring into the library a physical object such as a computer disc
or CD-ROM which contains the data that makes the resource, although special
equipment - a computer in the case of digital resources - is required if anyone is to
have access to the data. Other digital resources have a less tangible presence in the
library: they are available when and if required using the links to data located on
distant computers made possible by the internet. In practice, the distinction
between the two types of digital resources may blur, at least from the point of view
of the clients of the library, since the library may network the digital resources it
has acquired in a physical format, and the same computer terminal may be used to
access the contents of a CD-ROM a few metres away, or a database made
accessible through the internet which is in fact on a computer half a world away.
It is a basic tenet of this book that a library's collection consists both of
traditional materials (mainly in print form in most libraries) and of its digital
resources (including those which are present only in a 'virtual' sense, through
being available when and if required via the internet). In the following pages it will
be suggested that digital resources are as much in need of collection management
as print ones, though they present different challenges - including some that the
library profession is still learning how best to confront.
The field of library collection management is not one that has been neglected.
On the contrary, an enormous amount has been published about it, particularly in
the last thirty or forty years, and it continues to produce an almost overwhelming
volume of literature, both in print form and on the internet. The work that follows
is intended to provide a concise and readable overview of the whole field. All the

xvi Collection management
major areas of collection management are covered - collection policy, selection,
acquisitions and licensing, evaluation, preservation, deselection and cooperation
between libraries in collecting activities. The aim of the book is to help the reader
who has had little or no direct experience in this important area of library and
information work to gain a sound basic understanding of what collection
management involves, so that he or she has some insight into what people who
work in collection management do and the interesting challenges they face. The
book is not a detailed 'how to do it' manual for such collection management
activities as devising a collection development policy or weeding the collection,
though the reader new to such activities will find some guidance here on what is
involved.
Though very much has been written on collection management topics, much of
what is available is rather specialised, and a very large proportion relates primarily
to academic libraries in North America. While such libraries have very largely
shaped modern collection management and continue to drive many of the
developments in the field, the present work views the subject from a perspective
that is not North American or British and focuses more on smaller institutions,
particularly smaller public or special libraries, in which many information
professionals and para-professionals work. Much of the discussion will draw on an
awareness of the Australian experience, the one most familiar to the writer. The
Australian experience of collection management has much in common with that of
North America - unsurprisingly, as it has often been the American lead that has
quite consciously been followed in Australia. But there are also distinctively
Australian aspects to collection management in Australian libraries, and a
consideration of these should be of interest not only to Australian readers but also
to those in other areas remote from the major libraries of North America and
Western Europe.
Authors may sometimes try to convince themselves otherwise, but there can be
little real doubt that students undertaking courses in library and information
science, and their teachers, form a large proportion of the readers of books on
librarianship topics. It is my intention and hope that students preparing themselves
for careers in information work will indeed find this book helpful to them in their
studies. As part of their course they may be required or encouraged to study a
subject with a title like 'Collection Management' or 'Collection Development', for
which the syllabus corresponds fairly closely to the list of topics covered in this
book. Or they may be asked to undertake subjects with a somewhat different focus

Introduction xvii
that nevertheless deal significantly with the concerns of collection management,
which is indeed relevant to much that happens in library and information work.
It is hoped, however, that the odour of the textbook will not cling too heavily to
the pages that follow. The primary intention is to provide for any who might be
interested a concise overview of a dynamic and stimulating area of information
work. The extent to which the work manages to convey to the reader a sense of the
continuing and indeed renewed vitality of collection management as we move
further into a predominantly electronic information environment will be an
important measure of its success.
References
The Macquarie dictionary, 2005,4th edn, Macquarie Library, Macquarie University, NSW.

CHAPTER 1
The changing collection management
environment
What is collection management?
For someone not familiar with librarians and their terminology, the phrase
'collection management' is likely to be puzzling, or at best unrevealing. It is not an
especially transparent phrase - indeed, the non-librarian might be forgiven for
thinking that it must be virtually a synonym for librarianship itself. One might
reasonably think that the core of the traditional work of librarians is the
management of its collection of materials.
Among librarians, however, the phrase 'collection management' has come to
be used in a somewhat narrower and more specialised sense. According to this
usage, 'collection management' is concerned with a set of interrelated library
activities focusing on the selection, acquisition, evaluation, preservation and
deselection (or weeding) of library materials. It does not include everything that
might logically be regarded as part of managing a collection. For example,
cataloguing and classification, and the corresponding procedures for the
bibliographic control of internet resources, could logically be regarded as part of
managing a collection, but these are not generally considered under the heading
'collection management'. This is largely no doubt because they are such rich and
complex specialisations in their own right. Similarly, the area of librarianship
which focuses on providing advice to readers to help them satisfy their information
needs is not usually regarded as part of collection management, though of course
selection and other collection management activities must be conducted with a
constant awareness that the primary reason for collecting is to serve the needs of
present and future library users.
Collection development and collection management
The literature relating to collection management is enormous. Anyone reading this
literature will, however, quickly encounter another term, 'collection development',

2 Collection management
which like collection management is often employed to serve as an umbrella term
covering activities like selection, acquisition and deselection.
What then is the difference between collection management and collection
development? Unfortunately, as so often is the case in the social sciences, the
answer is not straightforward because terminology has not been fully standardised.
Some writers use collection management almost exclusively, others clearly prefer
'collection development', while still others employ both but establish a distinction
in meaning between them. The ways in which this distinction is drawn vary
considerably. Indeed, there arc writers for whom collection management is a
subdivision of collection development, and others for whom collection
development is a subdivision of collection management!
Collection development is the older term. Probably thinking primarily of the
United States, Richards and Eakin (1997, p.xxi) state that it was in use in academic
libraries from at least the 1950s, 'and in public libraries a few years prior to that',
but references to it in the published literature before the 1960s are not easy to find.
The term became popular in North American academic libraries during the 1960s
and early 1970s, at a time of explosive expansion in the higher education sector.
Student and staff numbers were increasing at a far greater rate than ever before,
and resources were available to purchase library materials on an unprecedented
scale. There was no shortage of materials to buy - in fact, the term 'information
explosion' became a cliché to describe the dramatic increase in publications made
possible by increased prosperity and a greatly enlarged number of scholars and
researchers able and willing to publish their findings.
The activities that came to be grouped together and termed collection
development were not themselves new, of course. Librarians selected and acquired
materials, attempted to keep them safe and in good condition, and deselected, at
least in some sense of these phrases, at the library of Alexandria two thousand
years ago. What was new was a growing sense of this or a similar grouping of
activities as having a certain coherence and of being worthy of detailed
examination and discussion. A preconference held in 1977 before the American
Library Association's annual conference in Denver, Colorado, is sometimes seen as
the real 'coming of age' of collection development as a recognised and important
specialisation within librarianship, and certainly the number of publications
devoted to the subject and using the term 'collection development' increased
rapidly after this date (Johnson 2004, p. 14).
A contributing influence was the increasing inability of teaching and research
staff in major universities in the United States to perform the work of library

The changing collection management environment 3
selection that they had performed when keeping track of publications in one's
discipline was a far less overwhelming task (and one for which academics had
more time). This meant that responsibility for selection largely passed into the
hands of the staff of university libraries who, lacking detailed subject knowledge in
most areas in which they needed to select, felt impelled to work out principles for
performing selection, and the tasks that seemed associated with it, logically and
effectively. But while this factor was significant, partly because of the major role
played by American academic librarians in published discussions of collection
development, it is important not to overemphasise it. Collection development also
became popular in public libraries, where selection had been largely in the hands of
libraries for several decades, in special libraries, and in smaller academic
institutions where the transfer of selection responsibility from teachers and
researchers to librarians was less pronounced than in the larger United States
universities (see Osburn 1990, p.5). Selection by librarians also became popular in
Australian universities, though academic staff continued to play a major role in
selection at most of them.
In Australia and New Zealand, as elsewhere in the Western world, it is
tempting, faced with the realities of the early twenty-first century, to idealise the
1960s and early 1970s as a golden age of prosperity for the community at large and
for libraries in particular. In fact, of course, there were many problems, and some
powerful obstacles in the path of collection managers, thirty or forty years ago. In
Australasia at that time communication with suppliers of library materials based in
the United Kingdom or the United States was normally by airmail postage, which
meant that a response to a query could not be expected in less than a fortnight from
the time it was sent. But despite the problems, the period was one of optimistic
growth in which libraries, funded more generously than ever before, saw
opportunities to expand their collections greatly and to develop them to meet the
needs and wants of patrons much more effectively than had previously been the
case. Collection development seemed a suitable phrase to describe what they were
attempting to do: the word 'development' seemed quite appropriately to imply
growth and realisation of potential.
When the American Library Association (ALA) published the ALA glossary of
library and information science in 1983, 'collection development' was clearly its
preferred term, and the definition from this source was reprinted without alteration
in a 1996 ALA publication, Guidefor training collection development librarians:
collection development. A term which encompasses a number of
activities related to the development of the library collection, including
the determination and coordination of selection policy, assessment of

needs of users and potential users, collection use studies, collection
evaluation, identification of collection needs, selection of materials,
planning of resource sharing, collection maintenance, and weeding (ALA
1996, p.45).
As is now known, the long period of growing general prosperity in Western
countries which extended from the 1950s into the early 1970s was not destined to
continue indefinitely, and following an 'oil crisis' in 1973 there were increasing
signs of economic problems throughout the Western world, increasing difficulties
in funding education and libraries, and an increasing reluctance to spend money on
them unless there was a very tangible benefit from doing so - something that
public and academic libraries in particular had difficulty in demonstrating.
Compounding these problems, which have prevailed into the twenty-first century,
prices of library materials, particularly periodicals and to a lesser extent books,
have escalated at a rate usually far greater than that of general inflation. This has
meant that even relatively fortunate libraries have found it impossible to avoid
cutting back on the extent of their purchasing.
As a result, from the mid-1970s there were suggestions, which rapidly won
support among writers on the subject, that 'collection development' was no longer
an appropriate term to describe what libraries were doing, or needed to do, because
the term implied growth rather than management of increasingly limited resources
(Mosher 1982; Branin 1994, p.xii). A new term, 'collection management', was
proposed as a substitute more appropriate to the new circumstances. Referring
particularly to academic libraries, Clare Jenkins and Mary Morley discussed the
change in the introduction to their 1991 collection of essays, Collection
management in academic libraries:
There has been a tendency for practitioners to use 'collection
development' and 'collection management' synonymously, although
increasingly a distinction is being made between them, and a change can
be seen in the (mostly American) professional literature awayfroma
former concentration on collection development activities towards
collection management. Collection development is perceived as a concept
more appropriate to earlier times of expansion in higher education and
academic libraries: it implies building and growing, dealing with the
selection and acquisition of library materials. Collection management is a
more demanding concept, which goes beyond a policy of acquiring
materials, to policies on the housing, preservation, and storage, weeding
and discard of stock. Rather than selection and acquisition, collection
management emphasizes the systematic management of a library's
existing collection (Jenkins & Morley 1991, p.xvi).

Introducing their second edition, published in 1999, Jenkins and Morley
comment that 'Since the first edition of the book was written [...] the term
"collection management" has become well established in the profession, with much
less use of "collection development"' (1999, p.l). But while collection
management is indeed well established, collection development shows few signs of
disappearing. Even one of the contributors to the Jenkins and Morley second
edition observes that "There is no agreed usage for the terms "collection
development" and "collection management" - in fact, the two are used as rather
loose synonyms' (Law 1999, p. 15). The authors of the fifth edition of the respected
American textbook Developing library and information center collections (Evans
& Zarnosky Saponaro 2005) remain faithful to collection development, which they
define as 'the process of meeting the information needs of the people (a service
population) in a timely and economical manner using information resources locally
held, as well as from other organizations' (p.7).
An eminent writer on collection development/collection management subjects,
Ross Atkinson, observes that 'it has often been assumed that collection
management should be understood as an expansion of the concept of collection
development' and that 'Collection management then becomes an umbrella term
under which collection development is subsumed' (1998, p. 10). However, while
acknowledging this is a widespread practice he feels it would be more useful if
collection development was used to refer to 'policies and actions that drive
selection' (p. 10), while 'collection management' referred to 'policies and actions
that affect the access status of an object subsequent to its selection' (p. 10).
Clearly, while collection management is sometimes used as little more than a
synonym for the older collection development, its use often implies somewhat less
of a focus on the selection of materials and somewhat more on what happens to
them after they enter the collection, where they may be evaluated, may need to be
preserved, and should sooner or later become candidates for deselection. In this
book, collection management will be the preferred term and will be used to refer to
a complex of activities relating to the selection, acquisition, evaluation,
preservation and deselection of library materials. The vital importance of good
selection practices will be emphasised, but so will the collecting activities that take
place, or should take place, after items have been selected and acquired.
It has been and remains traditional in North America, both in library school
programs and among practitioners, to distinguish between collection development
or management, on the one hand, and acquisitions, on the other. A major reason is
that in American university libraries, collection management has tended to focus on

selection and has been regarded as work requiring professional skills, to be
entrusted to subject specialists - often termed 'bibliographers' or 'reference
librarians'. Acquisitions work in contrast has been performed by 'technical
services' staff working behind the scenes and has often been regarded as largely
routine and clerical. Staff of American university libraries write much of the
professional literature of librarianship, and their practices influence the thinking of
other sectors of the library world. However, whatever justification the distinction
may have had in libraries in the past has been diminished by a widespread
breakdown of the traditional reader services/technical services division in libraries
and by the blurring of the distinction between selection and acquisition in the
digital environment. Furthermore, an attitude that acquisitions work is purely
routine and clerical, always unjust and potentially harmful, as we shall see, is much
harder to maintain in an environment where negotiating licences and consortium
agreements for digital resources frequently falls within the list of duties of the
acquisitions librarian. Here the lead of Developing library and information center
collections (Evans & Zarnosky Saponaro 2005, pp.9-10) will be followed, and
acquisition will be regarded as an integral part of the collection management
process.
Is collection management still needed?
A clear implication of what has been said is that collection management is an
important clement of library work, and that an interest in libraries as they are today
would reasonably lead to an interest in what collection management is all about.
However, not all observers of the information industry, or even all practising
librarians, would agree. And among those who do acknowledge the importance of
collection management there would be some who would see it as destined to
decline in importance. Even Atkinson at one point, in a paper entitled 'Access,
ownership and the future of collection development' (1994), argued that collection
development was probably destined to disappear, though he suggested that it had
some significant tasks to perform before it vanished as a branch of librarianship.
Two major reasons arc proposed for the demise of collection management. One
stems from the fear that if the trends of the last few decades continue, with costs of
print materials escalating far more rapidly than the budgets available to pay for
them, there will be little scope in most libraries for collection management, or at
least for the high profile activities of selection and acquisition, since it will be
possible to purchase increasingly fewer materials, and the funds that are available
will need to be spent on renewing vital periodical subscriptions and on a few key

works. In Australia in the early years of the twenty-first century, the problem can
seem even more acute than it is in the United States or the United Kingdom. The
Australian dollar is notoriously liable to dramatic fluctuations in value in relation to
the currencies of the US and the UK, and in the majority of Australian libraries
most of the stock has always consisted of material published in those two countries.
The plunges in the relative value of the Australian currency have of course been
particularly disruptive, making it especially difficult to pay bills and to plan ahead,
and often in the last two decades the Australian dollar has been moving downwards
noticeably in relative value. But even the more positive upward swings have made
planning difficult.
Situations such as occurred in the middle of March 2001, when after some
weeks of drifting downwards the Australian dollar plunged 5.75% against the US
equivalent in three days (Magnusson & Boreham 2001, p.l), might well create a
feeling of despair in libraries about what it will be possible to purchase in the
future. But those with any commitment to collection management realise that its
importance is not diminished by tightening budgets. Arguably it is even more
important when funds are scarce to choose wisely and to get maximum value for
each dollar; and making good use of resources already obtained obviously takes on
an enhanced significance.
The more important reason why some librarians are sceptical that collection
management has a future is the rise of the internet. Increasingly, informational and
recreational materials of all kinds do not need to be bought in paper format or in
another tangible format and stored on the shelves of the library in case clients need
them. They can be accessed when required from a computer terminal located in the
library building - or outside the library, in the client's office or home. Such
materials can be more rapidly updated than print materials - or even digital
databases distributed in a tangible format like CD-ROM - and they offer the
potential of cost savings in regard to printing, binding, transportation and
warehousing. There are many who believe that within a short space of time most
material designed to be read for informational, educational and recreational
purposes will be distributed via the internet, and the concept of the library
collection will be obsolete - or at best relevant to small holdings of traditional print
materials retained for their historical or antiquarian interest. There will therefore be
little need for collection management.
Fundamental to the present work is the belief that this analysis is incorrect. The
flaw lies not in the notion that the internet will to a considerable extent displace
printed books and journals, clearly this is already happening and will continue. In

that regard all that is in dispute is the extent of the displacement. Will the
information world of 2020 be one in which print on paper has a respected role
beside digital formats, or will books and print magazines be found only in the
shops of antique dealers and in public libraries serving the retirement needs of the
more technologically challenged variety of septuagenarian baby boomers? At this
stage, in a period of rapid change, no-one knows, though speculation about the
matter is popular.
To realise why the analysis is incorrect, it is useful to consider for a moment
what those who see no future for collection management in an internet-dominated
environment are in fact predicting. It is not merely a world without paper-based
books and journals. Collection managers have for many years taken account of
other formats, like microfilms, microfiche and audiovisual materials. It is not
merely a world in which all information is in digital form, for there are of course
digital media, such as CD-ROMs, which are physically brought into the library,
and which therefore need to be selected and acquired. It is in fact a world in which
everything is on the internet (or some bigger and better successor), and everything
is readily available there to everyone who wants to use it when he or she wants to
use it. In this world there is no need in any institution to download materials and
hold them for reasons of reliability or convenience in local networks, an activity
which would create a digital collection and require the selection skills of collection
managers, and some policy or methodology for periodically 'weeding' the caches
of downloaded material. There is no need for anyone to act as a 'gatekeeper' on
behalf of a specific group of individuals, sifting through what is available on the
internet, identifying what is likely to be relevant and useful to them, discarding
what looks superficially promising but is in fact dross, and bringing the worthwhile
to their attention by creating links to it from an online catalogue or world wide web
home page. The work of such a gatekeeper would be collection management work.
There is no need for negotiation about payment for access to internet materials for
which a charge is levied, in order to ensure, for example, that a group of
individuals is able to use them at a better rate than is available on a 'pay as you go'
basis, for if there were such a need, decisions would need to be made about what
materials will be the subject of negotiation - selection decisions - and the
negotiation would call for some of the skills traditionally involved in acquiring
materials on optimum terms.
The world envisaged by those who see no future for collection management is
in fact one in which the internet with the aid of artificial intelligence is so
organised that every user has at least a very good chance of finding (unaided) the

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Sixty are Spartan, and king Agamemnon
Provides as many as these all told together.
Then from Ægina, Epidaurus, Argos,
And Tiryns Diomede brings eighty: Nestor
Ninety from Pylos; from Bœotia
Come eighty; Phocis and Phthiotis each
Send forty; Athens fifty; and Eubœa
Forty; from Salamis Ajax brings twelve;
Oilean Ajax with the Locrians
Forty more; from our neighbours in the west,
Dulichium and Ætolia, eighty sail;
Again as many from hundred-citied Crete
Under the king Idomeneus, and nine
From Rhodes: All these, with others that escape
My hasty summing, lie drawn up at Aulis.
’Tis such a sight as, I am bold to say,
If but your majesty could see it, would move you
To make a part of the splendour.
Lyc. Nay, I have seen them.
Ab. Your majesty hath been at Aulis?
Lyc. Nay,
Nor yet at Aulis: but the tale thou tellest
Coming unto my ears a month ago,
Some of my lords and I one idle morn
Crossed to Eubœa,—’tis a pleasure trip,
On a clear day scarce out of sight of home—
We landed ’neath Œchalia by noon,
And, crossing o’er the isle on mules, were lodged
That night at Chalcis. The next day at dawn
I played the spy. ’Twas such a breathless morning
When all the sound and motion of the sea
Is short and sullen, like a dreaming beast:
Or as ’twere mixed of heavier elements
Than the b ight ate that obe s the ind

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Than the bright water, that obeys the wind.
Hiring a fishing-boat we bade the sailors
Row us to Aulis; when midway the straits,
The morning mist lifted, and lo, a sight
Unpicturable.—High upon our left
Where we supposed was nothing, suddenly
A tall and shadowy figure loomed: then two,
And three, and four, and more towering above us:
But whether poised upon the leaden sea
They stood, or floated in the misty air,
That baffling our best vision held entangled
The silver of the half-awakened sun,
Or whether near or far, we could not tell,
Nor what: at first I thought them rocks, but ere
That error could be told, they were upon us
Bearing down swiftly athwart our course; and all
Saw ’twas a fleet of ships, not three or four
Now, but unnumber’d: like a floating city,
If such could be, with walls and battlements
Spread on the wondering water: and now the sun
Broke thro’ the haze, and from the shields outhung
Blazed back his dazzling beams, and round their
prows
On the divided water played; as still
They rode the tide in silence, all their oars
Stretched out aloft, as are the balanced wings
Of storm-fowl, which returned from battling flight
Across the sea, steady their aching plumes
And skim along the shuddering cliffs at ease:
So came they gliding on the sullen plain,
Out of the dark, in silent state, by force
Yet unexpended of their nightlong speed.
Those were the Cretan ships, who when they saw
us
Hailed for a pilot, and of our native sailors
Took one aboard, and dipping all their oars
Passed on and e ith them into the ba

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Passed on, and we with them, into the bay.
Then from all round, where the dark hulls were
moored
Against the shore, and from the tents above
A shout of joy went up, re-echoing
From point to point; and we too cheered and caught
The zeal of that great gathering.—Where man is met
The gods will come; or shall I say man’s spirit
Hath operative faculties to mix
And make his gods at will? Howe’er that be,
Soon a swift galley shot out from the rest
To meet the comers. That was Agamemnon’s,
They told me; and I doubt not he was in it,
And gave his welcome to Idomeneus,
And took him to his tent. On such a day
Our little boat rowed where we would unmarked:
We were but Chalcian pilots. So I saw
Whate’er I wished to see, and came away
Across the strait that night, and the next day
Was home by sundown.
Ab. All this could you see
Without the wish to join?
Lyc. I say not that;
For wish I did that I was young again.
Then, sir, I would have left whate’er I had,
My kingdom to another, for the pride,
Of high place in such war; now I am old.
Ab. But older men than thou have joined us, sire.
War needs experience.
Lyc. Concerning war
I am divided in opinion, Abas:
But lean to think it hath a wholesome root
Supportive to our earthly habit. I see

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The noblest beasts will love to fight, and man
Is body as well as spirit: his mind that’s set
In judgment o’er those twain must oft admit
The grosser part hath a preponderant claim.
But I regret this, and my discontent
Puts me this question, Shall man never come
To a better state with his desire? What think you?
What if our race yet young should with the time
Throw off the baser passions, as I find
Myself by age affected? I know not ...
I have a little statue in my house,
Which, if you look on’t long, begets belief
Of absolute perfectionment; the artist
Should have been present when man’s clay was
mixed.
Prometheus, or whoever ’twas that made us,
Had his head turned with natural history:
All excellent contrivance, but betraying
Commonness and complexity. Well! well!
No need of my philosophies in Scyros—
War must have motive, and the men I rule
Are simple and contented with their lot.
None in my land would wish an atom changed:
Were even Achilles here ’twould be no wonder
If he had caught our temper.
Ab. All men witness
To thy good rule, O king: but in the wars
Fame may be won.
Lyc. Nor do I ask for fame.
Come that to whom it will; to Agamemnon,
To Ajax or Ulysses or Achilles.
Ab. To Achilles no: ’tis not in the gods’ grace
To succour pigritude. To him, a lad,
The prize of honour above all the Greeks

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The prize of honour above all the Greeks
Was offered: by the poor effeminacy
With which he hath rejected it, he is judged
Meanest of all. But since we cannot win
Without him, we must have him. Little glory
To him, except to be Fate’s dullest tool.
Lyc. Maybe. Now come we on. I had thought to find
My daughter and her train. I’ll take thee round
Another way to the palace: thither no doubt
She is now returned. [Exeunt.
Enter Achilles from the bushes.
Ach. Villain, I thank the gods that sent thee hither.
But thou wast near thy death. Walk off secure,
Not knowing that I heard. Effeminate!
The meanest of the Greeks! were he the best,
I’d slay him in this garment. Yet he is but
A tongue to troll opinion of me, a slave,
Fetcher and carrier of others’ tales, and doth
The drudgery honestly; for that I’ll thank him
And profit by his slander. Ay, so I’ll do—
Now in good time—I’ll get me a man’s dress
And meet them here, ere they suspect me:—or, stay!
I can outwit them better. I’ll take a boat,
Cross o’er to Aulis, like good Lycomede,
This very night, and there to Agamemnon
Declare myself; and men shall never know
How I was hid, nor whence I came.
Enter Thetis.
Th. My son!
Ach. My goddess mother, welcome! yet I am
shamed
That thou shouldst find me thus

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That thou shouldst find me thus.
Th. How art thou shamed?
Ach. This dress. O thou canst help me: thou art
ready
At every need. And here hath been a man
Who, thinking not I heard, spake to the king
Of thy Achilles with such scorn, that I
Should have leaped forth upon him in my rage,
And strangled him, but that he seemed to be
Another’s servant.
Th. Then thou hast seen them, son?
Ach. Who are they?
Th. Those I came to warn thee of;
Ulysses and his friends. Knowst thou ’tis they
Are come unto the isle to seek thee?
Ach. Ay.
But thou art ready to outwit their wile.
As thou didst bring me hither on that night
When all thy nymphs, assembling ’neath the moon
Upon the Achæan shore, bore me away
Across the sea, even so to Aulis now
Convey me secretly, and set me there,
Ere men know whence I come.
Th. What hear I, son?
To Aulis? to thy foes?
Ach. A thousand ships
Moored idle in the bay wait but for me:
And round the shore the captains of the Greeks
Impatient in their tents but call for me.
Be they my foes to speak or wish me ill,

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y y p ,
’Tis only that I come not. I must go.
Th. There let them tarry till the sea-worm bore
Their ships to rottenness; or, sail they forth,
Let them be butchered by the sword of Hector,
Ere thou be snared to serve their empty pride.
Ach. But louder than their need my honour calls:
Hast thou no thought of this in all thy love?
Th. Who then is honoured more or more desired
Than thou art now? but they, if once they had thee,
Would slight thee, and pretend they were the men.
Ach. But those are honoured best that hear their
praise.
Th. Is not high Zeus himself, holding aloof,
Worshipped the more? Let the world say of thee,
When these have perished, that they went their way
Because the son of Thetis would not aid them.
Ach. But if ’twere said because he feared to die?
Th. Fearst thou reproach of fear that fearst not
death?
Ach. I fear not, but by proof would shun reproach.
Th. Men, son, are what they are; and thou art
brave.
’Tis asked of poor and questionable spirits
To prove their worth.
Ach. I prove myself a coward.
Th. How! when it needed heavenly prayers and
tears

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tears,
The force of duty and a goddess’ will
To keep thee back from death! when all the joys
That I have set about thee, and a love
More beautiful than Helen’s cannot hold thee!
Ach. Fate, that from men hideth her pitiless face,
Offered to me this kindness, that my will
Should be of force in predetermined deeds:
Allowing me to take which life I would
Of two incomparable lots; I ever
Leaned one way, the other thou; and still at heart
I hold to my first choice.
Th. O child of man,
Though child of mine, wouldst thou know wisdom’s
way,
Learn it of me. If I had said to thee
Thou being a mortal shouldst love death and
darkness;
For in the brief date of thy heedless term
’Tis vain to strive with evil: and since the end
Cometh the same, and at the latest cometh
So soon, that there’s no difference to be told
’Twixt early and late, ’tis wisdom to despair:
Then would thy tongue have boldly answered me,
And said, Man hath his life; that it must end
Condemns it not for nought. Are rivers salt
Because they travel to the bitter sea?
Is the day dark because the gorgeous west
Must fade in gloom, when the ungazeable sun
Is fallen beneath the waves? Or hath the spring
No charm in her pavilions, are her floors
Not starred, for that we see her birth is slow
Of niggard winter, and her blossoms smirched
By summer’s tyranny? Hadst thou said this,
And that Earth’s changeful pride, the life of man,

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Is exquisite in such a quality
To make the high gods envious could they guess:
Then had I found no answer: but when I
Told thee of joy, and set thee in the midst,
That thou shouldst argue with me that ’tis best
To die at once, and for an empty name
Pass to the trivial shades; then must I fear
I have as thankless and unwise a son,
As disobedient.—Yet when first I taught thee
Thou gav’st me promise to be wise.
Ach. But never
Wilt thou then free me from my promise given?
Th. Not to thy hurt.
Ach. See now what shame I bear!
Th. Why make so much of shame? If thou despise
The pleasure of the earth, why not the shame?
Ach. I wrong, too, this old king.
Th. His daughter more,
If thou desert her.
Ach. But ’twould hurt her less
To lose me now than know me when disgraced.
Th. I plead not in her name, nor charge thee, son,
With loving her in my contempt. A dream
Of mortal fancy or honour may becloud
Thy mind awhile, but ne’er canst thou forget
Thy bond to me; the care that never left thee
Till thou wert out of hand; the love that dared
To send thee from my sight when thou wast able,
And to strange lands; my secret visitings
The e and e isitings the d eams I sent thee

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There, and revisitings; the dreams I sent thee,
Warnings of ill, and ecstasies of pride;
The thousand miracles I wrought to save thee,
And guard thee to thy prime;—and now men say
Thou art the first of the Greeks: their homaged kings
The gods condemn to death if thou withhold
Thy single arm. Why so? What hast thou done?
Where have men seen thee? Hast thou ruled like
Nestor?
Conquered like Agamemnon, fought like Ajax?
What is thy prowess, what thy skill but this,
That thou art son of Thetis? Disobey not,
Nor question now my bidding. Must I kneel,
Embrace thy knees, or melt before thy face
In supplicating tears? O if thy birth
Did cost the tenderest tears that god e’er shed,
Make not those bitter drops to have flowed in vain.
Whate’er fate portion thee my joy is this—
That thou dost love me. Dost thou cease to love,
I am most miserable.
Ach. O fear not that,
Mother and goddess! Pardon me, weep not.
Let all men curse me, be my name abhorred,
Rather than thou be grieved. ’Twas anger moved me:
I will forget this, and obey thee. Say
What I must do, how best avoid these men:
And how refuse their call if I be found.
Th. Kiss me, my son. By the gods’ life, I love thee:
My grief is to deny thee. But there’s need
Of counsel, for the day is critical
And glides apace. And first if they should find thee,
Then ’tis thy fate to go: I cannot stay thee.
And since to bear thee hence were sure betrayal,
I urge thee to be true to thy disguise.
And better to escape thy foes learn now

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And better to escape thy foes, learn now
Whom most to dread. Of all the Argives shun
Ulysses; come not near him in the halls;
And should he speak to thee, answer no word.
Him thou wilt know by his preëminence:
In person he is beardless yet, and smooth
Of face and tongue, alluring, gentle in voice
But sturdy of body, and ’neath his helm his locks
O’er a wide brow and restless eye curl forth
In ruddy brown; nor less for his attire
Notable is he, wearing the best of all,
His linen broidered, and broad jewels to hold
A robe of gray and purple.
Ach. He shall not spy me.
But if by any warning from the gods
He know and call to me, how then to escape
The shame of this Ionian skirt?
Th. That chance
I can provide for, and shall give thee now
A magic garment fitting to thy body,
Which worn beneath thy robe will seem as weft
Of linen thread, but if it meet the light
’Twill be a gilded armour, and serve well
In proof as show. Come, I will set it on thee.
[Exeunt.
Enter Deidamia and Chorus.
Deid. The ground is clear, we have deceived them
mightily,
Running around.
Ch. Where is our queen?
(2) Not here.

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Deid. I’ll call her. Pyrrha!—Call all together.
Ch. Pyrrha!
Deid. She will come presently.—Did ye not mark
How resonant this glade is? that our voices
Neither return nor fly, but stay about us?
It is the trunks of the trees that cage the sound;
As in an open temple, where the pillars
Enrich the music. In my father’s hall
The echo of each note burdens the next.
’Twould be well done to cut a theatre
Deep in some wooded dale. Till Pyrrha come,
Alexia, sing thou here.
Ch. What shall I sing?
Deid. There is a Lydian chant I call to mind
In honour of music-makers: it beginneth
With praise of the soft spring, and heavenly love—
’Twill suit our mood, if thou remember it.
Chorus.
The earth loveth the spring,
Nor of her coming despaireth,
Withheld by nightly sting,
Snow, and icy fling,
The snarl of the North:
But nevertheless she prepareth
And setteth in order her nurselings to bring them
forth,
The jewels of her delight,
What shall be blue, what yellow or white;
What softest above the rest,
The primrose, that loveth best
Woodland skirts and the copses shorn

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Woodland skirts and the copses shorn.
2.
And on the day of relenting she suddenly weareth
Her budding crowns. O then, in the early morn,
Is any song that compareth
With the gaiety of birds, that thrill the gladdened air
In inexhaustible chorus
To awake the sons of the soil
With music more than in brilliant halls sonorous
(—It cannot compare—)
Is fed to the ears of kings
From the reeds and hirèd strings?
For love maketh them glad;
And if a soul be sad,
Or a heart oracle dumb,
Here may it taste the promise of joy to come.
3.
For the Earth knoweth the love which made her,
The omnipotent one desire,
Which burns at her heart like fire,
And hath in gladness arrayed her.
And man with the Maker shareth,
Him also to rival throughout the lands,
To make a work with his hands
And have his children adore it:
The Creator smileth on him who is wise and dareth
In understanding with pride:
For God, where’er he hath builded, dwelleth wide,—
And he careth,—
To set a task to the smallest atom,
The law-abiding grains,
That hearken each and rejoice:
For he guideth the world as a horse with reins;
It obe eth his oice

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It obeyeth his voice,
And lo! he hath set a beautiful end before it:
4.
Whereto it leapeth and striveth continually,
And pitieth nought, nor spareth:
The mother’s wail for her children slain,
The stain of disease,
The darts of pain,
The waste of the fruits of trees,
The slaughter of cattle,
Unbrotherly lust, the war
Of hunger, blood, and the yells of battle,
It heedeth no more
Than a carver regardeth the wood that he cutteth
away:
The grainèd shavings fall at his feet,
But that which his tool hath spared shall stand
For men to praise the work of his hand;
For he cutteth so far, and there it lay,
And his work is complete.
5.
But I will praise ’mong men the masters of mind
In music and song,
Who follow the love of God to bless their kind:
And I pray they find
A marriage of mirth—
And a life long
With the gaiety of the Earth.
Ch. There stands an old man down beneath the
bank,
Gazing, and beckoning to us.
Deid He is a st ange

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Deid. He is a stranger,
That burdened with some package to the palace
Hath missed his way about, and fears to intrude.
Go some and show him. [Some
run out.
Meanwhile what do we?
We have no sport when Pyrrha is away.
Our game is broken. Come, a thought, a thought!
Hath none a thought?
Ch. We have never built the bower.
Deid. Ye idled gathering flowers. Now ’tis too late.
Ch. Let us play ball.
Deid. The sun is still so high.
I shall go feed my doves.
(Re-enter one of Chorus.)
Ch. The old man saith
That he is a pedlar, and hath wares to sell
If he may show them. Shall he come?
Deid. Now Hermes,
The father of device and jugglery,
Be thanked for this; ’tis he hath sent him.—Call him.
His tales may be good hearing, tho’ his pack
Repay not search. But be advised: beware,
Lest he bear off more than he bring: these fellows
Have fingers to unclasp a brooch or pin
While the eye winks that watches. There was one
Who as he ran a race would steal the shoes
Of any that ran with him. The prince of all
Was merry Autolycus.
Enter with those who had gone out Ulysses as a

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Enter, with those who had gone out, Ulysses as a
pedlar.
Good day, old man.
Come, let us see thy wares.
Ul. I have no breath left,
Wherewith to thank you, ladies; the little hill
Has ta’en it from me.
Deid. Rest awhile, and tell us
Whence thou art come.
Ul. In a Greek ship this morn.
I pray you, that I lack not courtesy,
Art thou the princess of this isle?
Deid. I am.
Ul. My true and humble service to your highness.
Deid. In turn say who art thou, and whence thy
ship.
Ul. Fair, honoured daughter of a famous king,
I have no story worthy of thine ear,
Being but a poor artificer of Smyrna,
Where many years I wrought, and ye shall see
Not without skill, in silver and in gold.
But happiness hath wrecked me, and I say
’Tis ill to marry young; for from that joy
I gat a son, who as the time went on,
Grew to be old and gray and wise as I;
And bettering much the art which I had taught him
Longed to be master in my place, for which
He grew unkind, and his sons hated me:
And when one day he wished me dead, I feared
Lest I should kill myself; and so that night

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930
I made me up a pack of little things
He should not grieve for, and took ship for Greece.
There have I trafficked, lady, a year and more,
And kept myself alive hawking small ware
From place to place, and on occasion found
A market for my jewels, and be come here
Making the round of the isles in any ship
That chances: and this last I came aboard
At Andros, where I was: but whence she hailed
I have even forgot. May it please thee see my wares?
Deid. Thy tale is very sad. I am sorry for thee.
Why would thy son, being as thou sayst so skilled,
Not ply his trade apart?
Ul. My house in Smyrna
Was head of all the goldsmiths: ’twas for that,
Lady, he envied me. See now my wares.
Deid. What beauteous work! I’m glad thou’rt come.
I’ll buy
A trinket for myself, and let my maids
Choose each what she may fancy. Hear ye, girls?
I’ll make a gift to each.
Ch. O thanks.—To all?—
And may we choose?
Deid. Yes.
Ch. Anything we please?
Deid. Why, that is choosing.
Ch. O we thank thee.
Ul. Now
I see princess thou’rt of a bounteous blood

941
950
I see, princess, thou rt of a bounteous blood,
To make all round thee happy.
Deid. What is this brooch?
Ul. If for thyself thou fancy a brooch, I’ll show thee
The best jewel in my box, and not be shamed
To say I have no better.
Ch. See, oh, see!
What lovely things!—A rare old man!
Ul. Here ’tis.
What thinkest thou?
Deid. Is’t not a ruby?
Ul. And fine!
Deid. I think thy son will have missed this.
Ul. Nay, lady:
I had it of a sailor, who, poor fool,
Knew not its worth; and thou mayst buy it of me
For half its value.
Deid. May I take these two
To view them nearly?
Ul. All take as ye will.
Ye do me honour, ladies.
Deid. Hear ye, girls,
Make each her choice. I will o’erlook your taste
When all is done.
Ul. Come, buy my wares: come buy.
Come, come buy; I’ve wares for all,
Were ye each and all princesses

960
970
Were ye each and all princesses.
Clasps and brooches, large and small,
Handy for holding your flowing dresses.
Ch. What is this little box for?
Ul. Open it.
Ch. What is this vial?
Ul. Smell it. Buy, come buy!
Charms for lovers, charms to break,
Charms to bind them to you wholly.
Medicines fit for every ache,
Fever and fanciful melancholy.
Ch. O smell this scent.—Here be fine pins.—See
this!
Ul. (aside). I spy none here to match my notion
yet.
Ch. I have found amber beads.—What is it is tied
In little packets?
Ul. Toilet secrets those,
Perfumes, and rare cosmetics ’gainst decay.
Deid. (to one apart). Alexia, see. I will buy this for
Pyrrha.
’Tis pity she is not here. What thinkest thou of it?
He said it was his best. This other one
I’ll give to thee if thou find nothing better.
Go see. I will seek Pyrrha. [Exit.
Ul. Buy, come buy!
Tassels, fringes, silken strings,
Girdles, ties, and Asian pockets,
l kl d

980
991
Armlets, necklaces and rings,
Images, amulets, lovers’ lockets.
Ch. Pray, what are these, good man?
Ul. Of soft doe-skin
These gilded thongs are made for dancers’ wear,
To tie their sandals.
Ch. And is this a pin,
This golden grasshopper?
Ul. Ay, for the hair.
The Athenian ladies use nought else. See here
This little cup.
Ch. Didst thou make that?
Ul. Nay, ladies.
Ch. Show us some work of thine which thou didst
make
Thy very self.
Ul. See then this silver snake.
Fear not. Come near and mark him well: my trade is,
Or was, I should say, in such nice devices.
’Twill coil and curl, uncoil, dart and recoil.
[Showing.
The Chorus crowd about him, when enter
unperceived by him Achilles and Deidamia.
Deid. Come, come, there never hath been one like
him here.
Hark! see the girls: they crowd and chatter round
As greedily as birds being fed. I bade them choose
Each one a present, but I took the best,

1000
p , ,
This ruby brooch. Look at it: ’tis for thee.
Let me now put it on thee. I’ll unclasp
Thy robe and set it in the place of the other.
Ach. Nay, Deidamia, unfasten not my robe!
Deid. Why, ’twould not matter if he looked this way.
Ach. Nay, prithee.—
Deid. Well, thou must take my gift.
Ach. Then must I give thee somewhat in return.
Deid. But ’tis my will to-day to give to all.
Ach. Then let me take my choice, some smaller
thing.
Deid. Come then ere all is ransacked.
Ach. (aside). I scarce escaped
The uncovering of my magic coat.— [They
go to Ulysses.
Ul. Come buy,
Needles for your broideries rare,
Dainty bodkins silver-hafted.
Pins to fix your plaited hair,
Ivory-headed and golden-shafted.
Ach. What hast thou in thy pack for me, old man?
Ul. There’s nought but trifles left me, lady, now,
As dice and dolls; the very dregs of the box.
Deid. Athenian owls. And who’s this red-baked lady
Clothed in a net?

1011
1020
Ul. Princess, ’tis Britomartis,
The Cretan goddess worshipped at Ægina.
Deid. This little serpent too?
Ul. Nothing to thee:
But the Erechtheidæ use to fasten such
About their children’s necks. Nay, not a babe
Is born but they must don him one of these,
Or ever he be swaddled or have suck.
Deid. This blinking pygmy here, with a man’s body
And a dog’s head, squatting upon a button ...
What’s he?
Ul. ’Tis an Egyptian charm, to ban
The evil spirits bred of Nilus’ slime.
Deid. And this?
Ul. That. See, ’tis a Medusa, lady,
Cut in an oyster-shell, with flaming snakes.
Deid. These are all nothings. Thou must have the
brooch.
See, now ’tis thine; thou hast it. (Pins it upon Achilles’
robe.)
(To Ul.) What is its
price?
(To Ach.) Nay, be content.
Ul. To thee I’ll sell it, lady,
For a tenfold weight of gold.
Ach. Oh! ’tis too much.
Spend not such store on me. And for the ruby,
’Tis dark and small

1030
1045
Tis dark and small.
Ul. The purple is its merit:
Were it three times the size and half the tint,
’Twere of slight cost.
Ach. So might I like it better.
And that—what’s that, which thou dost put aside?
Is that a toy?
Ul. Nay, lady; that is no toy.
’Tis a sharp sword. But I will show it thee
For its strange quality: the which methinks
Might pass for magic, were’t not that an Arian,
Late come to Sardis, knows the art to make it.
Tho’ wrought of iron, look ye, ’tis blue as flint,
And if I bend it, it springs back like a bow:
’Tis sharper too than flint; but the edge is straight,
And will not chip. Nay, touch it not; have care!
Ach. Pray, let me see it, and take it in my hand.
[Takes it and comes to front.
Ul. (aside). This should be he.
Ach. (aside). My arm writhes at the
touch.
Ul. There is a hunter, with his game, a lion,
Inlaid upon it: and on the other side
Two men that fight to death.
Ach. ’Tis light in the hand.
Deid. (to Ach.). Canst thou imagine any use for
this?
Ach. (to Deid.). Not when thy father dies?

1055
1070
Ul. Ladies, have care.
For if the sword should wound you, I were blamed.
Ach. Why, thinkest thou ’tis only bearded men
Can wield a sword? The queen of the Amazons
Could teach thee something maugre thy white hair.
Ul. (aside). The game hath run into the snare;
He is mine.
Ach. See, Deidamia, here’s my choice; buy this
If thou wilt give me something; thou dost like
The ruby; if thou wilt let me give thee that,
Thou in return buy me this little sword.
Deid. Such presents are ill-omened, and ’tis said
Will shrewdly cut in twain the love they pledge.
Ach. But we may make a bond of this divider.
Deid. Wilt thou in earnest take it for thy choice?
Ach. If thou wert late in earnest, thou couldst do
No better than arm all thy girls with these.
The weapon wins the battle, and I think
With such advantage women might be feared.
(To Ul.) Old man, I like thy blade; and I will have it.
I see ’twould thrust well: tell me if ’tis mettle
To give a stroke. Suppose I were thy foe,
And standing o’er thee thus to cut thee down
Should choose to cleave thy pate. Would this
sword do it?
Ul. (aside). He knows me!
[Pulling off his beard and head-dress and
leaping up.

1075
1081
Achilles!
Deid. and Ch. Help! help! treachery!
[They fly.
Diomede comes out of bushes where he stands
unseen by Achilles.
Ach. Beardless—and smooth of face as tongue:
In voice
Gentle, but sturdy of body: ruddy locks,
And restless eye .. Ulysses!
Ul. Thou hast it.
Ach. I knew that thou wert here, but looked to
meet thee
Without disguises, as an honest man.
Ul. Thou needest a mirror, lady, for thyself.
Ach. (suddenly casts off his long robe and appears
in
shining armour, still holding the sword).
Behold!.... Be thou my mirror!
Ul. If I be not,
’Tis shame to thee, the cause of my disguise.
Ach. I own thee not. I knew thee for a prince,
But seeing thee so vilely disfigured ...
Ul. Stay!
We both have used disguise: I call for judgment
Upon the motive. Mine I donned for valour,
And care for thy renown; thine was for fear.

1095
And care for thy renown; thine was for fear.
Ach. Fear! By the gods: take up thy beard again,
And thy mock dotage shield thee.
Ul. Nay, Achilles;
If I spake wrong I will recall the word.
Ach. Thou didst unutterably lie. Recall it.
Ul. Wilt thou then sail to Aulis in my ship?
Ach. I can sail thither and not sail with thee.
Ul. But wilt thou come?
Ach. I answer not to thee
Because thou questionest me: but since I know
What will be, and hear thee in ignorance
Slander fair names, I tell thee that Achilles
Will come to Aulis.
Ul. Wherefore now so long
Hast thou denied thyself to thy renown?
Ach. Thou saidst for fear; nor hast recalled the
word.
Ul. ’Twas first thy taunt which drew my mind from
me:
But, if it wrong thee, I recall the word.
Ach. I think thou hast judged me by thyself,
Ulysses.
When thou wast summoned to the war,—who wert
Not free to choose as I, but bound by oath
To Menelaus to help him,—what didst thou?
Why thou didst feign; and looking for disguise
Thy wit persuaded thee that they who knew thee

1110
1120
1130
Thy wit persuaded thee that they who knew thee
Would never deem that thou wouldst willingly
Make mock of that: so thou didst put on madness,
Babbling and scrabbling even before thy friends:
And hadst been slavering on thy native rocks
Unto this day, had not one fellow there
Lightly unravelled thee, and in the furrow,
Which thou with dumb delusion, morn and eve,
Didst plough in the sea sand (that was thy trick),
He placed thy new-born babe. That thou brok’st down
Then in thine acting, that thou drav’st not on
The share thro’ thine own flesh, is the best praise
I have to give thee.
Ul. Distinguish! if I feigned,
’Twas that I had a child and wife, whose ties
Of tenderness I am not ashamed to own.
Ach. I say thou wentest not unto this war
But by compulsion, thou, that chargest me
With fear. ’Tis thou that art the stay-at-home,
Not I; my heart was ever for the war,
And ’gainst my will I have been withheld: that thou
Mistakest in this my duty for my leaning,
Is more impeachment of thy boasted wits,
Than was thy empty husbandry. Are not
The Argive chiefs more subject, one and all,
To this reproach of fear? Why need they me
A boy of sixteen years to lead them on?
Did they lack ships or men, what are my people
In number? who am I in strength? what rank
Have I in Hellas? Where’s the burly Ajax?
Where is the son of Herakles? and Nestor
The aged? Teucer and Idomeneus?
Menestheus, Menelaus? and not least
Where’s Diomede?

1141
1150
Dio. (coming forward). By chance he’s here.
Ach. Ah! now
I hear a soldier’s voice. Brave Diomede,
I give thee welcome, tho’ thou comest behind.
Dio. Hail, son of Thetis, champion of the Greeks!
Ach. Anon, anon. What dost thou here? Wert thou
Sat in an ambush or arrived by chance,
As thou didst say?
Dio. By heaven I cannot tell.
I serve Ulysses, and he serves the gods:
If thou’rt displeased with them, gibe not at me.
Ach. I see the plan—The pedlar here in front,
The lion behind. And so ye thought to seize me.
Ul. Have we not done it?
Ach. Nay.
Ul. Thou canst not scape.
Ach. I give that back to thee.
Ul. What wilt thou now?
Ach. Diomede and I have swords: thou mayst
stand by
Until ’tis time thou show me how to escape.
I’ll drive you to your ship.
Ul. (aside to Dio.).
Answer him not. He cannot leave the isle:
When the king learns of our discovery
He must deliver him up. Let’s to the palace.

1160
1171
1180
Dio. (to Ul.). Nay, I must speak—
Ul. Thou wilt but anger him.
He will yield better if we cross him not.
Dio. (to Ach.). Brave son of Thetis, I’d not yield
to thee
In any trial of strength, tho’ thou be clad
In heavenly armour; but I came not here
To fight, and least with thee: put up thy sword.
And since I heard thee say thou wilt to Aulis,
Our mission is accomplished, nought remains
But to renounce our acting, and atone
For what we have ventured. First I speak thee free
To follow thine own way. Unless the king
Or other here be in thy secrecy,
None know but we, nor shall know: be it thy will,
My lips are sealed, and in whatever else
Thou wilt command me, I shall be glad to obey.
Ach. Thank thee, good Diomede. What saith
Ulysses?
Ul. I’ll do whate’er will knit thee to our cause.
(Aside.) Yet shall men hear I found thee.
Ach. Return then to your ship; and when Ulysses
Is there restored proceed ye to the court.
But what in the surprise and consequence
Of my discovery to the king, as well
As to some others may arise, I know not;
Nor can instruct your good behaviours further.
Time grants me but short counsel for myself.
Ul. We too should study how to meet the king.
Ach Stay yet Ulysses Thou hast parted here

1189
1201
Ach. Stay yet, Ulysses. Thou hast parted here
With goods appraised to them that meant to buy.
I have a full purse with me. Be content,
Take it. I’d give as much for the little sword.
Now let me do this favour to the ladies.
Ul. (taking). ’Tis fit, and fairly done. I did not think
To go off robbed. The sword is worth the gold.
We part in honest dealing. Fare thee well.
Dio. (aside). Thrashed like a witless cur!
(To Ach.) Farewell, Achilles.
An hour hence we will meet thee at the palace.
[Exeunt Ul. and Dio.
Ach. In spite of warning taken in a silly trap,
By the common plotter! Thus to be known Achilles—
To have my wish forced on me against my will
Hath rudely cleared my sight. Where lies the gain?
The dancing ship on which I sailed is wrecked
On an unlovely shore, and I must climb
Out of the wreck upon a loveless shore,
Saving what best I love. ’Tis so. I see
I shall command these men, and in their service
Find little solace. I have a harder task
Than chieftainship, and how to wear my arms
With as much nature as yon girlish robe:
To pass from that to this without reproach
Of honour, and beneath my breastplate keep
With the high generalship of all the Greeks
My tenderest love. ’Tis now to unmask that,
And hold uninjured. I’ll make no excuse
To the old king but my necessity,
And boldly appease him. Here by chance he comes.
Enter hurriedly Lycomedes and Abas.

1211
1220
1230
Lyc. Was it not here, they said?
An insolent ruffian: Let me come across him!
By heav’n, still here! And armed from head to foot!
(To Ach.) Young man,—as now thou’lt not deny to be
—
Thou’st done—ay, tho’ thou seem of princely make—
Dishonour and offence to me the king
In venturing here to parley with the princess
In mock disguise, for whatsoever cause,
Strangely put on and suddenly cast off,
I am amazed to think. I bid thee tell me
What was thy purpose hither.
Ach. O honoured king,
Tho’ I came here disguised I am not he
Thou thinkest.
Lyc. Nay I think not who thou art.
All wonders that I have seen are lost in thee.
Ach. Thou takest me for Ulysses.
Lyc. Nay, not I.
Ach. I am Achilles, sire, the son of Thetis.
Lyc. Achilles! Ah! Thou sayst at least a name
That fits thy starlike presence, my rebuke
Not knowing who thou wert. But now I see thee
I need no witness, and forget my wonder
Wherefore the Argives tarry on the shore
And the gods speak thy praise. Welcome then hither,
Achilles, son of Thetis; welcome hither!
And be I first to honour thee, who was
Most blamèd in thine absence.
Ach. Gracious sire,
Th l i ll ki l if it b

1239
1251
Thy welcome is all kingly, if it bear
Forgiveness of offence.
Lyc. To speak of that,
Another might have wronged me, but not thou.
Tho’ much I crave to learn both how and why
Thou camest hither. Was’t in the Argive ship?
Ach. Nay, king, I came not in the Argive ship:
Nor am I that false trespasser thou seekest.
Lyc. Whether then hast thou mounted from the
deep,
Where the sea nymphs till now have loved and held
thee
From men’s desire; or whether from the sky
Hath some god wrapt thee in a morning cloud,
And laid thee with the sunlight on this isle,
Where they that seek should find thee?
Ach. A god it was
Brought me, but not to-day: seven times the moon
Hath lost her lamp with loitering, since the night
She shone upon my passage; and so long
I have served thee in disguise, and won thy love.
Lyc. So long hast thou been here! And I unknowing
Have pledged my kingly oath—The gods forbid—
Ach. Yet was I here because a goddess bade.
Lyc. Have I then ever seen thee?
Ach. Every hour
Thou hast seen me, and sheltered me beneath thy
roof.
But since thou knewest me not, thy royal word
Was hurt not by denial

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