Common Banana Diseases: Identification and Management
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The document discusses various banana diseases, including yellow and black sigatoka, bacterial wilt, and banana bunchy top disease, detailing their symptoms, causal organisms, transmission methods, and management strategies. Yellow sigatoka is caused by mycosphaerella musicola and features yellow lesions on leaves, while black sigatoka is caused by mycosphaerella fijiensis, displaying brown streaks. The bacterial wilt is caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum and leads to internal discoloration of fruit, while banana bunchy top disease is caused by a virus and results in stunted growth and distorted fruit.
Common Banana Diseases: Identification and Management
- 1. SIGATOKA DISEASE DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 2. SYMPTOMS: Yellow sigatoka: A tiny yellow spot or light green streak on the upper surface of leaves spots stretch out into yellow streaks of 3-4mm; The lesion reaches its definite size (12-15 mm on 2-5 mm) with a yellow halo; the centre is dark brown to black. The central zone of the lesion dries up and turns gray with a black ring and a yellow halo. DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 3. Black sigatolka: Small whitish spots are only visible on the lower surface of the leaf. Turn to Brown rusty streaks are visible especially on the lower surface. These Brown streaks lengthen and widen and form round or elliptical broad stripes Lesions are usually surrounded by a yellow halo. DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 4. CAUSAL ORGANISM: Yellow sigatoka: Mycosphaerella musicola (Pseudocercospora musae) Black sigatoka: Mycosphaerella fijiensis (Pseudocercospora fijiensis) YELLOW SIGATOKA BLACK SIGATOKA conidiophores formed in dense clusters (sporodochia) on dark stromata on both leaf surfaces conidiophores straight, usually nonseptate and unbranched conidia uniform thickness for full length, 1-5 septate, no distinct basal scar conidiophores formed singly or in small groups (2-5) on lower leaf surface conidiophores straight or bent, 0-3 septate and occasionally branched • conidia taper from base to apex, 1-6 septate, distinct basal scar DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 5. Sexual stage: fungus first develops many spermagonia Several spermatiophore, male reproductive cells (spermatia) and female receptive hyphae are produce within spermagonium. Once fertilization is complete, pseudothecia are formed within the mature lesions club shaped ascus are formed which contain 8 numbers of two celled ascospores. One cell of the spore may be slightly broader than the other cell, and the spore may be slightly constricted at the septum. DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 6. Epidemiology: YELLOW SIGATOKA BLACK SIGATOKA More common in cooler environments Inoculum consists of both conidia (water-dispersed) and ascospores (wind- dispersed) Produce more than 30,000 condia per spot Conidia not dislodged by wind More common in warmer environments Windborne ascospores are the major inoculum Produce about 1200 condia per spot Conidia both water- and wind-dispersed DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 7. DISEASE CYCLE:- DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 8. Management: Removal and destruction of affected leaves. Keep the banana field as weed free and remove the suckers timely. Avoid planting at close spacing. Provide proper drainage and avoid water logging which favours infection. Spray 3 times with Propicanozole 0.1 % or Saaf 0.25% and teepol (sticking agent) at 10-15 days interval, as the disease starting from initial appearance of leaf specks . DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 9. BACTERIAL WILT SYMPTOM: Two domains: symptoms on the inflorescence and symptoms on the fruit. A bacterial ooze is excreted from the plant organs Fruit include internal discoloration and premature ripening of the fruit. A cross section is characterized by the yellow- orange discoloration of the vascular bundles and dark brown tissue scarring and nectar excreted from infected portion Inflorescence include a gradual wilting and wilting of the bracts. DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 10. Causal organism: Xanthomonas campestris pv. Musacearum. Transmission: Soil: Is one of the main sources. Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum may contaminate the soil for four months and more. Air brone: bacteria is transmitted by airborne vectors Insects, namely stingless bees, fruit flies and grass flies, transmit the disease from banana to banana after being drawn to the infected nectar Tools: Bacteria transfer by tools using during cultivation Infected planting matrial: BXW infects all parts of the plant. Disease spread with the transport of plants shoots for replanting. DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 11. Prevention and control Destroy the sick plants by chopping them, then sun- dry them. Also, make sure you use clean suckers when planting. Disinfect your farm tools before using them. You must also stop sharing farm tools. Hoes should not be used in the garden until the banana wilt disease is cleared. Disinfecting a hoe.DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 12. BANANA BUNCHY TOP DISEASE SYMPTOMS:- Dark broken bands of green tissues on the veins, leaves and petioles. Plants are extremely stunted Leaves are reduced in size marginal chlorosis and curling and become brittle Branches size will very small Severely infected banana plants usually will not fruit, if produced, fingers are likely to be distorted and twisted DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 13. CAUSAL ORGANISM:- Banana bunchy top virus. MODE OF SPREAD The disease is transmitted primarily by infected suckers Secondary spread is through the banana aphid vector Pentalonia nigronervosa DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 14. MANAGEMENT Select suckers from disease free areas. Control vector by spraying Methyl demoton 1 ml/l . Monocrotophos, 2 ml/l. Phosphomidon 1 ml / lit. Injection of Monocrotophos 1 ml / plant (1 ml diluted in 4 ml). DR. SOLANKI SARKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR