Common value management based on effective and efficent

Dieter Fensel, Birgit Leiter, Stefan Thaler, and Andreas Thalhammer: Common Value
Management – based on Effective and Efficient On‐line Communication. In Proceedings of the
Common Value Management Workshop CVM, co‐located with the 9th Extended Semantic Web
Conference ESWC2012, Heraklion, Crete, May 28, 2012.

Common Value Management -
based on Effective and Efficient On-line Communication
Dieter Fensel1
, Birgit Leiter1
, Stefan Thaler1
, and Andreas Thalhammer1
1
University of Innsbruck, STI-Innsbruck,
6020 Innsbruck, Austria
firstname.lastname@sti2.at
Abstract. We discuss the challenge of scalable dissemination and communication approaches
in a world where the number of channels is growing exponentially. The web, Web 2.0, and
semantic channels have provided a multitude of interaction possibilities providing significant
potential for yield, brand, and general reputation management. Our goal is to enable smaller
organizations to fully exploit this potential. To achieve this, we have developed a new
methodology based on distinguishing and explicitly interweaving content and communication as a
central means for achieving content reusability, and thereby scalability over various heterogeneous
channels.
Keywords: brand-, reputation-, yield- and value management
1 Introduction and Motivation
The last two hundred years have revolutionized international transport and communication.
Fax, phone, and later the Internet, have radically changed our communication possibilities.
More and more communication has been freed from the geographic barriers that formerly
limited their speed and expansion. Now, it is (in principle) possible to instantly communicate
with a large portion of the entire human population. Nevertheless, new means also generate
new challenges.
Take the world of the TV consumer as an example. Twenty-five years ago, there were around
three channels. Therefore, selecting your program was a rather trivial task which required no
more than a few seconds. Whilst hundreds of channels have been added, thousands of
channels have been connected via the Internet, where extremely large libraries of videos
(which go beyond the metaphor of a ‘channel’), currently define the content. The consumer
could now spend a lifetime in search of a program he or she wishes to watch. Obviously,
consumers require new skills and more efficient access means to scale and filter the
exponentially increased offer.
Precisely the same is needed for our overall approach to on-line (or Internet-based)
communication. Assume the task of a small hotelier. How can it be ensured that the hotel is
found by potential customers, i.e., how can he/she find them? The hotelier should have a
website with high visibility on various search engines and must be present in a large number
of on-line booking channels. We should find the hotel on the town's website, and the hotel
should have a Facebook page, perhaps with a booking engine included. Bookings made
through mobile platforms are increasingly popular, and the hotelier would want to be found
there too. Why not add a video about the hotel on YouTube, a chat channel for instant
communication, fast email and fax response capabilities, the old-fashioned telephone, and
occasional tweets and emails that are clearly distinguishable from spam? Preferably the
communication should be multi-directional, i.e., the hotelier should realize when one of his
posts gets commented on (up to a full-fledged impact analysis), or even more importantly, the

hotelier should know when someone talks about the hotel, and how much the costumer liked
it. As much as this is needed, this obviously does not scale and [2] calls it “the growth of the
multichannel monster”. In principle, the hotelier is presented with three equally problematic
alternatives:
 He does it on an ad-hoc basis by himself, as a side activity. This would work, however,
the number of potential customers (and therefore business opportunities) that he is
missing may be tremendous and could, in the long run, take him out of the market
completely.
 He builds up a professional communication team by hiring a large number of social
media experts and assigns them to manage his various communication channels. Actually,
a large hotel chain may be able to do this. In the case of our hotelier, he would find
himself even more quickly out of the market due to the high costs attached to this
“solution”.
 Finally, he could start to cooperate with an external marketing agency. This marketing
agency must understand the domain (tourism, accommodations) and the various
communications means available to disseminate the contents about our hotel in an
effective and efficient fashion. These agencies have some IT support that supports multi-
channel dissemination, however, they have to manually adopt, align, and define the
content for these channels. In summation, these services are costly and only partial
solutions (to limit the high costs of manual labor by dissemination experts).
Organizations of all sizes, commercial and not-for-profit, regularly face the challenge of
communicating with their stakeholders using a multiplicity of channels, e.g. websites, videos,
PR activities, events, email, forums, online presentations, social media, mobile applications,
and recently structured data. The social media revolution has made this job much more
complicated, because:
 the number of channels has grown exponentially,
 the communication has changed from a mostly unilateral "push" mode (one speaker,
many listeners) to an increasingly fully bilateral communication, where individual
stakeholders (e.g. customers) expect one-to-one communication with the organization,
and the expected speed of reaction is shrunk to almost real-time, and
 the contents of communication becomes more and more granular and increasingly
dependent on the identity of the receiver and the context of the communication.
Organizations need an integrated solution that provides management and execution of
communication goals in a mostly automated fashion, with costs equivalent to mass-media
communication, along with the granularity of individual experts, and at the pace of real-time
social media. We are aiming to mechanize important aspects of these tasks, allowing scalable,
cost-sensitive, and effective communication for small-or-medium sized business units and
comparable organizations for which information dissemination is essential but resources are
significantly limited. Additionally, it may also help intermediaries such as marketing agencies
to extend their business scope by increasing the cost-effective ratio.
Communication is a means to an end. Section 2 analyses the major goals that may underlie
communicative interaction of an organization with a larger audience. We identify yield,
brand, and reputation management as three major aspects around which communication may
be centered. They can be identified as variations of general value management differing in
their short-versus-long-term orientation towards commercial goals, as well as in their overall
connection to financial value orientation. Section 3 sketches the major technical elements that
we developed to implement a common value management framework. Section 4 discusses
some of the related work and directions for future research activities. Finally, conclusions are
provided in Section 5.

2 The Aspects of Value Management
Scalable, multi-channel communication is a difficult challenge. In order to better understand
it, we want to clarify the various underlying goals that it should achieve. Agents often connect
(directly or indirectly) economic interests with their communication activities. In the
following, we discuss different economic contexts for the communication approaches of
organizations.
2.1 Yield Management
Yield or revenue management “is an economic discipline appropriate to many service
industries in which market segment pricing is combined with statistical analysis to expand the
market for the service and increase the revenue per unit of available capacity” [3].1
Short-term
increase of income is a valid target for a business entity; however, it is quite tricky to realize
in a multichannel world. For example, hotels are confronted with a multitude of on-line
booking channels. Hotels should provide their available rooms and rates to most, if not all of
these channels to prevent missing their potential customers. For many channels, visibility is
achieved through low prices. However, channels also often require price constraints on the
price offers of other channels. Some channels generate costs without guaranteeing actual
income. Let us discuss some important issues: A hotel currently provides active booking
facilities on its hotel website, through booking.com, expedia.com, Facebook, and Google
Maps. It wants to increase the overall conversion rate for bookings in all of these channels,
and therefore needs answers to the following questions:
 How is my price positioned towards the price of my competitors?
 What is my reputation in all of these channels? More than 90% of all Internet users are
already reading product reviews and more than 50% have indicated that their purchasing
decisions are based primarily upon them.
 Am I adequately represented in all these channels (comments, reviews, etc.)?
 The hotel could reduce its price in channel X to maintain visibility and to increase
bookings through this channel. Due to legal constraints, it has to reduce its price in many
other channels which leads to reduced revenues from those bookings.
 A hotel needs recommendations for what needs to be done and the support to do it, e.g.
possible actions would be to reduce their price by 10% or to include more amenities and
supplements, to be more active on Facebook in order to increase social media links and
conversations, or if guests complain about the coffee it could therefore be alerted to
improve this service.
 A hotel wants to announce rooms through Google Maps. It therefore starts to pay for
each click through this search interface. If many clicks fail to lead to a booking, the hotel
may begin to lose a significant amount of money.
 The same scenario could occur with static on-line coupons2
that offer a 50% discount
through a coupon platform that requests an additional 25% for each coupon. This can
easily end in negative revenue and lacks dynamicity. Imagine a “magic” dissemination
button for a bar owner that can announce dynamically a happy hour, special offers,
interesting news etc. on-the-fly to the right circle of interested public, establishing the
bar as a trendy place where a hip crowd is getting together.
Many solutions to yield management are based on complex statistical methods and complex
domain assumptions on how variation of the price can influence the number of bookings of a
service. However, a multi-directional multi-channel approach must also rely on Swarm
intelligence3
. Observing in real time the reaction of customers and competitors will be key to

1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_management, and Revenue_management
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupon
3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligence

achieving on-line marketing. Adopting your offer and your price dynamically in response to
the behavior of your (on-line visible) environment will become critical to economic success.
2.2 Brand Management
Yield management tries to maximize the immediate revenue of an organization. However,
communication is also very important in relation to the long-term value of a company.
Actually, the reputation of a company can be viewed as one of its most important assets.
Proper management, such as managing the value of brands,4
may be essential for its long-
term economic success. This may conflict with revenue management. In many cases, it may
be useful for short-term income management to reduce the price of the offering, which on the
other hand can diminish and undermine the long-term income that is generated through a
general price profile indicating quality and exclusivity.
2.3 Reputation Management
The economic impact of proper reputation management is evident when we talk about the
reputation of economic entities. However, non-profit organizations also have a need for
general reputation management and public campaigns. 5
“Reputation is the opinion (more
technically, a social evaluation) of a group of entities toward a person, a group of people, or
an organization on a certain criterion. It is an important factor in many fields, such as
education, business, online communities or social status.”6
Here, it is not the direct and
intermediate economic income that matters. It is rather about maintaining or increasing the
appreciation an organization, topic, or certain approach gains in the public eye. However,
even a campaign on a public issue has an immediate economic dimension to it: trying to use
the available budget for it in the most effective way. Therefore, providing means to increase
the effectiveness and efficiency of public campaigns is of high value.7
2.4 Value Management
All of the issues above could be viewed as facets of Value Management, where value is
defined as the regard that something is held to deserve, i.e., its importance. Online, multi-
channel and bi-directional Value Management is about disseminating8
, communicating, and
interacting with large, on-line communities to increase the value of a certain entity or issue.
The value managed could cover issues such as importance, economic short-term income, or
long-term value. [4] identifies the following activities as part of an on-line based value
management: Reputation management; Competitive Intelligence, i.e., Competitor
Observation; Market Analysis; Influencer Detection; Trend Analysis; Market Analysis; Crisis
Management; Issue Management; Campaign Monitoring; Product and Innovation
Management; Customer Relationship Management; Risk Management; and Event Detection.
Obviously, these activities overlap and share many common elements. It would be interesting
to reduce these activities to the set of atomic tasks from which they are composed.

4
“The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a "name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature
that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand
5
E.g. http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/how_to_manage_your_online_reputation.php.
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation
7
Also, in the case of political parties, the number of votes they collect can be seen as their “economic” value.
8
“To disseminate (from lat. disseminare „scattering seeds“), in terms of the field of communication, means to
broadcast a message to the public without direct feedback from the audience.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissemination

3 The Aspects of Value Management
We start this section by introducing the underlying idea and major structure of our approach.
We then discuss our role model, tool support, and finally, we sketch some applications of our
approach.
3.1 Separating Content and Channel to enable various dimensions of reuse in transactional
communication
“I am about to propose the existence of something called the knowledge level,
within which knowledge is to be defined.”9
The core idea of our approach is to introduce a layer on top of the various Internet based
communication channels that is domain specific and not channel specific.10
So one has:
 information models, that define the type of information items in a domain;
 a channel model (or communication model), that describes the various channels, the
interaction pattern, and their target groups;
 mappings of information items to channels through weavers; and finally,
 a library of implemented wrappers for actual channel instances.
What is essential is to distinguish the communication or channel model from the conceptual
descriptions of the information.11
Our approach requires the creation of a communication
model (i.e., an increasingly complete model of channels), and knowledge models for each
vertical (such as research projects, research institutes, associations, hotels, restaurants, tourist
events, medical doctors, etc.), and finally linking the knowledge model with the
communication model through a weaver that weaves concepts with channels. This will not be
cheap! However, you pay one price for an entire vertical, i.e. for thousands or up to millions
of business units. Even if it would cost the same amount as doing it manually directly on a
channel basis for ten of them, it is obviously cheaper if the number of business units is higher
than ten. And on the contrary, we think that even if done directly for one business unit, it
quickly turns into profit by saving on manual dissemination work through a mechanized
communication model. After all, data and information can be expressed at the conceptual
level, which the domain expert understands. Mapping of the different communication means
(where he is not at all an expert) is done automatically after the first implementation. The
difficult dissemination through channels is done automatically through proper channels that
are attached to these concepts.
Currently, all commercially available solutions are only channel centric and do not provide
any built-in support for what needs to be disseminated or where to disseminate what piece. In
our approach, a knowledge-model is built and explicitly linked with the channel model. This
must be done once for a hotel, and can then be reused for millions of them. That is, we aim
for the major elements of reusability:
1. The same information element can be reused for various channels through its channel
independent formulation using the information model.
2. The information model is developed as domain ontology for a certain vertical area such
as tourist accommodations, gastronomy, medical doctors etc. Therefore, it can be reused
for various agents active in the same vertical domain.
These elements of reusability deliver the major contribution to the scalability of our approach.

9
This notion of knowledge level was first introduced by Allen Newell in the 1980s, to have a way to rationalize an
agent’s behavior. ... Beneath the knowledge level resides the symbol level. Whereas the knowledge level is
world oriented, namely that it concerns the environment in which the agent operates, the symbol level is system
oriented, in that it includes the mechanisms the agent has available to operate. The knowledge level rationalizes
the agent’s behavior, while the symbol level mechanizes the agent’s behavior.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_level
10
See also as an excellent presentation on this idea: http://www.slideshare.net/reduxd/beyond-the-polar-bear
11
In analogy to style sheets that separate the contents from its presentation.

3.1.1 Information Model
An information model is an ontology that describes the information items that are used in
typical communication acts in a certain domain. Many methodologies for building such
ontologies have been developed, compare [5]. Building ontologies can be a time-consuming
and expensive process. Fortunately, we have a strong modeling bias that helps us to
significantly guide and therefore reduce such an effort. We do not aim to model a domain as
such, through a very deep model that allows arbitrary (transactional) applications. We can
rather focus on the major and typical information items that are used in the on-line
dissemination and communication processes. Therefore, the size of these ontologies in our
case studies (see Section 3.4.), were moderate (around 100 concepts and properties), and
many of these concepts and properties could be reused between different use cases. As a
result, there was a reduced effort in building informal domain models (less than one person
month). After defining an informal model, we formalized this ontology (see [6] for more
details) in a simple sublanguage of OWL-2, since we foresee little need for reasoning about it.
We model structured information items as concepts and non-structured ones as properties,
i.e., we assume simple non-structured values for properties. Actually, we separated a generic
ontology common to all three use cases and specific refinements. The classes of the core
ontology are depicted in Figure 2 and its properties in Figure 3.

Fig. 2. Classes of the core ontology

Fig. 3. Properties of the core ontology
In general, our models are rather simplistic, but this reflects the fact that we do not model
a domain with all its complexity but rather the information chunks that are disseminated about
it. That is, our modeling perspective and grainsize are defined by the consideration that an
information provider can make informal sense of a chunk and that this chunk can be mapped
onto a communication channel.
In an intermediate phase of our journey, we also tried to directly use some LOD vocabularies
to model these ontologies. 12
However, we took some important lessons from this enterprise:
 Our domain models were suddenly unintelligible to the domain experts. The LOD
vocabularies used different terms and made different and non-intuitive modeling
decisions compared with our informal domain models (especially not the ones in the
eTourim case study).
 It was extremely hard to decide which term to take from which vocabulary. The
terminologies were either redundant or terms had different but overlapping coverage.
 Suddenly, we had to deal with a large number of properties for which we had never
asked.
We draw an important conclusion from this: LOD vocabularies are not means to describe our
content models, i.e. they were not really useful for deriving domain models. We decided it
would be better to interpret them as channels. That is, we model our information items in a
Domain Ontology that is understandable by the domain experts. Interaction with them is
essential to our approach and therefore understandability of our means towards these domain
and communication experts. We then provide mappings (though our weaver, see Section
3.1.3) that export and/or import information to or from terms of various LOD vocabularies.
Whenever we see a significant uptake of a vocabulary by a target group that we want to talk
and disseminate to, we establish such a link. In the end, a term in a LOD vocabulary is treated
similarly to a URI from our web pages. We export or import some of our content to or from
it. For us, LOD vocabularies are means to disseminate and share information and not means
to model information. Ontologies are always on the brink of being a very specific and well-
defined domain model derived from certain first principles, being very useful for a specific
purpose in contrast to broadly used and consensually developed models used for sharing
information between different viewpoints. Consequently, we live in a world of multiple
ontologies. “We no longer talk about a single ontology, but rather about a network of
ontologies. Links must be defined between these ontologies and this network must allow

12
We had used a mélange of Dublin Core, FOAF, schema.org, and GoodRelations.

overlapping ontologies with conflicting – and even contradictory – conceptualizations.” [7]
We achieve this by weaving our models with LOD vocabularies when we see a gain in
broadening our range of communication through them.13
3.1.2 Channel Model
“A growing number of retailers are becoming increasingly multichannel as more
of their sales are coming through their web divisions than ever before.” [2]
“In telecommunications and computer networking, a communication channel, or channel,
refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire or to a logical connection over
a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel.”14
In on-line communication, we take a broad
definition of a channel. A channel is a means of exchanging information in the on-line space.
There is a close relationship between URIs and channels as each URI can be used as a
channel to spread or access information. However, not each channel directly refers to an URI.
For example, Facebook provides around forty different methods of spreading information not
distinguished by a URI. Additionally, individual information items spread through Facebook
are not distinguished by URIs. In general, a channel can be interpreted as a “place” where one
can find or leave information, whether it is unanimously referred by a URI or addressed
through a service. However, even this is not broad enough. As described previously, a
channel can also be the URI of a vocabulary (or the formalisms such as RDFa or
microformats) that are used to publish the information. Through use of this URI, only humans
or software agents that “speak” this dialect are able to access this information. Here, the
communication channel cannot be interpreted as a place, but rather as a way to express or
refer to the information. In the following, we want to distinguish channels by the
communication mode they support.
Communication is based on the broadcasting of information. Therefore, we define the first
category of our channel classification system as channels used for broadcasting. Here we
make a distinction between the publication of mostly static information and dynamic contents
that express the timeliness of an information item. One way of spreading information is to
invite other people to use it. Therefore, sharing is another category we have identified. It
reflects the insight that others are not passive consumers of our information but active
prosumers that should be helped and supported in their information processing activities.
Sharing is the first form of cooperation. Explicit collaboration through a shared information
space is the next cooperation category we have identified. Collaboration between individuals
leads to groups of people actively organizing their communication and cooperation. Social
networking sites that support groups of people in their information needs are instances of this
next category we have identified. Obviously, the boundaries between these categories are
fluid and many channel providers try intentionally to establish services covering several of
them. Still, it is often possible to identify a major category for them, often based on the major
usage patterns of their users. An important approach to broaden the scope of a dissemination
activity is to add machine-processable semantics to the information. With this approach,
search and aggregation engines can provide a much better service in finding and retrieving
this information. A means of adding machine-processable semantics to information is our
final channel category.15
Broadcasting static information. Websites are an established means of providing (mostly)
static information. Information that reflects the structure of the contents is provided through
websites and they offer a smooth way for users to access this content. An important addition

13
“The way the Semantic Web works, and this is what makes it very different from everything else, is that you
use a mixture of global ontologies like foaf:Person and dc:title and a number of other ontologies which are
relevant, and then add on some more to make up what you need. If this sounds like a mess …” Tim Berners-
Lee, email communication, Mon, 20 Feb 2012. Actually, we move the handling of this “mess” in the mapping
of various vocabularies and free the user working at the information model level from it.
14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_channel
15
[30] propose a slightly different categorization of channels, however, call them different types of information.

beyond the dissemination through an owned website is an entry on other sites such as
Wikipedia, the world’s leading encyclopedia.
Broadcasting dynamic information. With Web 2.0 technologies, dedicated means for
publishing streams and interacting with information prosumers have been added. A first step
in this direction is the inclusion of a News section in a website using blogging tools such as
Wordpress. Good practices for a news section on a website are:
 Each news item has its own URL, so that they can be returned in search results,
bookmarked, shared etc.;
 News should contain a pointer to a more detailed description about the information
items they describe;
 each news item is archived;
 each news item can be indexed by search engines;
 each news item is typed (through use of the information model);
 each news item is categorized (through use of a folksonomy);
 each post can be directly shared, emailed, added to favorites, and liked;
 news can be searched, sorted, and filtered; and
 important news items stay at the top to highlight main announcements.
Such news can be further spread through a news ticker such as RSS feeds and Twitter. An
RSS feed is used to broadcast news. Its purpose is to regularly remind the user of the
existence of a particular activity and the fact that it is producing interesting results. Twitter is
a widely used means of disseminating news, however, significantly limits the length of it.
Finally, Email and Email lists are also well established means for news dissemination.
Especially the latter are a proven means of broadcasting information and facilitating group
discussions. Other ways of spreading news are through social networking sites, which will be
discussed below. Chatting is another form of instantly communicating and disseminating
information, and a blog could be used to inform partners and members of recent trends in the
field of semantic technologies.
Sharing. There are a large number of Web 2.0 websites that support the sharing of
information items such as: bookmarks, images, slides, and videos, etc.
Collaboration. A wiki is primarily a means for project internal collaboration. However, it
also becomes a dissemination channel if external visitors have read access16
. They may then
follow the intensive internal interaction that can help to gain a better and more detailed
understanding of externally published results and achievements.
Group communication. Facebook as a social networking site provides an additional
community aspect, i.e., it forms a community that multi-directionally shares news, photos,
opinions, and other important aspects. Notice that Facebook is actually not only one, but
several channels. It offers more than 40 possibilities through which to disseminate
information. These can also be tightly integrated into Web 1.0 pages, such as that of the New
York Times. 17
Google+ may have the potential to become a major competitor of Facebook.
Therefore, it should also be included in a social networking site strategy. LinkedIn and Xing
are focused on professional use and perfectly fit the purpose of research organizations.
Semantic-based Dissemination. An important approach to broaden the scope of a
dissemination activity is to add machine-processable semantics to the information. With this
approach, search and aggregation engines can provide much better service in finding and
retrieving this information. Semantic annotations injected in websites are used by search
engines such as Google to provide a structured presentation of the contents of websites, such
as that shown in Figure 4, which can be analyzed by the format and vocabulary used. “This
data may be embedded within enhanced search engine results, exposed to users through
browser extensions, aggregated across websites or used by scripts running within those
HTML pages.”[8]
There are various formats of adding machine-processable semantics to data. First, there are
three competing means of including semantics directly in HTML/XML files: (1) RDFa adds a

16
Write access cannot be provided due to spamming.
17
http://www.nytimes.com/

set of attribute-level extensions to XHTML enabling the embedding of RDF triples; (2)
Microformats directly use meta tags of XHTML to embed semantic information in web
documents; (3) Microdata use HTML5 elements to include semantic descriptions into web
documents aiming to replace RDFa and Microformats.18
For the moment, we have three
competing proposals that should be supported in parallel until one of them can take a
dominant role on the web. RDFa integrates best with the W3C meta data stack built on top of
RDF. However, this also seems to hamper the uptake of this technology by many webmasters
that are not familiar with this technology stack. Therefore, Microformats were developed as a
competing approach directly using some existing HTML tags to include meta data in HTML
documents. Actually, they overload the class tag which causes problems for some parsers as it
makes semantic information and styling markup hard to differentiate. Therefore, Microdata
instead introduce new tag attributes to include semantic data into HTML. Figure 5 shows that
the use of RDFa has increased rapidly, whereas the deployment of microformats in the same
period has not advanced remarkably. Consequently, we are focusing on RDFa and Microdata
in our dissemination approach.

Fig. 4. Structured content presentation19
Instead of including semantic annotations in XHTML documents, i.e., injecting machine-
readable contents into content that is meant for direct human consumption, they can also be
provided for direct machine consumption. A straight-forward way is to publish an RDF file
containing the machine readable data. Instead of directly publishing an RDF file you can also
provide a SPARQL endpoint allowing the querying RDF information. Instead of retrieving
the entire RDF file, directed queries can be supported with this approach
In addition to predefined formats and technical means, we need to reuse predefined LOD
vocabularies to describe our data to enable semantic-based retrieval of information.20
Currently, we use Dublin Core, FOAF, GoodRelations, and schema.org.
Notice that we use each term of a vocabulary as a potential dissemination channel. For
example, for the PlanetData fact sheet we publish pieces of the information using the
following vocabulary terms: schema:url, foaf:topic, dc:creator, dc:date, dc:subject, and
dc:title.

18
See [8] for more details.
19
Taken from http://www.google.com/support/webmasters/bin/answer.py?answer=99170
20
More than a hundred of them are listed at http://labs.mondeca.com/dataset/lov/index.html.

Fig. 5. Microformats and RDFa deployment on the Web (% of all web pages)21
3.1.3 Weaver
The central element of our approach is the separation of content and communication channels.
This allows reuse of the same content for various dissemination means. Through this reuse,
we want to achieve scalability of multi-channel communication. The explicit modeling of
content independent from specific channels also adds a second element of reuse: Similar
agents (i.e., organizations active in the same domain) can reuse significant parts of such an
information model.
Separating content from channels also requires the explicit alignment of both. This is
achieved through a weaver. Formally, a weaver is a set of tuples of nine elements:
1. An information item: As discussed in Section 2, it defines an information category that
should be disseminated through various channels.
2. An editor: The editor defines the agent that is responsible for providing the content of an
information item.
3. An editor interaction protocol: This defines the interaction protocol governing how an
editor collects the content.
Elements 1 to 3 are about the content. They define the actual categories, the agent responsible
for them, and the process of interacting with this agent. Elements 4 to 9 are about the
dissemination of these items.
4. An information type: We make a distinction between three types of content: an instance
of a concept, a set of instances of a concept (i.e., an extensional definition of the
concept), and a concept description (i.e., an intensional definition of a concept).
5. A processing rule: These rules govern how the content is processed to fit a channel.
Often only a subset of the overall information item fits a certain channel.
6. A channel: The media that is used to disseminate the information.
7. Scheduling information: Information on how often and in which intervals the
dissemination will be performed which includes temporal constrains over multi-channel
disseminations.
8. An executor: It determines which agent or process is performing the update of a channel.
Such an agent can be a human or a software solution.
9. An executor interaction protocol: It governs the interaction protocol defining how an
executer receives its content.
First, the information types distinguish whether one wants to disseminate a general
description of the information item, an instance of the information item, or a set of all

21
http://tripletalk.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/rdfa-deployment-across-the-web/

instances. For example, we want to find an overall description of scientific presentations
(what is their general theme) and a set of all presentations at a defined place on the web. The
former may be placed on the project website and the later may be placed on SlideShare as a
means to share presentations. Finally, a single instance may be broadcast as news through the
various news broadcasting channels. Now, take a single presentation as an example. The title,
author, abstract, and event it was given may form the news. The title, author, and a short
notion of the event may define a tweet, and the slides themselves may go to SlideShare. That
is, the information item must be processed to fit the various dissemination channels. A
channel is a URI or an API of an existing web service. Scheduling information defines
temporal constraints for dissemination in a single channel and for dependencies between
multi-channel dissemination. For example, a new presentation will be announced once.
However, an event may be announced as soon at it is defined and a reminder may be sent out
when certain deadlines (for submitting papers or for early registrations) are near. News may
first be published on the website. Then, an excerpt of the news together with its URI will be
published as a tweet.
A weaver is basically a large collection of tables specifying what is disseminated by whom to
where. Interaction protocols, rules, and constraints further guide this process. Such a manual
is of extreme importance to manage the on-line communication process. Obviously, it
determines the need to implement and mechanize essential aspects of it, improving its
scalability. However, a major step is to structure the process towards a mechanizable routine.
3.1.4 A Spiral as Process Model
The basic SMCR model of communication22
is unidirectional. A sender sends a message
through a channel to a receiver. The direction of the communication and the different roles
are fixed. Actual communication is more complex. Agents interact and communicate in
parallel, permanently alternating their role in these acts of communication. Therefore, we
have adopted the transactional model of communication and its underlying premise that
individuals are simultaneously engaging in sending and receiving messages (cf. [9]).23
Consequently, our approach not only disseminates information, but also deals with the
aggregation of feedback and impact by simply going through the dissemination chain in the
opposite direction, collecting responses in the various channels and integrating them under
the appropriate knowledge item. We not only talk, we also listen to responses. And we do not
get these responses scattered over multiple channels. Instead, they are aggregated and
presented at the level of the domain specific concept to which they refer. Finally, our
approach can also aggregate information from channels without prior publication activity.
Communication situations initiated by an external agent can be handled through standing
queries over pre-defined channels and dynamic web screening.
Therefore, a holistic methodology for supporting communication must support the following
subtasks that basically form a circle or spiral (see Figure 6):
 Design of an information item
 Dissemination of the information item using suitable channels and places
 Observation of communication acts
 Measure, analysis, and aggregation of the information published
These activities form a circle that we call the life cycle model of communication. Reactive
communication starts with the observation task; active communication starts with the design
phase. In any case, when started, one has entered an-in principle-infinite loop. Obviously,
these tasks can and should be parallelized once initialized.
[10] identify five levels in reputation management:
 Listening: learn about the topic and the community;
 Talking: participate in discussions;
 Energizing: let other key players talk for you;

22
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_communication
23
Or in Web2.0 terms, users are prosumers, i.e., consumer and producer of information.

 Supporting: support the community through initiatives and platforms; and
 Embracing: the on-line community is used to further developing the company value
in a crowd sourcing approach.24
Each of these levels requires a different instantiation of our process model. In general, both
models reflect the bi-directional character of communication in extension of more simplistic
SMCR models.

Fig. 6. The Life Cycle of Communication
3.2 Role Model
Editors are assigned to information items, responsible for producing or collecting their
information instances. In general, an editor can also be the executor, directly publishing the
information. However, expertise in a certain information domain may not necessarily
correspond to technical expertise and even if it does, it may not be a very efficient way of
distributing labor. Only if a fully automated and easy to use software solution is provided can
this model make sense. Otherwise, a person with more technical skills often helps in
disseminating the information. Again, an interaction protocol has to be defined for interacting
with this person. Recursively, some of his tasks may be manual (importing contents into a
content management system such as Drupal) and some can be fully mechanized (like
producing a feed and a tweet automatically for certain information items introduced into
Drupal). We identified five different roles involved in this process (see Figure 7):
 The communication manager that actively reads and writes information in the multi-
channel space and manages the overall communication process.
 The quality manager that routinely checks the outcome of the process and the impact
that is achieved through it.
 The editors that provide information that should be disseminated or that infer actives
from information provided by others.
 The web manager (executor) is an expert in web technology who is able to publish
information with current web technology including content management systems such as
Drupal, email lists and Web 2.0 services such as Twitter, Blogs, RSS, and has the means
to share information, cooperate, or organize communities through SNS sites.
 The repository manager (executor) is an expert in semantic web technology in terms of
syntax, implementations via repositories, and various vocabularies used to publish this
information. In a nutshell, the web manager manages the web of documents and the
repository manager manages the web of data.

24
See also [31] for a similar and refined model.

Fig. 7. Roles
3.3 Technologies
Obviously there is an important need for methods and integrated tools that cover the multi-
channel bi-directional aspects of value management and provide highly scalable and effective
solutions. We are developing a communication platform and methodology for providing this
based on Semantic Technologies, Human Computation, and Social Media Analysis.
3.3.1 Semantic Technologies
Semantic Technologies (cf. [11]) are a stream of research combining web technology,
artificial intelligence, natural language processing, information extraction, database
technology, and communication theory for empowering computers to provide better support
for processing, combining, and reusing information represented as structured and unstructured
data.
We use content management tools such as Drupal 7 to include RDFa, microdata, and
microformats in the web documents. The data will also be exported from Drupal into
OWLIM25
to support direct RDF26
and SPARQL (see Figure 8).

25
“OWLIM is a family of semantic repositories, or RDF database management systems, with the following
characteristics: native RDF engines, implemented in Java and compliant with Sesame, robust support for the
semantics of RDFS, OWL Horst and OWL 2 RL, best scalability, loading and query evaluation performance”
http://www.ontotext.com/owlim
26
The RDF file hast to be generated by OWLIM to include inferred triples.

Fig. 8. Technical means to publish Semantic Data
Either the editors, or alternatively, the dissemination manger enrich the content for on-line
presentation by adding links and tags to the presented information. For this purpose, tools
such as the following are used:
 KIM27
offers the ability to create semantic links between your documents, data, domain
models, and linked data; find mentions of entities, relationships, and facts in texts; and
search and navigate your information space in multiple ways.
 The OpenCalais Web Service28
creates metadata for the content you submit. Using natural
language processing (NLP), machine learning and other methods, Calais analyzes your
document and finds the entities within it. Additionally, Calais returns the facts and events
hidden within your text. The metadata gives you the ability to build maps linking
documents to people, companies, places, products, events, geographies, etc. You can use
those maps to improve site navigation, provide contextual syndication, tag and organize
your content, create structured folksonomies, filter and de-duplicate news feeds, or
analyze content to see if it contains information you care about.
 Zemanta29
is a platform for accelerating on-line content production for any web user. It
searches the web for the most relevant images, smart links, keywords and text, instantly
serving these results to the user to enrich and inform their content.
3.3.2 Human Computation
Human Computation (cf. [12]) is a research field that aims to integrate human intelligence
and human cognition into the computer-managed, automated execution of tasks that are
beyond the power of the state of the art of pure algorithmic approaches. Until artificial
intelligence has successfully enabled computers with sufficient human-like intelligence, on-
line communication will continue to require and involve human labor. Understanding text,
generating useful output, and interacting properly cannot be achieved without having a human
in the loop. However, as we also saw it will not scale if too many tasks are left to humans.
Therefore, we need to develop an architecture that tries to maximize the amount of tasks that
are mechanized and that provides smooth integration of humans for tasks that cannot be fully
automized. Such architecture may also have the potential to be applied in other domains with
similar characterizations. This can include crowd-sourcing30
initiatives where we develop

27
http://www.ontotext.com/kim
28
http://www.opencalais.com/
29
http://www.zemanta.com/
30
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_sourcing

methods to define incentives for large user communities to provide content needed for your
communication strategy through a distributed community effort.31
3.3.3 Social Media Analysis
Social Media (cf. [13]) is a term used mostly for web-based techniques of human-to-human
communication that stresses the social, topical, and contextual relations between
communicating individuals, allowing real-time interaction with a large, yet specific audience
of partners. Social Network Analysis emerged from the area of sociology that studies specific
social phenomena. More recently, it was carried out under the umbrella term of complex
network analysis, a field that studies properties in large, complex graphs. It became
increasingly more popular through the huge success of social networks such as Facebook,
Twitter, Flickr and others (cf. [15]). Web mining [14] is the use of data mining techniques to
automatically discover and extract information from web documents and services. Machine
learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a scientific discipline concerned with the design
and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical
data, such as from sensor data or databases.
For reputation management, we require support for impact analysis, multi-triggered bi-
directional communication, and standing queries over streams. We enumerate some tools for
this:
 Boardreader32
is a search engine for Forums and Boards.
 The ComScore Media Metrix Suite33
project is a framework for web traffic measurement
that is able to provide traffic statistics along several properties (age, region of users, etc.).
Therefore, Media Metrix uses a representative set of Internet users, a weighting
algorithm, and enumeration surveys to statistically make a projection of the whole
population of Internet users. Additionally, ComScore introduced other tools such as
mobile Internet traffic measurement and advertisement impact analysis software.
 Facebook Insights34
provides Facebook Page owners and Facebook Platform developers
with metrics, just as CircleCount35
does for Google+. Google+ Ripples36
graphically
illustrate the sharing of posts in Google+.
 Google Alerts37
are email updates of the latest relevant Google results (web, news, etc.)
based on your choice of query or topic.
 Google Analytics38
is a web analytics solution that provides rich insight into website
traffic and marketing effectiveness. It provides analysis and optimization tools such as
Urchin39
, Website Optimizer, Webmaster Tool40
, Insights for Search41
, and further tools
for improving advertisement and Search Based Keyword Tools included in your website.
 Google Trends42
analyzes a portion of Google web searches to compute the number of
searches that have been done for the terms you enter, relative to the total number of
searches done on Google over time.

31
For example, see the results of the Insemtives project at http://www.insemtives.eu/ or the social stock market
empire avenue http://empireavenue.com/about/
32
http://www.boardreader.com/
33
http://www.comscore.com/Products_Services/Product_Index/Media_Metrix_Suite/Media_Metrix_Core_Reports
34
http://www.facebook.com/help/search/?q=insights
35
http://www.circlecount.com/
36
http://www.google.com/support/plus/bin/answer.py?answer=1713320
37
http://www.google.com/alerts/
38
http://www.google.com/analytics/
39
Urchin helps website owners better understand their online marketing initiatives, website traffic characteristics,
and visitors browsing experience.
40
Google Webmaster Tools provides you with detailed reports about your pages' visibility on Google.
41
With Google Insights for Search, you can compare search volume patterns across specific regions, categories,
time frames and properties.
42
http://www.google.com/trends

 ifttt43
provides a multi-channel trigger and action engine that allows automatic reaction to
events in the information space by observing a multitude of channels and executing
guarded transaction rules acting on these channels.
 Klout44
measures influence and impact of communication acts on social media.
 Open Status Search45
finds out what people on Facebook are talking about in public.
 PeerIndexes46
identifies, ranks, and scores on-line “authorities”.
 The Social Media Dashboard47
manages multiple social profiles, allows scheduling
messages and tweets, can track brand mentions, and analyzes social media traffic.
 Social Mention48
is a social media search and analysis platform that aggregates user
generated content into a single stream of information. Social Mention monitors 100+
social media properties directly including: Twitter, Facebook, FriendFeed, YouTube,
Digg, Google etc.
 Technorati49
helps bloggers succeed by collecting, highlighting, and distributing the
global online conversation. Founded as a blog search engine and directory, Technorati
indexes more than a million blogs. Technorati tracks not only the authority and influence
of blogs, but also the most comprehensive and current index of who and what is most
popular in the Blogosphere.
 Twazzup50
operates a real-time news platform.
 TweetDeck51
provides multi-channel integration for reading and writing for Twitter,
Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, Foursquare and Google Buzz
 Twibes52
and Twitalyzer53
provide means to analyze content on Twitter.
3.4 Use Cases
We developed and applied our approach in three major case studies: the European Semantic
Web Conference Series (ESWC)54
, the PlanetData project55
and the Semantic Technology
Institute (STI) International research association56
.
 The mission of the Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC) series is to bring
together researchers and practitioners dealing with different aspects of semantics on the
web. Founded in 2004, the ESWC builds on the success of the former European
Semantic Web Conference series, but seeks to extend its focus by engaging with other
communities within and outside ICT, in which semantics can play an important role.
 PlanetData is a semantic technology project funded by the European Commission. It
aims to create a durable community made up of academic and industrial partners
working on large-scale data management.
 STI International is a global network engaging in research, education, innovation and
commercialization activities on semantic technologies working to facilitate their use
and applicability within industries and society as a whole. STI International is
organized as a collaborative association of interested scientific, commercial and
governmental parties that share a common vision.

43
http://ifttt.com/
44
http://klout.com/home
45
http://www.openstatussearch.com/
46
http://www.peerindex.com/
47
http://hootsuite.com/
48
http://www.socialmention.com/
49
http://www.technorati.com/
50
http://www.twazzup.com/
51
http://www.tweetdeck.com/
52
http://www.twibes.com/
53
http://www.twitalyzer.com/
54
http://eswc-conferences.org/
55
http://www.planet-data.eu/
56
http://www.sti2.org/

Around 80% of the information items of ESWC, PlanetData, and STI International are
interchangeable due to some simple renaming (e.g., core and associate partner versus partner
and member). This is excellent news and a hint for scalability especially given the fact that
we talk about a research project and a research association. This could imply that an even
higher degree of reuse could be achieved when applying our information model to tens of
thousands of European research projects (and hundreds of thousands of research projects or
millions of projects) on the one hand, and millions of associations on the other. This is
actually the second major assumption of our approach.57
Reuse of the information model in a
certain vertical area. The costs to build an information models are quickly paid back when
applicable to several entities in a domain. In the end, this is the SAP business model applied
to on-line communication. These models empower simple non-IT users to communicate at the
level of their domain knowledge rather than at the symbol level of various channels and these
models can be reused between different players in the same vertical.
Based on our approach ESWC, PlanetData, and STI International are now managing their on-
line appearance. In total, we have identified around five hundred different semantic and non-
semantic channels in these case studies that are used to disseminate elements of the
information model. Obviously, such a bandwidth requires a structured and mechanized
approach. Based on our approach, around 300 concepts and properties, 500 channels, i.e.,
more than 100,000 potential content-to-channel mappings are run efficiently by a very small
dissemination team.
3.5 Our proposed solution in a nutshell
The core idea is to introduce a domain-specific, channel-independent model that explicitly
separates content from channel. The next step is to once again intelligently interweave the
content with the channels. Our approach of modeling communication, communication
channels and target groups inherently bears the advantage of uniformly accessing the
provided data and thereby allowing the processing of data that is beyond state of the art. For
example, yield management could be realized utilizing reputation and usage values collected
from different channels. Furthermore, the abstraction layer allows multi-channel
communication. Human computation could increase the process where automated algorithms
lack efficiency, for example the translation of communicated content into other languages.
Combining these different areas of technology provides a long-term roadmap for research,
engineering, and commercial exploitation.
4 Related and Future Work
4.1 Related Work
Many aspects of our work clearly relate to different fields that have been explored before.
Generally, we see two specifically related areas: Ontology-based content management
systems (CMSs) for websites and Semantic matchmaking of senders and receivers of content.
Both areas will be briefly described and compared.
The field of semantics-based or enhanced CMSs has already been quite thoroughly explored.
One of the earlier approaches to ontology-based website management is the OntoWebber
system described in [16]. The proposed three-way approach of “explicit modeling of different
aspects of websites", “the use of ontologies as foundation for Web portal design", and “semi-
structured data technology for data integration and website modeling" presents an early but
comprehensive approach to semantifying CMSs. OntoWebber introduces an integration layer
which adapts to different data sources. This is related to our weaver concept introduced in
Section 4, but, in contrast, the weaver adapts to different channels rather than to different

57
The first one is that is that it will pay back to model the information independent from the multitude of
dissemination channels, ensuring reuse over them.

information sources. A year later, in [17], Sheth et al. introduce the SCORE system, which
defines four key features: semantic organization and use of metadata, semantic normalization,
semantic search, and semantic association. Although written in the early days of the Semantic
Web, the paper covers topics such as metadata extraction from unstructured text and
automatic classification that may also become relevant to our approach. [18] introduce “The
Rhizomer Semantic Content Management System” which integrates services with metadata
browsing, editing, and uploading, continuing their earlier work on the Knowledge Web portal.
[19] proposes a Linked Data extension for Drupal that enables content annotation with RDFa
and provides a SPARQL endpoint. The British national broadcaster BBC started to integrate
semantic technologies (i.e. Linked Data) in 2009 in order to integrate various data and content
sources distributed throughout the enterprise [20]. As a result, as reported in [21], BBC's
World Cup 2010 site58
is based on semantic repositories that enable the publishing of
metadata about content rather than publishing the content itself. While the data input is fixed,
different schemas for the output are defined. However, as only one channel for output is
considered, the mapping performed is quite straight-forward. In contrast, our system accounts
for different information needs of various and heterogeneous channels and therefore enables
the distribution of content through different portals. Finally, the European project Interactive
Knowledge Stack (IKS)59
focuses on porting semantic technologies to CMS software
solutions.
In a nutshell, all these approaches aim either to help the user publish semantic data or to use
semantic methods to support the content management process for maintaining websites. We
are taking these approaches and generalizing them to support the overall management of
content dissemination in a multi-channel and bi-directional communication setting. Further,
we augment the technical approach with a methodology and the approach of using vertical
domain models, which are shared and reused in a vertical area instead of being used for a
single application only.
Semi-automatic matchmaking is a well-studied field in Artificial Intelligence and related
areas. Obviously we can only select a small sample of approaches in this area, which focus on
matchmaking in regard to content. [22] present a selective information dissemination system
that is based on semantic relations. In their paper, the terms in user profiles and terms in
documents are matched through semantic relations that are defined using a thesaurus.
Similarly, the approach taken by [23] introduces selective dissemination of information for
digital libraries based on matching information items to user profiles. Obviously, user profiles
correspond to our channels, however, we instead manually model their relationship with
contents. The system introduced in [24] uses RDF, OWL, and RSS to introduce an efficient
publish/subscribe mechanism that includes an event matching algorithm based on graph
matching. Our approach, in contrast, matches information items to channels rather than events
to users. Also, instead of graph matching, we use predefined weavers for channel selection.
While [23] uses fuzzy linguistic modeling and NLP techniques for semiautomatic thesaurus
generation and performs a matching based on statistical analysis, we use semantics to
manually define the connections between information items and the channels.
Since we aim for high precision and professionalism in on-line communication, we see little
use for statistical based semantic methods (natural language understanding, information
extraction, etc.). We want to allow the user to abstract from the channel level to the content
level, but we see the need for human involvement in defining the content-channel mapping
and at the content level. However, as we expand towards a full-fledged value management
approach that monitors the entire web space for important statements, such methods will be
needed. Fortunately, a large number of such web analytical toolkits already exist, [4] lists a
large number of them that cover parts of these tasks. However, there is an important need for
methods and integrated tools that cover the multi-channel bi-directional aspects of value
management and provide highly scalable and effective solutions. Obviously, the goal to
develop a Common Value Management Framework (CVMF) based on combining these

58
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldcup
59
http://iks-project.eu/

different areas of technology provides a long term roadmap for research, engineering, and
commercial exploitation.
4.2 Future Work
Introducing a semantic layer on top of communication channels is required to enable a
framework that allows common value management. However, this combination of research
fields opens a broad variety of new challenges yet to be solved.
 Modeling and interweaving feedback. Feedback is an important part of all effective
communication. Without feedback, the sender - the one who intends to convey
information - has no means of validating whether or not the recipient received or
understood the message. It is also often preferable to have a full-fledged two-way
conversation instead of simple one-way broadcasting. The Web 2.0 revolution made it
ridiculously easy for everybody to use the Internet as a two-way conversation
platform where they can provide feedback as well as react to what was said.
Therefore, it will be necessary to model feedback and interweave it with content items
that we previously published.
 Modeling target groups. Companies that pursue common value management usually
have a very restricted target group of people they wish to address. So far in our
channel model, we do not distinguish between different target groups in different
channels. However, different target groups reside in different communication
platforms, even though there is some overlap. For example, you will find more young
and hip people on Facebook and more professional users on Xing or LinkedIn, but
there are quite a few users that have a profile on both platforms. Nonetheless, they
expect a different way of being engaged in different platforms.
 Adapting content. Adapting content is a two-part problem - converting an information
item into different formats or automatable transformations such as extracting images,
videos or extracting and shortening web links from pieces of content, and
transforming multimedia content into a different format. Both of these problems can
be commonly solved, however, adapting content in a way that requires creativity and
human intelligence is still a challenging problem that reaches the borders of
computability. Examples of such adaptations are shortening or translating an essay, or
rewriting a text in a way that matches the target group it addresses.
 Crowd sourcing. Crowd sourcing is an online approach of outsourcing tasks that
computers cannot solve, to humans. There are different incentives for people to work
on crowd sourcing problems. The most common one is small amounts of money (e.g.
Amazon Mechanical Turk60
, Clickworker61
or Zhubajie62
) but other sources of
motivation are common such as competition (e.g. TopCoder63
) or language learning
(e.g. DuoLinguo 64
). Crowd sourcing will be used to smartly enhance sentiment
analysis, natural language processing, and translating algorithms with human
intelligence where needed until artificial intelligence has reached a more satisfactory
level. CrowdDB [25] is a successful example of combing the two computation
paradigms.
 Crowdturfing and trust. Crowd sourcing solutions are very capable of dealing with
hard to compute problems. However, this also allows for harming platforms that only
defend themselves against automated attacks. Malicious activities, such as shaping
opinions of a large number of people via social media platforms, and the use of crowd
sourcing platforms are becoming more and more popular (cf. [26]). That is why some
mechanisms of trust have to be introduced, which is also tightly connected to

60
https://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome
61
http://clickworker.com/
62
http://www.crowdsourcing.org/site/zhubajie/wwwzhubajiecom/2118
63
http://www.topcoder.com/
64
http://duolingo.com/

reputation management. A non-trustworthy source may communicate anything they
want, the effect will be very little and its value drastically decreased.
 Quality management. An important part of targeted communication is assessing and
improving the quality of conveyed content. Whereas trust, reputation, and brand
management are influenced by how information is perceived, quality assurance is an
inbound process. The business processes for quality management and what they
actually mean, have yet to be defined for common value management. The bigger the
campaign is, the more visible the effect of proper quality management.
 Quantification of social values. The success of online social networks leads to an
enormous amount of data that may be analyzed in order to find out about social
structures and relationships. A mature way of quantifying values like popularity,
authority, influence or reach has yet to be found. Various tools such as PeerIndex65
or
Klout 66
already attempt to measure it, but consider only very small parts of the whole
social media landscape. Also, there are other attempts to measure various factors in
social media using different techniques or different forms of proximity to forecast
activity (cf. [27]).
 Quantification of brand and reputation. Similar to the quantification of social values,
brand and reputation have to get a countable unit as well. Likewise, it will be very
challenging to find fitting metrics, since already existing measures such as brand
equity are considered meaningful by a small share of marketing professionals (cf.
[28]). The combination with social media and the possibilities of sentiment analysis
allows more suitable metrics to be introduced next to the existing ones.
 Enrichment of yield management. Yield management is based on statistical analysis
on different parameters, such as pricing, capacity, and demand (cf. [29]). Already
established calculation models can be extended by channel based reputation, brand
value and other yet to be introduced criteria. For example, in a communication
channel where a product’s brand (or the product itself) has little reputation and is
badly represented, the price of the delivered service/product could be less than in
other channels where it is well known. On the other hand, imagine a pricing model
that not only considers capacity, but also takes social relationships into accounts, e.g.
whether or not a popular person or a friend of yours purchased the offer.
It is evident that the long road of our journey still lies ahead.
5 Conclusions
The following core features characterize our approach:
 We use ontologies to model content in order to have a representation layer independent from the
communication channel. We want to achieve reuse of content over channels allowing small
organizations to deal with an increasing number of communication channels and exploit their
potential. The alignment of content and channel is achieved through a weaver that aligns ontological
items with channels.
 These ontologies are not case-specific, but model a certain vertical domain such as research projects,
associations, accommodations, restaurants, bars, touristic events and services, etc. Therefore, these
ontologies and their channel alignments can be reused on a larger scale, providing a quick return of
the investment necessary to build and maintain them.
 Our approach is bi-directional, i.e., in the same way that we disseminate through concepts we use
these concept to aggregate feedback and impact found in various channels.
 We support in an integrated fashion, the dissemination via traditional web channels, Web 2.0, and
semantic based channels, using various formats and vocabularies.

65
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66
http://klout.com/home

Based on our approach, ESWC, PlanetData, and STI International are now managing their on-
line appearance. Around 300 concepts and properties, 500 channels, i.e., around 150,000
potential content-to-channel mappings are run by a very small dissemination team. Currently,
we are performing additional case studies. First, we use our approach in the dissemination of
other research projects and associations. Second, we are entering more commercial areas
such as eTourim, where millions of hotels are desperately waiting for a scalable dissemination
strategy, given the fact that soon, around 50% of all room bookings will be done on-line.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Anja Bunnefeld, Johannes Breitfuss,
Carmen Brenner, Alice Carpenter, Anna Fensel, Michael Fried, Mark Greaves, Marko
Grobelnik, Martin Hepp, Lyndon Nixon, Ina O' Murchu, Alexander Oberhauser,
Simeona Pellkvist, Elena Simperl, Corneliu Valentin Stanciu, Ioan Toma, and
Alexander Wahler for contributions to early drafts of this paper.
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