communicative strategies in communication
- 1. Lesson objectives: • Identify the types of speech acts. • Respond appropriately and effectively to speech act.
- 8. An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve and intended effect. This are performed when a person offers an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation , or refusal. In a speech act, words are used to do something, not just to say something. SPEECH ACT
- 9. As we communicate we use language without minding whether to use complete sentence or not. A speech act might contain just one word or several words or sentences. For example, “Thanks” and Thank you for always being there for me. I really appreciate it” both show appreciation regardless of the length of the statement.
- 10. THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
- 11. According to J.L Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right circumstances or context.
- 12. Is the actual act of uttering or saying something. It refers to the specific words of a verbal or written message. When we PRODUCE an utterance, that is called a locutionary act. LOCUTIONARY ACT
- 13. Example: “Can you open the window?” “It is raining outside.” A speaker must produce clearly the words in order to deliver the intended meaning of the message.
- 14. Is the social function of what is said. It is related to the speaker’s INTENTION, or what the person who is communicating the message wants to happen. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
- 15. Includes stating, promising, apologizing, threatening, ordering, predicting and requesting. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
- 16. Example: Speaker: “It is raining outside”. The utterance would mean: Speaker wishes or wants the hearer to use an umbrella if he/she goes out Speaker wants you not to go out because it is still raining outside.
- 17. Is the resulting act of what is said. This refers to the effect that the words have on the receiver of the message. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
- 18. Example: Speaker: “It is raining outside”. What is the perlocutionary effect? The hearer may use the umbrella when he/she goes out The hearer may stay a while for the rain to subside.
- 19. LOCUTIONARY ILLOCUTIONARY PERLOCUTIONARY “It is raining outside.” • The literal meaning, the utterance • How the speaker uttered the words The speaker wants the hearer to use an umbrella. The speaker wants the hearer not to go out. • Hearer may use an umbrella when he/she goes out • Hearer may stay while waiting for the rain to subside. What we say What we mean when we say it What we accomplish by saying it
- 20. LOCUTIONARY ILLOCUTIONARY PERLOCUTIONARY “It is hot in here.” • The literal meaning, the utterance • How the speaker uttered the words • An indirect request for someone to open the window (requesting) • An indirect refusal to close the window when someone says he is cold (refusing) • Could result to someone opening the window. What we say What we mean when we say it What we accomplish by saying it
- 22. Assertive The purpose of assertives is to display the speaker’s belief in the propositional content of the utterance. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting & concluding. Example: No one can love you better than I do.
- 23. Directive The purpose of a directive is to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. Example: Please maintain the cleanliness of our school.
- 24. Commissive A commissive is an utterance that commits the speaker to some future behavior. Some examples are promising, planning, vowing, and betting. Example: – From this moment on, I will love you and honor you for the rest of my life.
- 25. Expressive Expressive is an utterance in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples are thanking, apologizing, welcoming and deploring. Example: Thank heavens, you came to save me! I owe you my life.
- 26. Declarations The purpose of declaration is to bring a change in the external situation. Some examples are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating. Example: You are hired!
- 27. THANK YOU!