COMMUNITY MODELS AS TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: FILLING THE STRATEGIC GAP

COMMUNITY MODELS AS TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: FILLING THE
STRATEGIC GAP
Presented by:
TANKO AHMED, fwc, Senior Fellow
Security & Strategic Studies Department
Research Directorate, NIPSS, Kuru

A Prologue
• The significance of works of this nature, particularly in the
NIPSS policy discourse, depends on its topical value.
• The life-span of the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals (UN-MDGs) reaches full circle in 2015
with many countries, including Nigeria, lagging behind.
• Discussions on ‘what to do next’ are already in the air.
• Sustainable development effective at community level is
severely lacking due to ‘strategic defects’. This paper
identifies strategic gaps and proffer ways of filling them.

INTRODUCTION
‘Small is Beautiful’
– Schumacher (1973)

Background
• Small is beautiful in the sense that it is easier and more
effective to organize and manage.
• Schumacher (1973) proposed the idea of ‘smallness within
bigness’, a specific form of decentralization of large
organization, for better management .
• The National Institute (NIPSS) has a long standing paradigm
of development in which cumbersome, large-scale and
often not-well-organized entities are reduced and defined
into manageable specific, small-scale and easy-to-organize
units (NIPSS, 2002).

Hypothesis/Assumption
For effective sustainable development at
community level, the existing larger
‘entity’ of Nigeria needs to be re-defined
into a framework for provision,
maintenance and consolidation of service
delivery by all tiers of development
agencies aiming at the grassroots, hinting
on systematic decentralization.

Relevant Literature
• Conyers (1986) described decentralization as the transfer of
authority to plan, make decision and manage functions from
higher to lower level.
• Belsky and Karaska (1985) explained that the lack of grassroots
organization is linked with disparities in the levels of
development in Third World countries;
• Cohen (1985) discussed the question of demarcation through
defined boundaries marking the beginning and end of
communities;
• Bauman (2001) described a community as the kind of world
which is not available, but desirable for effective development
planning and execution;
• Jelili, Adedibu & Egunjobi (2008) pointed out that failure of
Nigeria’s planning machinery to recognize and define spatial
diversities and complexities justified the need for sound regional
planning.

Relevant Literature (contd…)
• Chumbow (2009) emphasized that the single most
important characteristic of African nations is diversity in
communities within each nation;
• Olumodeji (2003) reviewed the Social Development Policy
for Nigeria 1989 and made a strong case for the need to
inject a new philosophy including the construction of model
village scheme linked to attempts on modelling a local
development plan.
• These ideas have already been manifested in proposals
(Aremu, 2010) for innovative policy measures and
institutional framework for effective service delivery,
pointing to the existence of strategic gaps in national
development planning administration.

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
KEY TERMS
• Community Models
• Sustainable Development
• Strategic Gap

The Community
• The concept of community has been so controversial that it had
ignited so wide a debate that by mid-1950s there were not less
than 94 discrete definitions along with their theoretical
frameworks rallying at the system theory (Hillery, 1955).
• A community refers to a group of interacting people, possibly
living in close proximity that shares some common values with
attribute of social cohesion within a shared geographical location
generally in social units larger than household (OECD, 2009).
• To marshalling a general definition for this work, the term
‘community’ can be regarded as a system or the totality of
interactions among subsystems, because every community has a
variety of behavioural rules that satisfy local needs through the
specialization of functions and of the people that make up these
subsystems (Garcia, et el, 1999).

Type Of Communities
In typology, communities are categorized into three main headings, as
proposed by Tropman, et el, (2006):
a) Geographic Communities like local neighbourhood, suburb,
village, town, city, state, zone, nation, regional (continental) or
global, also known as communities of location;
b) Communities of Culture ranging from local clique, sub-culture,
ethnic group, religious, multicultural or pluralistic civilization or
the global community cultures, include ‘communities of need or
identity’ such as ‘-challenged persons’; and
a) Community Organizations like informal family or kinship
networks, to more formal incorporated associations, political
decision making structures, economic enterprises or professional
associations at local, national or international scale.

Models And Modelling
• A model is a simplified construct, copy or version of
something complex for use in presentation, application,
analysis or solution of problems; it is also a physical
representation, replica, prototype, framework or
configuration designed for spatial generation and
broadcast.
• A scientific model is a simplified abstract view of the
complex reality representing empirical objects,
phenomena and physical processes in a logical way to
construct a formal system for which reality is the only
interpretation (Freudenthal, 1951).
• A conceptual model could mean a model of concept or it
could mean a model that is conceptual, making most
models as concepts intended to be abstracts of real
world states of affairs; its value judged proportionate to

Community Model
• Closer to the idea of constructing a ‘community model’ is the domain
model, a type of conceptual model used to depict the structural
elements and their conceptual constraints within a domain of interest,
sometimes called the problem domain.
• It includes the various entities, their attributes and relationships, plus
the constraints governing the conceptual integrity of the structural
model elements comprising that problem domain.
• It may also include a number of conceptual views, where each view is
pertinent to a particular subject area of the domain or to a particular
subset of the domain model which is of particular interest to this paper.
• Like entity-relationship models, domain models can be used to model
concepts or to model real world objects, events or entities, like
community models .

Community Modelling
• A modelling system based on theory of analogical reasoning
developed across time in the successive works of Skousen (1989; 1992;
2002, et el; and 2003) for sorting out categorization and connectivity.
• This serves the purpose of constructing templates for general use
applicable to this paper for the following two main reasons:
a) Its context consists of given number of variables constructed
into a basic template and generated into applicable units; and
b) In a simple version, a template based on this principles can be
constructed as a ‘model’ consisting of ‘variables’ applicable
across any given terrain, for the purpose of ‘process execution’
like community development policy.
• For example, a ‘model community’ may feature certain basic
services/structures like education/schools, health/clinics,
security/police posts, socio-cultural/community hall or election/polling
booths

Sustainable Development
• The term sustainable development was coined and used by the
Brundtland Commission as any development process that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs (UN, 1987; Smith and Rees,
1998).
• According to Hasna (2007), sustainability is a process consisting of
development of all aspects of human life affecting sustenance.
• Today there are phrases like sustainable development, sustainable
growth, sustainable economies, sustainable societies, and sustainable
agriculture, etc., as Temple (1992) concluded that: ‘Everything is
sustainable’.
• Thus, sustainable development signifies the optimization and impact of
the development process at grassroots level in a continuous manner.

Strategic Gaps
• Strategic gaps, or missing steps, are the differences between the
‘desired’ and the ‘obtained’ in terms of mission, objectives, goals and
the strategy for achieving them (Turban, et el, 2008).
• There are four main sources of these gaps, as identified by Niven
(2005), including lack of vision, people, management and resources all
of which if not ascertained, failure is virtually assured.
• Another set of three causes of strategic gaps are planning (or
management) induced; process (or implementation) induced; and
technology (or support system) induced (Coveney, et el, 2003).
• All these point to the dangers of lack of integrity or weaknesses in
‘planning’ which, in this case, is reflected in the absence of delineated
and identified ‘communities’ as basic units of sustainable national
development process.

COMMUNITY MODELS AS TOOLS FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
• The first thing that comes to mind on the issue of using ‘community
models’ for development purposes, is the topic of decentralization, that
is, the transfer and distribution of authority to manage development
process including planning and decision-making.
• The practice of Community-Based Resource Management, the resource
management at the community level in which the community is
responsible for decisions related to the allocation, use, conservation
and management of area-based resources may be the basis for
investiture in the wider development process.
• However, Conyers (1986) cautioned that in any country, irrespective of
its level of development, discussion about the relationship between
decentralization and development tend to take the form of vague and
often rhetorical generalization and assertion which seldom lead to any
clear conclusion and frequently result in confusion and contradiction.

The British Model
• In Britain, the idea of sustainable communities embody the principles of
sustainable development set out in a government sustainable development
strategy called 'Securing the Future', at local level (LGID, 2010).
• The programme enables people to live within environmental limits; ensures
a strong, healthy and just community; and helps to achieve a sustainable
local economy.
• It defines a sustainable community as one which is active inclusive and
safe, well run, environmentally sensitive, well designed and built, well
connected, thriving, well served and fair for everyone.
• In the process, Local authorities, along with local partners, have the
primary responsibility for achieving sustainable communities as sanctioned
by the Sustainable Communities Act 2007 which offered local authorities
and their partners an opportunity to put forward proposals for achieving
sustainable improvements in their area -
http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk.

The Belgian Model
• The Federation of Belgium is made up of constitutionally recognized and
politically active communities in a complex system of entities and
institutions piled up on a small territory of 30,500 square kilometers.
• Most political power is organized around the need to represent the main
cultural (and political) communities with distinct representations for each
community’s interests besides defenders of their ideologies.
• The Belgian Constitution recognized the existence of strong
communitarian and regional differences and sought to reconcile these
differences through a diffusion of power to the communities and the
regions in a full-fledged federal state.
• The regional and community councils and governments have jurisdiction
over transportation, public works, water policy, cultural matters,
education, public health, environment, housing, zoning, and economic and
industrial policy.
• They rely on a system of revenue-sharing for funds, with the authority to
levy a very few taxes (mostly surcharges) and to contract loans.
• A total public spending of more than 30% is authorized by the regions and
communities, although their financing comes for over 80% from the
national Belgian budgets.
• Legislative powers are also divided between the national, the regional and
the community levels. - http://en.wikipedia.org/w/Politics_of_Belgium

Challenges
• The Millennium Development Goals are relevant to
development and if communities are modelled and
organized good enough, the process can permeate to the
grassroots.
• Almost all services of Government Ministries, Departments
and Agencies (MDA) operate on the basis of structures
constructed for service delivery, with obvious challenges of
reaching all nooks and corners of Nigeria.
• There is no existing structure accounting for all
communities across the length and width of this vast and
diverse country.
• There is still no accurate account of how many communities
are there in Nigeria.
• Such are the enormous challenges in modelling and
utilizing communities as tools for sustainable development

Opportunities
• Within the outlined challenges also dwell the opportunities for
modelling and utilization of communities as tools for sustainable
development.
• Assuming that the distribution of INEC Polling Booths represent the
‘actual’ and ‘accurate’ number and distribution of ‘communities’ in
the entire geographical area of Nigeria reflecting their locations,
population, characteristics, resources and core competence,
including existing and functional facilities and amenities.
• This would be a perfect ‘tool’ for global, regional, national, zonal,
state, local and community planning and implementation of
development policies – an effective way to plan, monitor, ascertain
and fill up strategic gaps.
• The ‘trickle effect’ of development at the grassroots will trigger
sustainable development resulting from the multiplicity of activities
to be generated overtime.
• Such are the enormous challenges in modelling and utilizing
communities as tools for sustainable development in Nigeria.

IDENTIFYING
AND
FILLING THE STRATEGIC GAPS

Sustainable Development Process Strategy
This work has outlined three main
planning and operational levels of the
sustainable development process
strategy out of which strategic gaps are
identified and the means of filling such
gaps proposed. They include:
a)The Global Level;
b)The National Level; and
c)The Community Level.

Global Level
• The globalized nature and structure of sustainable
development process is championed and led by the
various development agencies at the United Nations like
the United National Development Programme (UNDP)
with its Millennium Development Goals (MDGS)
programme and Millennium Village Projects (MVPs).
• At regional or continental level, the African Union (AU)
has its departments and agencies, including the African
Development Bank (ADB); and the sub-regional body, the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
also maintains similar outfit.
• The National Level connects to the Global Grid.

National Level
• At the national level, a three (3) tier federal, state and local
governments’ structure and development functions are performed by
Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs).
• There is also an occasional reference made to geo-political zones
which, like the ‘community’, are without specific or recognized
constitutional or statutory conveyance.
• The use of development plans popular in the 1960s to 1980s is now
replaced by Visions, like the Vision 20-2020, in-tune with the global
strategies.
• In Nigeria, the ‘Transformation Agenda’ of the present administration
is the arrow-head of sustainable development thrust designed to
reach the grassroots, at community level.

The Community Level
• This work proposes the concept and template of ‘community’ as
a ‘fractal’ and ‘grassroots’ unit decentralized for easy and
effective development process.
• The context of a ‘Community Model’ consists of given number of
variables defined and constructed for the purpose of ‘process
execution’ like community development policy.
• For example, a ‘model community’ may feature certain basic
services/structures like education/schools, health/clinics,
security/police posts, socio-cultural/community hall or
election/polling booths.
• In the practice of Community-Based Resource Management, the
resource management at the community level in which the
community is responsible for decisions related to the allocation,
use, conservation and management of area-based resources may
be the basis for investiture in the wider development process.

Identification and Filling of Strategic Gaps
• In general terms, while there are Charters and Laws for
global, regional and sub-regional agencies and
constitutional and statuary provisions for national
governance at federal, state and local tiers, there are none
whatsoever for the ‘community’ level, including the vague
‘Zonal’ geo-political reference used in Nigeria for
convenience of political activities.
• These are proofs of strategic gaps or missing links in the
overall ‘Global-to-Community’ development structure.
• There is also the absence of a sound ‘modelled’ structure,
for effective development at grassroots or community level.
• These gaps or missing links can be filled constitutional and
statuary provision for effective domestication of global and
regional charters applied to standardized community
models as tools for sustainable development in Nigeria.

Summary
• The use of models for design and adaptation are common
in various methods of development, including sustainable
• Community level interventions are considered effective in
the sense that they permeate to the grassroots of
developmental efforts.
• This work sets out to discuss the need for standard design
and implementation of ‘community models’ within a
framework of practical and effective administrative system
and structure to facilitate a sustainable national
development process in Nigeria.
• The key terms of community model, sustainable
development and strategic gaps are conceptualized;
community models established as development planning
and implementation tools; along with identification and

Conclusion
• Nigeria is governed on the assumption that all communities are known,
demarcated and accounted for in the overall development process, without
a clearly defined format or standard of what a community should be and
what it ought to be.
• In a spatial sense, this process may be likened to the demarcation of a field
designated as parking space for vehicles which, without proper layout and
marking of parking lots, there will be chaos.
• In a strategic sense, the effectiveness of all development efforts at the
existing federal, state local government tiers entirely depends on the
effective developmental thrust able to connect and deliver services to the
grassroots or community level.
• By mapping, defining, modelling and standardizing communities as basic
units for sustainable national development in Nigeria, the traditionally
complex and seemingly un-surmountable process captured in the realm of
‘small is beautiful’ within a situation of ‘bigger is better’ is a way out.
• These remedies call for systematic decentralization for allotment of better
organized and effectively managed units, for development purposes. The
strategic gaps identified as structural ‘disconnections’ as well as the
‘incapacity’ of communities to capture and domesticate sustainable

Recommendations
To strengthen the structure and strategy for sustainable development in
Nigeria certain actions are required as follows:
Recommendation 1:
There is the need for review of the existing Community
Development Policy to align with standard practices, particularly
the Transformation Agenda of present administration.
Strategy for Implementation
A meeting of all stakeholders, including relevant Government and
UN Agencies at all tiers be organized to produce a new
Sustainable Development Policy to bridge the identified
strategic gaps or missing links.

Recommendations Cont…
Recommendation 2:
Ascertain the actual locations, population and required
format for communities.
Strategies for Implementation
a. The Office of the Surveyor General to demarcate and
ascertain the exact number and location of all communities
in Nigeria;
b. The National Planning Commission to construct community
models, including what structures and services are
required for development planning and process; and
c. All other MDAs, International Agencies, Non-Governmental
Organizations and other entities at all tiers involved in the
development process to key into a master or grand
structure for easy and effective co-ordination module for
service delivery.

‘Small is Beautiful’
– Schumacher (1973)
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING

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COMMUNITY MODELS AS TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: FILLING THE STRATEGIC GAP

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COMMUNITY MODELS AS TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: FILLING THE STRATEGIC GAP