Comparative Study of Three Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter Using PI and Fuzzy Logic Controller with Switching Losses Calculation

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2016, pp. 543~550
ISSN: 2088-8694  543
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJPEDS
Comparative Study of Three Phase Grid Connected
Photovoltaic Inverter Using PI and Fuzzy Logic Controller with
Switching Losses Calculation
M. Venkatesan1
, R. Rajeshwari2
, N. Deverajan3
, M. Kaliyamoorthy4
1
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Karpagm Academy of Higher Edu., Coimbatore, India
2,3
Department of Electrical Engineering, GCT, Coimbatore, India
4
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Karpagam College Engg., Coimbatore, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 29, 2015
Revised Feb 10, 2016
Accepted Mar 3, 2016
A comparative study of three phase grid connected photovoltaic (PV)
inverter using Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and Fuzzy logic controller
(FLC) is presented in this paper. Proposed three phase inverter with single DC
source employing three phase transformer for grid connected PV system
controlled by using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique.
PI and FLC are used as current controller for regulating the current. Perturb and
observe maximum power point technique (MPPT) is used for tracking of
maximum power from the PV panel. Finally total harmonic distortion (THD)
comparison made between two controllers for validation of results.
Furthermore swithing losses of inverter are also presented. The simulation
results are obtained using MATLAB simulink.
Keyword:
Fuzzy Logic controller
PI controller
PV Inverter
SVPWM
Switching Losses Copyright © 2016 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
M. Venkatesan
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Karapagm Academy of Higher Education,
Coimbatore.
Email: venkatesangct@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
In the modern scientific world ruled by science, the utilizing of electricity has increased rapidly due
to growing of population of the world. Nowadays, most of the research works have focused on PV based
power generation due to major reasons such as price of fossil fuel, green house effect and energy available in
nature [1]. Actually, solar panel is directly converting solar irradiation in to electrical energy [2]. It is
necessary to convert available DC voltage into AC voltage and the converted AC voltage should be sinusoidal
with high quality output voltage. For this purpose, multilevel inverter (MLI) is the most suitable choice for
converting DC into AC compared to the conventional two level inverters with minimum THD values. MLI’s
broadly categorised into three main types namely, diode clamped, flying capacitor and cascade [3]-[4]. Three
phase MLI inverter using cascaded H-Bridge with independent DC source is presented in the literature review
[5]. The above topology, each H bridge require separate DC sources with equal rating and separate DC
sources make it system bulky and costlier [6]. Cascade H bridge inverter employing single phase and three
phase transformers with single DC input is also presented [7]. This configuration use single DC input and
require additional single and three phase transformers for higher voltage level. In accordance with the
observation from the references [5]-[7], inverter topology requires more DC input, transformers and switches
which result in increased complexity, system size and cost. For maintain grid current as pure sinusodial
Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and FLC controllers are used as feedback controller. The PI is maynot
satisfactory in controlling various non linear control applications. Moreover the design of its control system is

 ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2016 : 543 – 550
544
also very complex and hence newly designed fuzzy logic controller is devoid of these drawbacks [8]. For the
proper inverter operation, high quality the gating pulses to be generated to the inverter switches with the help
of SVPWM technique [9]. This is a most famous control technique for three phase multilevel inverter [10].
This paper proposes comparative study of three phase PV inverter using PI and FLC with switching loss
calculatation. In order to increase the quality of power fed into the grid (in terms of THD), 5 level inverter
used in this paper. Furthermore SVPWM is used to utilize the DC bus voltage effectively and PV cell is
naturally an upcoming technology which is concentrated by most of the researchers.The performances both
controllers are analysed interms of THD, fast response. Further more, it uses single DC input, one
transformer, 15 switches, fast response and minimum THD are the remarkable advatages of the inverter.
2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN
The PV cell is a semiconductor device that directly converts solar irradiation into electrical energy is
effect is called ‘Photovoltaic Effect’ [11]. The PV panel acts as input DC source for the inverter. The
electrical power generated by a solar PV panel mainly depends on the operating conditions, solar irradiation,
temperature, number of cells, and short circuit current ( ), etc. In this proposed approach, in order to attain
maximum power from the PV panel, P&O MPPT algorithm has been used. The DC output voltage of the PV
panels is given to the boost converter. The boost converter increases input DC voltage level, which is based
on the gating pulse given to the power MOSFET and time duration of gating pulses desired by duty ratio of
switch. The duty ratio of the switch is not a fixed and it will change automatically during the tracking process
[12]. The Power MOSFET is a high frequency switching device and it operates at higher frequency ranges of
10 kHz. This will reduce the size of the inductor and external noise.
3. THREE PHASE PV INVERTER TOPOLOGY AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The proposed inverter configuration consists of boost converter, DC bus (C1), three phase inverter,
12 terminal transformer, LC filter and three phase load. The Figure 1 and 2 show PV inverter topology and
single phase five level inverter.
Figure 1. Three phase PV inverter topology Figure 2. Single five level phase inverter
Figure 3. Single line diagram of three phase PV inverter topology
s
Vabc
Iinv
LC Filter
3Ф
Grid
Feedback
controller
Three Phase
Five Level
Inverter
MPPT (P&O)
Algorithm
PV
Panel
3Ф Trans
C2
M1 M4
M5M3
M2
C1
Ph-A
Ph-A
Ph-C
5 Level
Inverter
5 Level
Inverter
5 Level
Inverter
Vdc
Ph-B

IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694 
Comp. study of 3Ф Grid Conn. PV Inv. Using PI and FLC with switching losses cal. (M. Venkatesan)
545
Figure 3 shows proposed single line diagram of three phase PV inverter topology, From the Figure 1
three single phase inverters connected in parallel with DC bus and each single phase inverter sharing voltage
from the DC bus voltage. The DC bus consists of two capacitors with equal rating and value of the DC bus
voltage shoud be higher than output voltage of inverter. The bus voltage around 330 V and this voltage can be
realized in to five levels by each single phase inverter with phase shift of 120 degree. The output voltage of
inverters is given to the primary winding of the 12 terminal transformer and all the neutral terminals are
shorted. All the phase terminals are connected to the three phase LC filter. This LC filter is used to remove
the harmonics present in the output of the inverter and filtered output voltage is given to the three phase grid.
The proposed inveretr inverter is modified from the reference papers [13]-[14]
4. CURRENT CONTROL SCHEME
The control system design plays a very important task in the PV inverter [15]. The control system
consist a Phase lock loop (PLL), d-q reference frame, an inverse d-q reference frame and a controller. The
purpose of the PLL is that, it synchronizes the output frequency and phase angle of the grid voltage with grid
current. Use of the abc to d-q frame, which converts three variable quantities (i.e: three phase current and
voltage) into two variable quantities (i.e: d-q values). In order to generate the five level output voltage, space
vector pulse width modulation technique is used [16].
4.1. PI Controller
The Proportional Integral (PI) is a conventional current controller which is used to maintain output
current sinusoidal, to keep the power factor in near unity and easy to implement. and are the
proportional and integral gains respectively, these gains depend on the system parameters. Err is the error
signal, which is the difference between the instantaneous active current component and reference
instantaneous active current component ∗
. Similarly, this Err, could also represent the difference between
the instantaneous reactive current component and reference instantaneous reactive current component ∗
.
The manual tuning of PI controller parameters to achive the steady state is difficult and consumes more time.
These limitations can be overcome by fuzzy controller [17].
Figure 4. Block diagram of PI controller
4.2. Fuzzy Controller
A FLC can be defined as the nonlinear mapping of an input data set to a scalar output data A FLC
consists of four major parts that is fuzzifier, rules, inference engine and defuzzifier.In most of the non linear
application conventional controller may not perform well. Hence the fuzzy logic controller has been an
appropriate solution to various nonlinear applications [18] Fuzzy logic controller comprises of membership
functions (input/output). The input response collected in the knowledge base is categorized into error‘d’ and
change in error ‘de’. In fuzzy, a single member function in error‘d’ is compared with all the membership
functions in change in error ‘de’ at a particular time instant. The Figure 5 shows block diagram of fuzzy logic
controller.
PI Controller
+
−
+
+
To inverse
park
transformation
(dq0 to abc)/
∗
/ ∗
( )

 ISSN: 2088-8694
546
Figure 5. Block diagram of fuzzy logic controller
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
The three phase grid connected PV inverter using PI and fuzzy logic controller is simulated with
help of MATLAB Simulink environment. In the simulation, all the PV panels are assumed to be operating
1000 irradiance w/m2
and Perturb and observe MPPT algorithms is used extract maximum power from the
PV panel at all the climatic conditions. The 180 Watts PV panel parameter is chosen for the simulation study
and output voltage of the PV panel is given to the DC-DC boost converter. The step up conversion is carried
out by applying gating pulses to MOSFET. The output of the boost converter is given to the input of the five
level three phase inverter and outputs are fed to three phase 12 terminal transformer. The Figure 6, 7 and 8
five level output voltgage of the inverter Phase –A, B &C respectively, which is approximately equal to 330
V (Peak Value). The filtered three phase voltage and current is shown in Figure 9 and 10.
Figure 6. Five level output voltage –Phase A Figure 7. Five level output voltage –Phase B
Figure 8. Five level output voltage –Phase C Figure 9. Three phase voltage
+
−
/
Errorrr
∗
/ ∗
1
Mux
Knowledge
base
To inverse Park
Transformation dq0
to abc
Fuzzification Inference
Rule
base
Defuzzification

547
Figure 10. Three phase current
5.1. Performance Analysis of PI and Fuzzy Logic Controller
In this section, a deal with performances analysis of PI and FLC has been made interms of THD,
rise time and setlling time. It is noted that, the fuzzy controller shows best minimized THD of about 1.3%
and THD generated by PI control about 1.71%. Thus, it is observed that the proposed fuzzy controller
performs better when compared to conventional PI Controller [19]. Table 1 shows THD profile of exiting
work.
Table 1. Comparison of THD Profile
Exiting works
Year of
Publication
Topology
Configuration
Levels
Modulation
Technique
% of THD
References [ 5 ] 2013 Three Phase 5 Levels SVPWM 5.68%
References [20] 2013 Three Phase 5Levels SVPWM 9.0%
5.2. Device Utility Comparison
Table 2 shows the comparison of a number of power devices used in the proposed approach with
two existing approaches inferred in [5] and [7].
Table 2. Power Device Utility Comparison
Parameters
Proposed
Work
Existing
work[5]
Existing
work[7]
Switches 15 24 24
I/P DC source 1 6 1
Transformer 1 - 2
In the proposed work the numbers of switches are reduced to fifteen when compared to 24 in [5, 7].
Reducing the number of switches decrease the stress across the switches and the power loss is considerabley
reduced by means of the proposed approach. In addition the DC source used in the input is reduced to one
whereas it is 6 in [5]. Similarly three transformers were used in [7] whereas in the proposed work only one
transformer is used. Usage of lesser components results in reduced cost and reduced complexity of the
system.
5.3. Switching Losses Calculation
Cascaded Single Phase H-Bridge Inverter with converter losses presented [21]-[22]. The average
switching power loss PSW_LOSS in the switch during the transition of switch is given by:
_ =
1
2
( ) + ( ) (1)
Where Tc(ON) and Tc(OFF) are the turn on and turn off cross over intervals. VDC is the voltage across
the switch and IDC is the current which flows through the switch. For the sake of clarity, the proposed
topology with 5 levels is compared with familiar, similar topologies. For simplification, the proposed
topology and the well-known inverter topologies are assumed to operate at the same turn-on and turn-off

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548
crossover intervals and at the same IDC. Then, the average switching power loss PSW_LOSS is proportional to
VDC and fs.
_ (2)
The number of power semiconductor devices imperative for generating 5 levels (three phase) in the
proposed inverter is 15 and the voltage appear across these switches is VDC. The one leg in each inverter (i.e.
two switches) switches operated at fundamental frequency (fm) and remaining three switches in H bridge
inverter switches operated at high frequency (i.e. switching frequency, fs) .Totally nine switches switch at
high frequency (fs) and six switches switch at fundamental frequency (fm). Therefore, the switching losses of
the proposed inverter can be written as:
_ ( ) = 9 + 6 (3)
In the proposed inverter, at any point in time, the number of switches in conduction is only 6 (2
switches for each phase). Therefore, the conduction losses Pcloss of the proposed inverter are:
= 6 (4)
Where RON is the internal resistance of the switching device and I is the current flowing into the devices.
6. CONCLUSION
The comparative study of three phase grid connected PV inverter is effectively controlled by using
PI and Fuzzy logic controller is presented in this paper. The current harmonics of the system are effectively
minimized through SVPWM technique with the utilization of fuzzy logic controllers. Finaly total harmonics
distortion (THD) comparison is made between PI and Fuzzy Logic Controller. Thus the proposed fuzzy logic
controller meets the requirement of fast response and minimum THD than conventional PI controller. This
inverter topology is built using only fifteen power semiconductor switches and hence switching losses also
minimized. The performance of proposed inverter is validated through MATLAB simulink.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Department of Electrical Engineering, Govt. College of Technology, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu, India for providing us the Licensed Software-MATLAB Version8.3R2014a which was procured
under TEQIP (Technical Education Quality Improvement Program)-Phase-II-Sub Module-Center of
Excellence-Alternate Energy Research and also authors thank to Management of Karpagam Academy of
Higher Education for providing the necessary facilities.
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[1] D.V.N Ananth and G.V. Nageshkumar, "Design of Solar PV Cell Based Inverter for Unbalanced and Distorted
Industrial Loads", Indonesian journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 70-77, 2015.
[2] K.S. Srikant, "A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV System", International Journal of
Power Electronics and Drive System, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 71-75, July 2014.
[3] N. Deverajan and A. Reena, "Reduction of Switches and DC Sources in Cascaded Multilevel Inverter", Bulletin of
Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 186-195, Sep 2015.
[4] Chetanya, et al., "Harmonic Analysis of Seven and Nine Level Cascade Multilevel Inverter Using Multi-Carrier
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2014.
[5] M. Valan Rajkumar and P.S. Manoharan, "FPGA Based Multilevel Cascaded Inverters with MSVPWM Algorithm
for Photovoltaic System", Solar Energy, 87, pp. 229–245, 2013.
[6] Y. Suresh and A.K. Panda, "Research on Cascade Multilevel Inverter By Employing Three Phase Transformer",
IET Power Electronics, vol. 5, pp. 561-51, 2012.
[7] Sung Geun Song, Feel Soon Kang, Sung-Jun Park, "Cascade Multilevel Inverter Employing Three Phase
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[8] Nguyen Gia Minh Thao and Kenko Uchida, "Active and Reactive Power Control Techniques Based on Feedback
Linearization and Fuzzy Logic for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Inverters", Asian Journal of Control,
vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 1–25, Sep 2015.

549
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Electronics Engineering, vol. 10, No.3, pp. 362, Nov. 2015.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Venkatesan M was received his B.E., in Electronics and Communication Engineering from
Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2008, and his M.E. in Power Electronics and
Drives from Government college of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2010. He is
currently working towards to his Ph.D and also working as an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam
Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. His current research interests
include Power electronics, DC-DC converter, Multilevel inverter, PV based system design.
Rajeswari R
She received her B.E., in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and M.E. in Power Systems
Engineering from Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai Kamarajar University, Madurai,
Tamil Nadu, India, in 1995 and 1998 respectively. She was completed her Ph.D in Power
Systems Engineeing in 2009, Anna Uinversity, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. She is currently
working as an Assistant Professor (Senior Grade) in the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. More than
Ten scholars are pursuing research under her Guidence. Her current research interests include
Smart Grid, Power system protection, operation and control and intelligent techniques.
Deverajan N was received his B.E., in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Madras
Uinversity, Tamil Nadu, India, in 1982. and his M.E. in power systems Engineering from
Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, in 1989. He was completed his Ph.D in
Control system from Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2000. He is
currently working as a Professor & Head in the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. More than 30
scholars has completed Ph.D under his guidence. His current research interests include control
sytem, power system, PV based system design. He is life member of the Institution of Engineers
(India) and ISTE.

 ISSN: 2088-8694
550
Kaliamoorthy Mylsamy received his B E in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Madras
University, Chennai, India, in 1999, and his M.Tech degree in Electrical Drives and Control
from Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India, in 2006. He was a gold medalist for the
academic years 2004-2006. He has one decade of teaching experience for under graduate and
post graduate students of electrical and electronics engineering. He is presently working as a
Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karpagam College of
Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. His current research interests include alternative
energy sources, fuel cells, energy conversion, multilevel inverters, analysis and control of power
electronics devices, power quality and active harmonic analysis. For further details please visit
www.kaliasgoldmedal.yolasite.com

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