Design and Implementation of Single Phase AC-DC Buck-Boost Converter for Power Factor Correction and Harmonic Elimination

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2016, pp. 993~1000
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v7i3.7825  993
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJPEDS
Design and Implementation of Single Phase AC-DC Buck-Boost
Converter for Power Factor Correction and Harmonic
Elimination
D. Jayahar*, R. Ranihemamalini**, K. Rathnakannan*
* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNT University, Kakinada, India
** Department of Electrical Engineering, St.Peter’s college og Engineereing and Technology, Chennai, India
*** Departement of Electrical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Nov 12, 2015
Revised Apr 14, 2016
Accepted May 15, 2016
This paper discusses the Power Factor Correction (PFC) for single phase AC-
DC Buck-Boost Converter (BBC) operated in Continuous Conduction Mode
(CCM) using inductor average current mode control. The proposed control
technique employs Proportional-Integral (PI) controller in the outer voltage
loop and the Inductor Average Current Mode Control (IACMC) in the inner
current loop for PFC BBC. The IACMC has advantages such as robustness
when there are large variations in line voltage and output load. The PI
controller is developed by using state space average model of BBC. The
simulation of the proposed system with its control circuit is implemented in
MatLab/Simulink. The simulation results show a nearly unity power factor
can be attained and there is almost no change in power factor when the line
frequency is at various ranges. Experimental results are provided to show its
validity and feasibility.
Keyword:
Ac-Dc Converter
Buck-Boost Converter
Inductor Average Current Mode
Control
PI controller
Power factor correction Copyright © 2016 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
D. Jayahar,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
JNT University, Kakinada, India.
Email: jayahar2003@yahoo.co.in
1. INTRODUCTION
The several current control techniques have been researched in the literature for boost and cuk
single phase PFC rectifiers [1-5]. Among these, Inductor Average Current Mode Control (IACMC) is most
widely used in PFC circuits [3]. The important feature of ACMC, as compared with peak current mode
control, is that ACMC uses a high gain, wide bandwidth Current Error Amplifier (CEA) to force the average
of one current within the converter, typically the inductor current, to follow the demanded current reference
with very small error, as a controlled current source. Advantages of ACMC include large noise margin, no
requirement for additional slope compensation, easy current limit implementation, excellent voltage and
current regulation, simple compensation, good behavior in both continuous and discontinuous inductor
current modes, and has inherent input voltage and output voltage feed-forward properties. All this is achieved
with only a slight increase in complexity over earlier schemes [2]-[3].
IACMC is typically a two loop control method (inner loop, current; outer loop, voltage) for power
electronic converters. Many of these applications have been in the higher switching frequency, lower power
segment (up to 10kW, at 20 kHz and above), but this is changing. A 30kW three phase inverter using analog
IACMC has been reported [6]. The regulation of output voltage of PFC boost converter using PI controller at
the outer loop has been reported [7]-[8].
The simple models of power converters are usually obtained from state-space averaging and
linearization techniques; these models may then be used for classical control design [9]-[10].
Therefore in this paper, we propose a PFC BBC to regulate the output voltage/supply current by

 ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2016 : 993 – 1000
994
using both PI controller at the outer loop and the IACMC at inner loop. The state-space average model for
BBC is derived at first and used for designing the PI controller.
In section II, we discussed the circuit description and mathematical model of PFC BBC. The design
of PI controller and IACMC is presented in section III. Simulation results of system are discussed in section
IV .The conclusions and future work of system is discussed in section.
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PFC BBC
Figure 1. The topology of the PFC BBC circuit
A typical topology of PFC BBC is shown in Figure 1, and it is constructed by the uncontrolled diode
bridge, followed by a BBC. It consists of AC input supply voltage, inductor L, capacitor C, power switch S
(n-channel mosfet), diode D and load resistance R. It allows the output voltage to be higher or lower than the
input voltage, based on the duty ratio d. In the circuit there are two storage elements inductor and capacitor. It
is customary and convenient to take the inductor current and the capacitor voltage as state variables. Each
switching stage can be represented by a corresponding circuit topology. The voltage transfer gain of BBC is
(1 )
oV d
E d


and it’s the corresponding current transfer gain is
(1 )o
in
I d
I d

 
In the on-duration circuit configuration, the switch is conducting and diode is not conducting. The system
state equations describing the on-interval circuit configuration is describing by
L
E
dt
diL

dt
dVC =  CV
RC
1











dt
dV
dt
di
c
L









RC
1
0
00






Cf
L
V
i
+








0
1
L E (1)
In the off-duration circuit configuration, the switch is opened and the diode is conducting. The system
equations for the off-circuit topology are given as
L
V
dt
di CL


IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694 
Design and Implementation of Single Phase AC-DC Buck-Boost Converter for PFC and … (D. Jayahar)
995
L
C
i
Cdt
dV 1
  cV
RC
1





























C
L
C
L
V
i
RCC
L
dt
dV
dt
di
11
1
0
(2)
By using the state-space averaging model the system model can be written as [9]-[10]
A = Aon d + Aoff (1-d)
B = Bon d + Boff (1-d)
EL
d
V
i
RCC
d
L
d
dt
dV
dt
di
C
L
C
L






































0
11
1
0
3. DESIGN OF PI CONTROLLER AND INDUCTOR AVERAGE CURRENT CONTROLLER
3.1. Design PI Controller Design
The PI controller is designed to ensure the specifying desired nominal operating point for PFC BBC,
then regulating it, so that it stays very closer to the nominal operating point in the case of sudden
disturbances, set point variations, noise, modeling errors and components variations.
Figure 2. S- Shaped curve of step response of BBC
The PI controller settings proportional gain Zeigler – Nichols tuning method [8]-[9] by applying the
step test to (3) to obtain S-shaped curve of step (Kp) and integral time (Ti) are designed using p response of
BBC. From the S-shaped curve of step response of BBC may be characterized by two constants, delay time
L and time constant T. The delay time and time constant are determined by drawing a tangent line at the
inflection point of the S-shaped curve and determining the intersections of the tangent line with the time axis
and line output response c(t) as shown in Figure 2. Ziegler and Nichols suggested to set the values of Kp =
0.036 and Ti = 0.016s according to the Table 1.
The PI controller optimal setting values (Kp and Ti) for PFC BBC are obtained by finding the
minimum values of integral of square of error (ISE), integral of time of square of error (ITAE) and integral of
absolute of error (IAE), which is listed in Table 2. The designed PI controller is used regulate the output
voltage of PFC BBC.
Table 1. Ziegler- Nichols Tuning Rules
Type of controller Kp Ti Td
P T/L  0
PI 0.9T/L L/0.3 0
PID 1.2T/L 2L 0.5L

 ISSN: 2088-8694
996
Table 2. Simulated Results Of Minimum Values Of ISE, IAE, ITAE And Optimal Setting
Values Of Kp And Ti
ISE IAE ITAE Kp Ti (s)
2.377 0.1935 0.001557 0.01205 0.0133
3.2. Design of Inductor Average Current Controller
Figure 3. Block diagram of Inductor Average Current Controller
Figure 4. Waveforms of ifb and iref
In Figure 3 shows the PI controller output and full bridge diode rectifier output are applied to
multiplier. Now, multiplier multiplies the both signal to form the modulating signal. This modulating signal
and ramp function are applied to summer. Its sums the both signal to form reference current. Then reference
current is compared to feedback current to form PWM pulse to control the switch S. The output voltage can
be varied by changing the duty cycle. In Figure 4 shows the feedback current is compared with reference
sinusoidal waveform and is forced to remain between the maximum and minimum values of iref [3].
Design specification of IACC; Ramp function magnitude: 1A, Reference current magnitude: 1.3A,
Fed back current.
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 5. PFC BBC with inductor average current and PI controllers

997
The simulation results of PFC BBC with IACMC and PI controller is presented in this section. The
single phase PFC BBC with proposed controllers is shown in Figure 5. The nominal input voltage is 50Hz
with the RMS value 110V, input inductor Lin =70μH, inductor L=700mH, capacitor C=760μF, the output
load range R=100ohm to 200ohm, the desired output voltage is 200V and the line frequency is 50Hz. The
performances of IACMC and PI controller for PFC BBC are evaluated in MatLab/Simulink.
Figure 6. Waveforms of the supply voltage and supply current when R=100 ohm
In steady state, the output voltage variation is not more than ±1.5.The input current and voltage
waveforms are shown in Figure 6. The input current waveform is almost in phase with the input voltage.
From the harmonic spectrum analysis of input current in Figure 7, the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is
almost up to 9.64%.
Figure 7. Frequency domain analysis of input
current when R=100 ohm
Figure 8. THD comparisons under different line
frequencies
Figure 9. Zoomed waveforms of the supply voltage and supply current when R=100 ohm
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time (s)
SupplyVoltage(V)andSupplyCurrent(A)
Supply Voltage
Supply Current

 ISSN: 2088-8694
998
The performance of the IACMC and that of the peak current mode controller are compared when the
line frequency is changing from 50Hz to 550Hz. Figure 12 shows that THD change little using quasi
IACMC, the PF stays at about 96.48%, but THD increase much with the line frequency using the peak
current mode controller, the worst PF decreases to 91%.
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The specification of experimental model is same as the simulation model specification. The nominal
input voltage is 50Hz with the RMS value 110V, input inductor Lin =70μH/15A (Ferrite Core), inductor
L=700mH/15A (Ferrite Core), capacitor C=760Μf/440V (Electrolytic type), the output load range
R=100ohm to 200ohm, the desired output voltage is 200V, the line frequency is 50Hz, SIRFN 540
(MOSFET) and FR306 (Diode).
Figure 11 shows the input voltage and current with load change from 100 ohm to 200 ohm. From
this waveforms it is clearly identified that, there is no fluctuation in input current and voltage using the
proposed control scheme.
Figure 11. Waveforms of input current with load change from 100 ohm to 200 ohm
Figure 12 shows the analog implementation of IACMC with components details. Low voltage range
of output is obtained by using potential divider circuit. Using this low dc voltage which is compared with
reference dc voltage (LM324). The PI controller was implemented using LM324, capacitor and feedback
resistance. PI controller output and rectified output signals are multiplied by using multiplierAD633.
After the multiplied output signal and ramp signal (NE 555) is summed. The output signal of this
operational amplifier, which act as reference current for feedback inductor current. Both signals are
compared using LM311 and generate the PWM pulse. MCT 2E and transistors which is act as an opto-
coupler and driver circuit for the power MOSFET.
Figure 12. Analog Implementation of IACMC

999
6. CONCLUSIONS
1. The design of proposed controllers for PFC BBC has been successfully demonstrated and
implemented in real time.
2. The IACMC is used at inner loop to regulate the input current and harmonics, which has the
advantages over the peak current and hysteresis current controllers such as the robustness when
there are large variations in line voltage and output load.
3. The PI controller is implemented at outer loop, which produce the excellent performance of output
voltage regulation for BBC under different conditions.
4. The PI controller settings proportional gain (Kp) and integral time (Ti) are designed using Zeigler
Nichols tuning method [8]-[9] by applying the step test to (3) to obtain S – shaped curve of step
response of BBC.
5. Moreover, this IACMC is advantageous compared to peak current mode controller in the application
when the line frequency is changing largely.
6. The proposed technique offers definite benefits over the conventional boost converter and it is easy
to understand, is easy to implement, and draws sinusoidal input current from AC source for any DC
output voltage condition.
7. The simulation and experimental results confirmed the theoretical analysis and thus verified the
feasibility of the proposed convertor topology.
8. The Simulations results shows a nearly unity power factor when the line frequency is at various
ranges and the experimental results also verified the feasibility of the work.
9. Figure 12 shows that THD change little using quasi IACMC, the PF stays at about 96.48%, but THD
Increase much with the line frequency using the peak current mode controller, the worst PF
Decreases to 91%.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Sun, W.C. Wu, and R. Bass, “Large-signal characterization of single phase PFC circuits with different types of
current control”, in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. (APEC’98), 1998, pp. 655–661.
[2] C. Zhou and M.M. Jovanovic, “Design trade-offs in continuous current mode controlled boost power-factor
correction circuits”, in Proc. HFPC’92, 1992, pp. 209–220.
[3] L.H. Dixon, “Average current-mode control of switching power supplies”, in Unitrode Power Supply Design
Handbook. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, 1990.
[4] J.B.Williams, “Design of feedback loop in unity power factor ac to dc converter”, in Proc. PESC’89, 1989, pp.
959–967.
[5] K. Smedley and S. Cuk, “One-cycle control of switching converters”, in Proc. IEEE PESC’91, 1991, pp. 814–820.
[6] Fraser, M.E., and Manning, C.D, “Performance of Average current Mode Controlled PWM Inverter with High
Crest Factor Load”, Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, 26-28October 1994, conference Publication No.
399, IEE, pp. 661-666.
[7] L. Guo, J.Y. Hung and R.M. Nelms, "Design and implementation of a digital PID controller for a buck converter,"
Proceedings of the 36th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, July/August (2001), Vol. 1, pp.
187-192.
[8] H. Mingzhi and X. Jianping, "Nonlinear PID in Digital Controlled Buck Converters", Applied power electronics
conference APEC 2007, 25 Feb-1 March (2007), Anahein CA USA, pp. 1461-1465.
[9] A.J. Foreyth and S.V. Mollov, "Modeling and control of Dc-Dc converters", IEEE Power Engineering Journal,
Vol. 12 no. 5, (1998), pp 229-236.
[10] Mahdavi, A. Emadi, H.A. Toliyat, “Application of State Space Averaging Method to Sliding Mode Control of
PWM DCDC Converters”, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting New Orleans, Lousiana, October 5-
9, (1997), pp. 820-827.
[11] Y.C. Ji and M.W. Shan,”A novel three phase AC/DC converter without fornt-end filter based on adjustable
triangular-wave PWM technique”, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, March-1999.
[12] B. Singh, B.N. Singh, A. Chandra, and D.P. Kothari,”A review at single Phase improved Power quality Ac-Dc
converters, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Oct, 200
[13] H. Mingzhi and X. Jianping, "Nonlinear PID in Digital Controlled Buck Converters", Applied power electronics
conference APEC 2007, 25 Feb-1 March (2007), Anahein CA USA, pp. 1461-1465.
[14] A.J. Foreyth and S.V. Mollov, "Modeling and control of Dc-Dc converters", IEEE Power Engineering Journal,
Vol. 12 no. 5, (1998), pp 229-236.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
D. Jayahar was born in Dharmapuri, India on July 27, 1973. He received the B.E degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering from P.S.G.College of Technology, Coimbatore, India, in
1995, and the M.E degree from College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, India, in
2007. Currently, he is pursuing PhD in the field of power electronics at the school of Electrical
Engineering Dept., J.N.T.U, Kakinada, India. His field of interest includes current controllers
design for ac-dc converters, modeling of power converters, matrix converter, high power factor
converters, multilevel converters, and Inverters. He has authored more than 8 papers published in
international and national conference proceedings and professional journals.
DR. R. Ranihemamalini was born in kumbakonam, India on January14th
, 1969. She received
the B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Alagappa Chettiar college of engg
& tech, karaikudi, India in 1990, and the M.E degree from Regional engg. college, Trichirapalli,
India, in 1997, and she received the Ph.D in the field of control engineering from Regional
engineering college Tiruchirappalli, India in 2003. Her field of interest includes converters, self
tuning PID controllers, Design of portable arc welding transformers, studies on two phase flow
through A pipe and control valve in series, and other instrumentation systems. .She has authored
more than 18 papers published in international and national conference proceedings and
professional journals, currently; she is working as proffessor in st. peter’s Engineering College.
DR. K. Rathnakannan was born in Tanjavur, India on May 17, 1974. He received the B.E
degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Madras University Chennai, India in 1997,
and the M.E degree from Annamalai University, India, in 1999, and He received the Ph.D in the
field of Single Electron technology from Anna University, Chennai, India in 2009. His field of
interest includes Nano scale electronics, Single electron technology, Nanotechnology,
ULSI/VLSI design.

Design and Implementation of Single Phase AC-DC Buck-Boost Converter for Power Factor Correction and Harmonic Elimination

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