Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentse

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 9, No. 2, April 2019, pp. 934~940
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v9i2.pp934-940  934
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different
environments
Inaam Abbas Hieder
Department of IT, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 12, 2018
Revised Oct 16, 2018
Accepted Dec 3, 2018
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the
track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate
estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either
leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have
been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is
the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in
cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a
variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss
models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in
urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s. The results of
the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and
suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas
respectively.
Keywords:
Free space propagation model
Okumura/hata model
Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Inaam Abbas Hieder,
Department of IT,
College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
Email: inaam62@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Path loss is the deterioration of the received power of electromagnetic signal when spread through
space. Path loss results in many effects such as path loss in free space, refraction, reflection, reflection,
and coupling. The loss depends on the path of several factors, such as propagation pattern, environments, and
the distance between the transmitter and receiver, height and location of antennas. Also, it may take the
signal from the transmitting antenna several paths (multiple paths) to reach the side of the future,
which increase or decrease the received signal level depending on the construction or destructive interference
multiple tracks waves [1]-[7].
The path loss is inevitable in assessing the quality of the network and its capabilities in terms of
effective and reliable for the growth of mobile communications coverage [2]. This paper focuses on the
results of the experimental and statistical analysis using the 150-1500 MHz hata model, which uses the most
widely used models in the network deployment planning. It is also very useful in conducting interference
studies during deployments. Many experiments have been conducted in the urban city and suburban to verify
the applicability of the appropriate path loss models in mobile communications. This research aims to
improve the quality of wireless service in urban and suburban areas.
Path loss models can be classified according to distance of the separation either as long-distance
predicted models for total cells or short-distance prediction models for small cells. Pico cells (cells that cover
part of a building and extend mainly from (30 to 100 meters) can be included in short-distance prediction
models. Internal forecasting models were introduced to estimate path loss in this case. Figure 1 shows a
schematic classification of path loss models. They began with the simplest model of loss of path on the line
of sight; also referred to as the free-space propagation model. In the free space propagation model, there are
no obstructions due to ground surface or other obstructions during propagation. Among these models is the

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environments (Inaam Abbas Hieder)
935
Okumura / Hata model, which is suitable for use in a variety of nonlinear environments (typical urban and
environmental environments, traditional and rural) [10].
Figure 1. Shows a schematic classification of path loss models
2. FREE SPACE PROPAGATION MODEL
At a given separation between a transmitter and receiver there is a loss in signal strength that is due
to the free space path loss. In addition to this there is some additional loss suffered by the signal if it
encounters any obstructions before reaching the receiver. The physical phenomena that primarily degrade the
signal are reflection, diffraction, and scattering. If the free space model assumes that there are no obstructions
in the signal path and that the signal travels in a single continuous medium, under these conditions an
equation can be derived for the received signal power at a given distance from the transmitter. This equation
is known as the first transmission formula [3], [4].
 
  Ld
GGP
dP trt
r 2
2
4


(1)
Where (Pr(d)) is the received power, (d) is the distance between R an T in meters, Pt is the transmitted
power, (Gt) and (Gr ) are the transmitter and receiver antenna gains, respectively (λ) is the wavelength in
meters, and (L) is a factor that is related to losses in the receive system.
The path loss of the system is the loss in signal strength from the transmitter to the receiver over a
certain distance, this can be represented by:
 
 dP
P
dP
r
t
L 
(2)
Which can be written as:
 




















tr
o
oL
GG
L
d
dP
2
10
4
log10


(3)
It is convenient to measure the lost at a reference distance (do). In order to calculate path loss at any
arbitrary distance, a ratio between the actual distance and reference distance is used as shown in
the following:
   
n
o
orr
d
d
dPdP 






(4)

 ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 2019 : 934 - 940
936
The path loss exponent, (n), in the above equation depended on the type of environment in which
the signal is propagating. For practical purpose the value of (n) must be found for specific environment
[5], [3], [6], [7]. Table 1 shows some measured value of (n) in different environment taken from [3].
Table 1. Path Loss Exponents for Different Environment
Environment Path Loss Exponents, n
Free Space 2
Urban Area Cellular Radio 2.7 – 3.5
Shadowed Urban Area Cellular Radio 3 – 5
In Building Line – Of-Sight 1.6 – 1.8
Obstructed In Building 4 – 6
Obstructed In Factories 2 - 3
3. HATA MODEL
The model that formulated the Okumura‟s observations into a simple mathematical model of
frequency, antenna heights and pathloss exponent and (d) is the distance. Hata divided the prediction area
into two set of terrain categories, suburban and urban area [7].
The Hata model is a widely used median path loss empirical model and suitable for frequency range
of 150-1500 MHz for distance from 1 km to 20 km. It specifies the Base Station antenna height to be from
30m and Mobile Station height from 3m and room for correction factors addition. The Equations 5-8
represent the urban, suburban and open area Pathloss Equations [8]. Table 2 show the range of parameters for
which okumura/Hata model
3.1. Hata model for urban area
In wireless s communication, the Hata model for urban areas, also known as the Hata model for
being a developed version of the Okumura model, is the most widely used radio frequency propagation
model for predicting the behavior of cellular transmissions in built up areas. This model incorporates the
graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to realize the effects of diffraction,
reflection and scattering caused by city structures. This model also has two more varieties for transmission in
suburban areas and open areas. Hata model predicts the total path loss along a link of terrestrial microwave or
other type of cellular communications [9]. The Hata model for urban areas is formulated as following:
Lu = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 f- 13.82 log10hB- CH+ [44.9 - 6.55 log10 hB] log10 d (5)
For small or medium sized city:
CH = 0.8 + (1.1 log1 0 f - 0 . 7 ) hM - 1.56 l o g 1 0 f (6)
For large cities:
CH = 8.29 (log10 (1.54 hM)) 2 - 1.1, if 150 ≤ f ≤ 200
CH = 3.2 (log10 (11.75 hM)) 2 - 4.97, if 200 < f ≤ 1500 (7)
Where:
Lu = Path loss in urban areas: decibel (dB)
hB = Height of base station antenna: meter (m)
hM = Height of mobile station antenna : meter (m)
f = Frequency of transmission: Megahertz (MHz).
CH = Antenna height correction f a c t o r
d = Distance between the base and mobile stations: kilometer (km)
3.2. HATA model for suburban area
The Hata model for suburban environments is applicable to the transmissions just out of the cities
and on rural areas where man-made structures are there but not so high and dense as in the cities. To be more
precise, this model is suitable where buildings exist, but the mobile station does not have a significant
variation of its height.

937
It is formulated as [9]:
(8)
Where:
LSU = Path loss in suburban areas: decibel (dB)
LU = Average path loss from the small city version of the model: decibel (dB)
f = Frequency of transmission t: megahertz (MHz).
Table 2. The Range of Parameters for Which Okumura/Hata model
Minimum value Maximum value
Carrier frequency fc (MHz) 150 1500
Base station height hb (m) 30 200
Mobile station height hm (m) 1 10
distance d (Km) 1 20
4. SIMULATION METHOD
The program is used to simulate the receipt of paper MATLAB, data is entered in the program and
stored in the file, and information such as antenna height (base station( and antenna (mobile station),
the distance, the power of the transmitter, when you run the simulation in the frequency bands (150-1500)
MHz frequency is used in each Free Space Loss and model Hata mentioned frequency, it is considered two
types of terrain, urban, suburban and loss account in the transfer of power.
5. PERFORMANCE WITH FREE SPACE LOSS
The performance of free space path loss has been measured using Equation 1. It is drawn with the
distance in (Km) as shown in Figure 2. It is clear from this figure that as the distance increases the receiver
power dB increases too. This figure considers different values of transmitter power (Pt=3, 5, and 7) W and
base station antenna height (30-200) m.
Figure 3 loss Receiver power in the free space model depends on the HB (50,100.150) m and d. In
this figure that as the distance and base station antenna height increases (50,100,150) m the receiver power
dB increases too.
Figure 4 loss Receiver power dB in the free space model depends on the HB (100m) and Pt
(3, 5, and 7) W. In this figure that as the distance and transmitter power the receiver power dB increases too.
Figure 5 loss Mobile antenna height dB depends on frequency (500, 1000, and 1500) MHz and
distains (10, 15, and 20) km. In this figure that as the frequency and distance the loss mobile antenna height
dB (loss Receiver power dB )increases too.
Figure 2. Loss receiver power depends Pt and d
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-550
-500
-450
-400
-350
-300
DistanceKm
Reciverpower(db)
Pt=3w
Pt1=5w
Pt2=7w

 ISSN: 2088-8708
938
Figure 3. Loss receiver power in the free space model depends HB and d
Figure 4. Loss receiver power dB depends on the HB (100m) and Pt
Figure 5. Loss mobile antenna height dB depends on frequency and d

939
Figure 6 shows on mobile station antenna height (Hm=1- 10) m and power transmitted (5W).
It shows the effect of the mobile station antenna height (Hm) with aspect receiver power. In this figure that as
the mobile station antenna height and power transmitted watt increases the loss Receiver power dB decrease
too.
Figure 6. Loss receiver power dB depends Hm and Pt
6. PERFORMANCE LOSS HATA MODEL
Figure 7 and Figure 8 represent the results of estimating path loss using a model in Hata two
different areas, namely the urban area and the suburb area and estimated results measured at a frequency of
(150 -500-1500) MHz.
Figure 7. Hata model for loss in urban frequency and distance
Finger (7) path loss using Hata model the urban area when increases frequency MHz and distance
Km the loss Receiver power dB increases too.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-550
-540
-530
-520
-510
-500
-490
-480
-470
-460
-450
Hm
Reciverpower(dB)

 ISSN: 2088-8708
940
Finger (8) path loss using Hata model the suburban area when increases frequency MHz and
distance Km the loss Receiver power dB increases too. In the urban areas, the rise of the antenna height of
the transmitters and receivers and the frequency of the transmitter. For the purpose of obtaining the best
signal at the Receiver and decrease loss Receiver power dB.
Figure 8. Hata model for loss in Suburban frequency and distance
7. CONCLUSIONS
This research, are where compared to the path loss models using different height antenna transmitter
and change the power transmitter, distance, frequency and impact on the energy received. Comparison of
path loss between urban and suburban frequency transmitter (150-1500) MHz Using the Hata model, the best
fit for the suburban area.
In the urban areas, the rise of the antenna height of the transmitters and receivers and the frequency
of the transmitter. For the purpose of obtaining the best signal at the Receiver and decrease loss Receiver
power dB.
REFERENCES
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propagation for South-south region of Nigeria,” International Journal of computer Theory and Engineering 3:
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[2] Nwalozie Gerald C, Ufoaroh SU, Ezeagwu CO, “Ejiofor AC (2014) Path loss on Prediction for GSM Mobile
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computing 3:267-281.
[3] T. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice,” 2nd ed., Printice-Hall Inc., 2002.
[4] J. Yun, “A Daptive Resource Allocation for D-TDD Systems in Wireless Multimedia Networks,” Ph. D. Thesis,
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[5] K. Wesolowski, “Mobile Communication System,” University of Technology, Poland, 2002.
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services system,” MSc. Thesis, University of Institate, 1998.
[7] Nnamani Kelvin N., and Alumona TL, “Path Loss Prediction of Wireless Mobile Communication for Urban Areas
of Imo State, South-East Region of Nigeria at 910 MHz,” Sensor Network Data Commination 2015, 4:1.
[8] Gupta V., Sharma, S. C. and Bansal, M. C. (2009), “Fringe Area Path Loss Correction Factor for Wireless
Communication,” International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 2.
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_model.
[10] Ibrahim Mohamed, “Path-Loss Estimation for Wireless Cellular Networks Using Okumura/Hata Model,” Science
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