Complementary And Alternative Therapies
- 1. Complementary and Alternative Therapies
- 2. Complementary and Alternative Therapies Many people in the United States are using complementary and alternative therapies (CAT) to promote health and assist with healing from illness
- 3. Nurses should be knowledgeable about CAT primarily for three reasons. First, patients, families, physicians, and institutions are increasingly expecting practicing nurses to be knowledgeable about CAT.
- 4. Second, many nurses are expanding their clinical practice by incorporating CAT Finally, although CAT may seem totally safe, there are some potentially harmful situations. For example, certain herbs may interact with each other or with pharmaceutical agents, causing potentially negative effects
- 5. Introduction to Complementary and Alternative Therapies Allopathic Medicine (or biomedicine) has been dominant for about 100 years Allopathic medical care is particularly effective when aggressive treatment is needed in emergency or acute situations.
- 6. Introduction to Complementary and Alternative Therapies Allopathic medical care has not been very effective in dealing with chronic illness Increasingly, CAT are being used as an “answer” to the problem of chronic illness.
- 7. Many CAT are based on a theory and philosophy of holism upon which holistic nursing also is based. Many practitioners and consumers of healthcare choose to combine allopathic modalities and CAT using an integrative approach.
- 8. Holism is a theory and philosophy that focuses on connections and interactions between parts of the whole.
- 9. Holism Using a holistic perspective, all living organisms, including humans, are continuously connecting and interacting with their environment. This continual interaction and change means that the body is not the sum of its parts (as in reductionism), but that it is a unified, dynamic whole.
- 10. Holism A holistic philosophy underlies many CAT A change in any part of the organism will be reflected in other parts Holistic nursing is nursing practice built on a holistic philosophy Holistic nurses frequently add CATs to their practice
- 11. Integrative Care Uses some combination of allopathic medicine and CAT
- 12. CAT and Nursing CAT consists of a large variety of therapies that are based on a set of beliefs different from those of allopathic medicine
- 13. Some of these modalities have developed fairly recently (, guided imagery), While others have been used for thousands of years as components of ancient healing systems ( Ayurveda or traditional Chinese medicine).
- 14. Some therapies can be used effectively without assistance (eg, nutritional approaches), while others (eg, naturopathy) are more effective when used with guidance from practitioners who have particular knowledge and expertise.
- 15. Nurses need to have knowledge of this area for at least two reasons. Many patients use these types of therapies as outpatients and want to continue their use as much as possible when they become inpatients
- 16. Second, it is not uncommon for individuals to retain ethnic healthcare practices although they reside in the United States
- 17. Many people also use CAT for stress management Stress reductionTechniques such as relaxation with focused breathing, meditation, imagery, biofeedback, and massage are used in all stages of health and illness to promote healing and/or manage symptoms.
- 18. Because stress can contribute to illness, CAT can sometimes be effective in reducing symptoms and enhancing quality of life, and nurses can assist clients with these therapies
- 19. Prevalence of CAT The 2002 survey found that 36% of adults used some type of CAT in the 12 months before the survey. When megavitamin therapy and prayer specifically for health reasons were included in the definition of CAT, that number rose to 62%.
- 20. Prevalence of CAT Women than men People with higher educational levels People who have been hospitalized in the past year Former smokers, compared with current smokers or those who have never smoked
- 21. CAT Categories Whole medical systems, Mind–body therapies, Energy medicine, Biologically based practices, Manipulative and body-based practices.
- 22. Whole Medical Systems A whole medical system (or alternative medical system) consists of a philosophy and theory about health and illness along with specific types of treatment. These systems have developed independently from allopathic medicine and are generally culturally based. systems.
- 23. Examples of whole medical systems Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese medicine, Shamanism (which includes native traditions) Homeopathy Naturopathy Chiropractic medicine .
- 24. Ayurveda It is a science of life that delineates the diet, medicines, and behaviors that are beneficial or harmful for life. Ayurveda considers that balance among people, the environment, and the larger cosmos is integral to human health”
- 25. Ayurveda Central to Ayurvedic medicine is understanding the patient's basic constitution, or DOSHA Many treatment modalities are specific for each dosha and may include nutrition, exercise, herbs, breathing, meditation, massage, aromatherapy, and purification.
- 26. Yoga Yoga “has been practiced for thousands of years in India, Where it is a way of life that includes ethical models for behavior and mental and physical exercises aimed at producing spiritual enlightenment”
- 27. Nursing Considerations Some may have special dietary (eg, vegetarian) needs, some may need time set aside for self-care such as meditation, and some may desire to continue taking an herbal/supplement. All precautions related to herbal and pharmaceutical interactions should be followed with Ayurvedic herbal preparations .
- 28. Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM as a healing system is thousands of years old. A principle of TCM is that the interaction of people with their environment is most significant in creating health The concept most central to TCM is or chi (pronounced ), which is translated as energy. Qi represents an invisible flow of energy that circulates through plants, animals, and people as well as the earth and sky. .
- 29. YIN and YANG Qi is further viewed as either yin or yang energy. Opposites and complementary, Health is present when they are in balance in a person and his or her total environment. An imbalance of yin and yang is considered to be the cause of illness ( Table 28-4 ).
- 30. Acupuncture Qi is believed to flow vertically in the body through an intricate structure of 72 energy circuits that nourish and support all cells and organs of the body Acupuncture consists of placing very thin, short, sterile needles at particular acupoints, believed to be centers of nerve and vascular tissue, along a meridian
- 31. Acupuncture Acupuncture is used for a variety of reasons, including reducing pain, promoting adherence to substance abuse programs, and minimizing nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy and pregnancy. Licensed acupuncturists have graduated from an accredited acupuncture school after significant college-level coursework and passed a licensure examination.
- 32. Shamanism In shamanism, illness and other forms of distress are thought to originate in the spirit world. The shaman or medicine man/ woman possesses the ability to access the spirit world, which is done on behalf of individuals or the community, and return to “ordinary reality” with information on the proper treatment.
- 33. Some Native American beliefs Healing takes time, and time contributes to healing. The distractions of modern life interfere with potential healing agents. Modern culture encourages us to maintain a low level of emotional awareness. Ceremony is important to receive guidance and assistance from the spiritual dimension
- 34. Homeopathy Homeopathy is based on the belief of supporting the body while the symptoms are allowed to “run their course.” Homeopaths believe that this process stimulates and strengthens the immune system and promotes healing
- 35. Homeopathy Homeopathic practice is based on two fundamental laws. The Law of Similars states that a natural substance that produces a given symptom in a healthy person will cure it in a sick person. The Law of Infinitesimals states that the smallest dose possible will have the desired effect.
- 36. Naturopathy is not only a system of medicine but also a way of life Emphasis on client responsibility, client education, health maintenance, and disease prevention. It may be the model health system of the future with the movement toward healthy lifestyles, healthy diets, and preventive health care”
- 37. Naturopathy Naturopaths believe that health is a dynamic state of being that provides abundant energy for people to deal with life in our complex society. Much of illness can be attributed, at least in part, to ignoring “natural laws,” such as engaging in a sedentary lifestyle without adequate time for exercise; exposing oneself to environmental toxins; eating processed, overcooked foods; engaging in negativity or harboring negative thoughts; and not getting adequate rest or relaxation.
- 38. Naturopathy Therapies strive to support the self-healing mechanism of the body. Naturopaths employ an eclectic group of modalities, including acupuncture, clinical nutrition, herbal medicine, hydrotherapy (therapeutic use of water), osteopathy (massage and manipulation), and TCM.
- 39. Chiropractic Medicine Investigates the relationship between the structure (the spine) and function (mainly the nervous system) of the human body to restore and preserve health.
- 40. Chiropractic Medicine The underlying principle is that the functions of the body are controlled by the nervous system, mainly 31 pairs of spinal nerves that feed all organs of the body after branching off the spinal column. The nervous system problem is sometimes caused by a subluxation,. By adjusting the spine the joint is brought into proper alignment and the pressure on the nerve is released.
- 41. Mind–Body Modalities Relaxation The ultimate goal is to increase the parasympathetic system influence in the mind–body and thus reduce the effect of stress and stress-related illness on the body. several relaxation techniques, including autogenic training, biofeedback, body scanning, hypnosis, meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation
- 42. Relaxation techniques Autogenic training, Biofeedback, Body scanning, Hypnosis, Meditation, Progressive Muscle Relaxation
- 43. Guided Imagery Imagery involves using all five senses to imagine an event or body process unfolding according to a plan. When all senses are involved in the experience, the imaginary situation is more fully encoded in the body and more likely to take place. A relaxation technique is frequently used to prepare the mind and body before beginning an imagery session.
- 44. Nursing Considerations . Nurses can work with patients using “outcome imagery,” which might consist of using a picture or photograph to visualize the desired outcome in a body part or in a situation. During a painful or stressful event, such as an intravenous line being started, the patient can “go to a favorite place” and imagine being there with all the pleasant experiences related to that space.
- 45. Humor Therapy After watching 10 minutes of Marx Brothers (comedians) tapes and “belly-laughing,” Sedimentation rates (a measure of inflammation in the body) decreased by at least five points permanently More recent research) found that improved immune response was correlated with experiences of “mirthful laughter.”
- 46. Aromatherapy Use of essential oils of plants to treat symptoms Commonly used essential oils in a healthcare setting are ginger or peppermint for nausea and lavender or chamomile for insomnia
- 47. Energy Medicine Modalities All organisms are dependent on a subtle vital force that creates order in the system This life force feeds and nourishes the organism and is carried via two energetic structures that interact with each other: chakras and the etheric body.
- 48. Energy Medicine Modalities Chakras are concentrated areas of energy aligned vertically in the body that relate to each other as well as to specific areas of the body, mind, and spirit The etheric body () consists of at least seven layers of energy that surround the body and relate to the chakras
- 49. Energy Medicine Modalities Energy therapies used for healing are based on the belief that they can affect this primary life force and thus contribute to physiologic healing.
- 50. Energy Therapies Therapeutic Touch Healing Touch Sound Healing
- 51. Biologically Based Practices Botanical agents (herbs) and nutritional supplements are chemical compounds that are ingested with the hope of achieving a therapeutic goal. They are becoming increasingly popular with consumers, who can buy many of these preparations over the counter or from company distributors.
- 52. Biologically Based Practices Some consumers and practitioners are attracted to herbs because they are “natural” plant products, which are perceived as more compatible with the body than manufactured pharmaceutical agents
- 53. Biologically Based Practices Echinacea and goldenseal (separately or in combination) are frequently used for respiratory infections Ginkgo biloba is frequently used to dilate cerebral blood vessels and reduce symptoms of memory loss and mental confusion.
- 54. Nursing Considerations Some herbs and/or supplements may interact with prescribed medications patients are taking. Ginkgo biloba, the most widely sold herb in Europe and used by many to improve memory, affects platelet function and thus should not be used concurrently with warfarin
- 55. Manipulative and Body-Based Practices This group of therapies includes therapeutic massage as well as a variety of techniques such as Rolfing, shiatsu, Feldenkrais, Alexander, myofascial release, and others. The goal is to break up tension held in body structures, promote communication between mind–body structures, promote detoxification, and generally improve body functioning