Completing an Analogy It basically means ‘resemblance of one object to another in certain aspects
- 1. E N G L I S H 7 COMPLETING AN ANALOGY
- 2. ANALOGY • It basically means ‘resemblance of one object to another in certain aspects. • It is a way of stating a comparative relationship between two sets of terms. • Analogy is established, when the two pairs on both the sides of the sign (::) bear the same relationship.
- 3. EXAMPLE • kitten : cat :: puppy : dog -Kitten is to cat as puppy is to dog. ( : ) can be read as ‘is to’ ( :: ) can be read as ‘as’
- 5. 1. PART TO WHOLE • Perhaps this is the most common kind of analogy because many analogy examples fit into this category. These are relationships between things that compare two sets of objects, both of which are part and whole pairs. • Example: battery : flashlight : : hard drive : computer Branch : tree :: arm : man
- 6. 2. CAUSE TO EFFECT • Cause to effect analogies explore the similarities between events that cause a variety of effects. They can be helpful for allowing people to understand relationships between events. • Example: drought : wildfire : : infection : disease Earthquake : tsunami :: cavity : toothache
- 7. 3. SOURCE TO PRODUCT • Analogies that compare sources and products can be a good way to explain the provenance of various day-to-day objects. This kind of analogy can be particularly useful for explaining production methods to children. • Example: Bees : honey : : wood : pencil Orange : orange juice :: cocoa beans : chocolate
- 8. 4. OBJECT TO PURPOSE • This is similar to a cause-and-effect analogy or a source to product analogy, meaning that it is about instrumental action. The first word in each half of the analogy is an object, followed by what that object is most commonly used for. • Example: book : reading : : racket : playing tennis pencil : writing :: scissor : cutting
- 9. 5. CHARACTERISTIC (CATEGORY) • Some common analogies are about characteristics. The first word in each half of the analogy provides a characteristic, while the second word provides the thing that has that characteristic. It is possible to get quite creative with this kind of analogy. • Example: Tropical : hot :: polar : cold Sky : blue :: grass : green
- 10. 6. GENERAL TO SPECIFIC • One way to express analogy relationships is to focus on things that go from general to specific. This is similar to the reverse of a part to a whole analogy. • Example: Fish : catfish :: bird : eagle Fruits : apple :: vegetables : squash
- 11. 7. USER TO TOOL • In many cases, people who use particular tools have specific titles. This can provide the basis for a user to tool analogy. • Example: doctor : stethoscope : : camera operator : camera carpenter : hammer :: surgeon : scalpel
- 12. 8. SEQUENCES • Some logic and intelligence tests include analogy tests to see if people can understand sequential relationships between concepts. • Example: A : B : : 1 : 2 Infant : child :: adolescent : adult
- 13. 9. SYNONYMS • Analogies can also be created out of pairs of synonyms. This can help show the relationship between the two pairs of words and explain that they are comparable. • Example: happy : joyful : : angry : furious start : begin :: raise : lift
- 14. 10. ANTONYMS • Just like two pairs of synonyms can create analogy, so can two pairs of antonyms. This shows that two pairs of things are functionally opposites. • Example: Up : down :: left : right Fast : slow :: far : near
- 15. THANKYOU FOR LISTENING! HOPE YOU LEARN SOMETHING!