COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS AND CONTRAST OF MEANING
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This document discusses componential analysis, a process for breaking down the meaning of words into minimal components. It provides examples analyzing the words "man", "woman", "boy", and "girl" based on the components of "+HUMAN", "+ADULT", and "-MALE". There are also discussions of different types of meaning relations between words like synonyms and antonyms, as well as a notation system called "Signese" to represent word meanings unambiguously. The document concludes by justifying componential analysis and discussing different types of oppositions in meaning.
COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS AND CONTRAST OF MEANING
- 1. COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS AND CONTRAST OF MEANING By : DIAN PERANDHA WULANDARI WISELINA NAZARA
- 2. COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS LINGUISTICS TERMS WORD MEANING Combinations of the features
- 3. COMPONENTS OF MEANING A process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components. such as : The words of man, woman, boy, girl, etc. ‘Male’ ‘Female’ Adult Young ‘Man’ ‘Woman’ ‘Boy’ ‘Girl’ ‘Human’
- 4. To make it clear there are some ways to represent component of meaning like HUMAN and ADULT, the it can be expressed by combinations of these features with this formulae. Leech (1974:90) states : Man : +HUMAN + HUMAN +MALE Woman : +HUMAN + ADULT -MALE Boy : +HUMAN - ADULT +MALE Girl : +HUMAN - ADULT -MALE
- 5. MEANING RELATIONS 1. Synonym word of same meaning 2. Antonym word of opposite meaning
- 6. WOMAN Incompatible with that of a child because of the clash between +ADULT and -ADULT : Women : +HUMAN +ADULT -MALE CHILD : +HUMAN -ADULT (OMALE)
- 7. as in : ‘woman’ is hyponymous to ’grow up’ the two features making up definition ‘grow-up’ (+HUMAN +ADULT) are both present in definition ‘woman’ : +HUMAN + ADULT –MALE. ‘woman’ is also hyponymous to ‘female’ and ‘ human being’,. Other meanings incompatible with ‘woman’are ‘man’, ‘boy’, girl, cow, not to speak of more remotely contrasted meanings such as ‘tree’ or ‘screwdriver’. Another relationship of meaning it is useful to distinguish is ‘ meaning inclusion’ or hyponymy.
- 8. PolysemySynonym hyponymy : the inclusion of the meaning is another incompatibilty : the exclusion of one meaning from another. 4 componential relationships that separated into 2 pairs: Synonym and polysemy -> relation between form and meaning Hyponymy and incompatibility relations between two meaning
- 9. THE SEMANTIC NOTATION : ‘ SIGNESE’ Signese is : formal language such as (languages of mathematics and formal logic). UNAMBIGOUS has just have one meaning ARBITRARY consitent and does not lead to ambiguity
- 10. For example in English and Portuguese used l like this for : male,adult, human English macho, adulto humano Portuguese
- 11. JUSTIFYING A COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS By following out its logical consequences in term of basic statements implies giving a certain priority to sentence meaning over word-meaning. ‘ Example : The secretary is a woman’ entails ‘ the secretary is an adult’. ‘ I met two boys’ entails ‘ i met two children’.
- 12. Taxonomic Oppositions Indicating an arrangement of categories ‘alive’ (+LIVE) ‘dead’ (-LIVE)
- 13. Oppositions which involve more than two terms
- 14. Polar oppositions This term can have two poles or extremes
- 15. Relative oppositions Involves a contrast of direction
- 16. Other types of oppositions Hierarchic oppositions Inverse oppositions
- 18. Inverse oppositions The most important inverse opposition is quantification all/some possible/necessary allow/compel be willing/insist still/already.
- 19. Thank you