Composite Construction Method for Engineering and Architecture
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Composite construction uses two materials together to utilize each material's strengths. It examines problems with steel-concrete beams, including concrete placement order and deflection monitoring. New approaches include beam-column systems and air ducts in box girders. Other composites include timber-concrete slabs and steel-timber trusses. Composite construction is beneficial because concrete resists compression well and steel resists tension well. Joining them results in an efficient, lightweight design with construction speed benefits. It allows for reduced floor depths and foundation sizes. The benefits of composite construction include speed, performance, and value. Steel erection is fast and prefabricated decks provide stiffness when concrete cures. Concrete also protects
Composite Construction Method for Engineering and Architecture
- 2. Composite Construction Composite construction provides a method of using two materials together so as to utilize each material to its best advantage. Some of the construction problems associated with the normal steel- concrete composite beams are examined, including the placing sequence of deck concrete and the monitoring of deflections to insure proper slab thickness. New approaches to steel-concrete composite construction include a beam and column system and a box girder utilizing the void space as an air conditioning duct. Other types of composite construction are mentioned, including the timber-concrete slab bridge, a timber-steel composite truss utilizing high-strength bridge strand as the lower chord, a wood-steel open web joist which provides nailable chords, and light gage metal decking with a concrete slab.
- 3. WHY COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION IS GOOD? The reason why composite construction is often so good can be expressed in one simple way - concrete is good in compression and steel is good in tension. By joining the two materials together structurally these strengths can be exploited to result in a highly efficient and lightweight design. The reduced self weight of composite elements has a knock-on effect by reducing the forces in those elements supporting them, including the foundations. Composite systems also offer benefits in terms of speed of construction. The floor depth reductions that can be achieved using composite construction can also provide significant benefits in terms of the costs of services and the building envelope.
- 4. Benefits of Composite Construction The benefits of composite construction include speed of construction, performance and value. Steel framing for a structure can be erected quickly and the pre-fabricated steel floor decks can be put in place immediately. When cured, the concrete provides additional stiffness to the structure. Additionally, the concrete encasement protects the steel from buckling, corrosion and fire. Service integration within the channels on the composite decks is another advantage to composite construction. Building quality standards can be adhered to easily by the use of pre-fabricated decks. Excessive deflections can be controlled by cambering the beams or by shoring the metal decks to limit deflection when concrete is poured.
- 5. The Principle of Composite Action The principle of Composite Action underpins the use of composite materials in construction. It relates to the interaction of two or more separate elements acting together and contributing together rather than separately. By physically connecting them, the strength of the beams and the resistance to bending, shear and torsion are significantly increased.
- 6. Types of Composite Slabs The most common composite slab consists of the profiled steel decking and concrete cast in-situ. Once cured the concrete and decking act compositely Pre-cast concrete slabs can also be used to form a composite floor deck system. The slabs must be designed specifically so that they can interact with the beam system in place. The composite action in this case can be achieved by welded shear studs and transverse reinforcement across the floor deck. By utilising pre-cast concrete decks, hollow core slabs can be used. These can reduce the weight of the whole building whilst offering similar performance to solid slabs. Pre-Cast slabs are usually covered by a layer of concrete after installation to produce a more finished and aesthetic result.
- 7. Examples of Hollow-Core Slabs The final type of composite floor slab is the Slim Floor. This consists of the supporting steel beam being encased in the concrete with the lower flange of the beam supporting the floor. Diagrams depicting the various composite slab types in use today are shown below.
- 8. Composite Beams A composite beam can be structurally described as a T-Beam, with the top flange composed of concrete in compression and the steel section in tension. Forces between the two materials are transferred by shear connectors. The principle of composite action with regards to beams leads to increased strength and stiffness of the system whilst using a smaller steel section.
- 9. Shear Connectors Shear connectors are an essential element of composite construction if it is to perform adequately. The main purpose of the shear connector is to provide longitudinal shear resistance between the materials so that they act compositely and to facilitate the interaction between the different materials and to allow them to act as one. (MCRMA, 2003) The shear connection between steel beams and concrete slabs is typically achieved by headed steel studs, welded to the top flange of the steel beam and subsequently encased in concrete. The performance of the studs depends on their dimensions and the spacing along the flange of the beam. Near supports, where the shear forces are greatest, the spacing is reduced. Shear studs can be welded through steel decking.
- 10. Types of Shear Connectors Headed Studs The most common form of connecting materials compositely is with the use of headed shear studs. The behaviour of headed studs does not vary significantly when concrete properties are changed. Resistance to shear depends on the number of studs used and performance is less that that achieved by more modern shear connectors such as the Perfobondstrip or a welded T-Section. (Zingoni, 2001) The advantages of stud connectors is that the welding process is quick and simple, the placement of the studs does not interfere with the placement of reinforcement within the slab and they provide uniform resistance to shear in all directions normal to the axis of the stud. (Johnson, 2004)
- 11. Oscillating Perfobondstrip The curved form of an oscillating perfobondstrip provides better force transfer between steel and concrete than a continuous strip. The load capacity of this connector is larger than a headed stud or welded T-Section. This form of connector is most suited to light weight concrete or high strength normal weight concrete. Problems with this form of connection are difficulties in welding the section to the steel beam. (Zingoni, 2001)
- 12. T-RIB CONNECTOR Welded T-Section connectors perform very well in comparison to headed studs and achieve the same load resistance as oscillating perfobondstrip. Load capacity increases when Light Weight Concrete or high strength concrete is used.
- 13. WAVEFORM STRIPS The objective of the curved form is to improve the transfer of force between the steel and the surrounding concrete as opposed to a straight connector.
- 14. T-CONNECTORS This connector is a section of a standard T-section welded to the H or I section with two fillet welds (Figure 7).T-connectors evolved from the observation by Oguejiofor (1997) that a large part of the bearing capacity of a perfobond strip was the result of the direct bearing of the concrete at the front end of the (discontinuous) perfobond strip.
- 15. CHANNEL CONNECTOR Channel connectors might not need inspection procedures, such as bending test of headed studs, due to strength of most specimens is lower than their monotonic strength by about 10 to 23%.
- 16. End of Presentation Group 1 - Mimi Alguidano