"Comprehensive Approaches to Research: Methods, Strategies, and Applications for Advancing Knowledge and Solving Complex Problems Across Various Disciplines"

RESEARCH
Systematic investigative process of
collecting and analyzing information to
increase our understanding of the
phenomenon under study.
Search for knowledge, with an open mind, to
establish novel facts, solve new or existing
problems, prove new ideas, or develop new
theories using scientific method.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
1. Systematic
- there are correct steps or procedures
to be followed
2. Objective
-based on real facts and information
and not on personal opinions or
speculations

3. Comprehensive
- there is a need to examine and analyze
all aspects before making a
generalization or conclusion
4. Critical
-procedures employed must be able
to withstand detailed scrutiny by other
researchers

5. Valid
- Conclusions must be based on actual
findings
6. Empirical
-Conclusions must be drawn from hard
evidence gathered from information
collected from real life experiences or
observations

TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. According to the kind of researcher:
 ACADEMIC RESEARCH
-one conducted by an individual in
fulfilling the requirements for the conferment
of an academic title or degree
 RESEARCH PROJECT
-undertaken by an individual as part of
his professional work

2. ACCORDING TO USE OR APPLICATION OF RESEARCH:
 PURE/THEORETICAL RESEARCH
-done for the purpose of formulating a theory,
principle or law with no intended application of
results
 APPLIED/PRACTICAL
-an inquiry to test or evaluate a theory or
knowledge with practical goal in mind such as
immediate solution to a problem

3.ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1.Predictive or Prognostic Research–has the purpose of
determining the future operation of the variables under
investigation with the aim of Controlling or redirecting
such for the better
2.Directive Research –determines what should be done
based on the findings this is to remedy an unsatisfactory
condition, if there is any.
3.Illuminative Research –is concerned with the
interaction of the components of the variable being
investigated, as for example, “interaction of the
components of educational systems and aims to show the
connections among, for example, students’ characteristics,
organizational pattern and policies, and educational
consequences

4. ACCORDING TO GOAL
1.Basic or Pure Research
–is done for the development of theories
and Principles.
2.Applied Research
–is the application of the results of pure
search. This is testing the efficacy of theories and
principles. Aims to test theories and concepts
developed for verification, application,
development and support and their relationship to
the existing fund of knowledge

5.ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF INVESTIGATION
1.Exploratory Research
–the researcher studies the variables pertinent
to a specific situation.
2.Descriptive Research
–the researcher studies the relationships of
the variables.
3.ExperimentalResearch
–the experiment studies the effects of the
variables on each other.

6. ACCORDING TO TIME ELEMENT
1. Historical Research
-describes what was.
-describes what is.
3.Experimental Research
-describes what will be.

7. ACCORDING TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OR DESIGN:
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
- seeks to describe a situation, problem or
phenomenon:
What is the status of...?
What is the nature of...?
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- studies the cause-and-effect relationships;
What will happen if...?
What happens next after...?

HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- attempts to explain an incident that
happened in the past with the use of
data taken from the past;
What events took place in ____?

8. ACCORDING TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
1. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
- seeks to find relationships between two or
more variables or factors
2. EVALUATION RESEARCH – seeks to
determine the effects of a social program or
other types of interventions and considers the
implementation and outcomes of social
policies and programs;

3. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
- seeks to identify causes and effects of social
phenomena, to predict how one phenomenon will
change or vary in response to variation in some
other phenomenon
4. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
– undertaken when there is little or no known
facts about the subject matter
- examples are feasibility study or pilot study

9. ACCORDING TO METHOD OF DATAANALYSIS:
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
-data subjected to analysis are in the
form of numbers from precise measurements;
data are analyzed using statistical measurement
Example:
• Descriptive . Survey Research
• Correlation . Quasi-Experimental
• Experimental

-describes what is.
2. Correlation
- extent of relationship
3.Experimental Research
-describes what will be.
- known as “True Experimentation”
- manipulation of Independent
variables to determine its effect on the
dependent variables

4. Survey Research
- most popular common method to gather data.
- can aske multiple questions to a wide population
Methods:
Cross-Sectional Survey
Longitudinal Survey
Census

Cross sectional is a survey in which data are
collected at one point in time from a
predetermined population.
Census is when an entire population is
susveyed.
Longitudinal survey is when the data are
obtained on the same individuals two or
more times during a period of time.

4. Survey Research
- most popular common method to gather data.
- can aske multiple questions to a wide population
Methods:
Cross-Sectional Survey
Longitudinal Survey
Census
5. Quasi Experimental Research
-also known as “Causal –comparative Research
- like “True Experimentation” however involves
subjects being assigned to groups based on non-random
criteria.
- non manipulation of Independent variable

Advantages Quantitative Research
1.Scientific- large amount of data is gathered
and analyzed statistically
2.Control-Sensitive – the researcher has more
control over how the data is gathered
3.Objective – less biased.
4.Fast
5.Focused – the design of the study is
determined before it begins.

6. Repeatable
7.Simple Analytical Methods –data are in
the forms of numbers and statistics,
arranged in tables, charts etc
8.Generalizable –can generalize concepts
9.Relatable –aims to make prediction,
establish facts and test hypotheses
10.Acceptability – has higher credibility

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- data analysis is done by using
descriptive words
Examples are:
1. Phenomenological studies
2. Ethnographic Studies
3. Grounded Theory Studies
4. Historical Studies
5. Participant Observation
6. Case Study
7. Action Research Studies

Types of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenal
= examine human experiences through the
descriptions that are provided by the people
involved.
2.Ethnographic
=aims to provide a holistic view
of the problem. Data are gathered
through observation, interview and
participation
- “Learning from

3. Grounded Theory Studies
=data are collected and analyzed, and then
a theory is developed that is grounded in the
data. A process called constant comparison is
used, in which data are constantly compared to
data that have already been gathered. Pertinent
concepts are identified and assigned codes.
4. Historical
=systematic and critical inquiry of the
whole truth of past events using the critical
method in the understanding and the
interpretation of facts, which are applicable to
current issues and problems.

= Participatory action research (PAR) is a
special kind of action research in which there is
collaboration between the study participants
and the researcher in all steps of the study.
6.Case Study
=intensive investigation of a particular
individual, institution, community or any
group considered as a unit which includes the
development, adjustment, remedial, or
corrective procedures that suitably follow
diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment or of
favorable development.

Types of Case Study:
Social history is more on church membership,
attendance and involvement.
Psychological History deals on personality traits.
Economic history deals on economic status
whether low, average, or high.
Family history deals more on abnormalities
among ancestors, parents, and siblings.

7. Action Research Studies
= Action research is a type of
qualitative research that seeks action to
improve practice and study the effects of
the action that was taken.

Advantages Qualitative Research
1.Flexibility
2.Curious and Open-minded
3.Collaborative – researcher-participant
effort
4.Subjectivity – seeks to understand
human behavior and reasons that govern
that behavior
5.Holistic – painting a larger picture, on
different perspectives

Question:
Case study is an extensive and intensive
investigation of a unit represented. As a
researcher, what kind of information you are
needing if you deal on personality traits like
mental ability, emotional patters, and the like?
a. Social history
b. Psychological history
c. Economic history
d. Family history

Social history is more on church membership,
attendance and involvement.
Psychological History deals on personality traits.
Economic history deals on economic status
whether low, average, or high.
Family history deals more on abnormalities
among ancestors, parents, and siblings.

Panel studies is measured at different points in
time but the same random sample. (Same/whole
population-Same cases overtime)
Cohort studies is studied overtime by taking
different random sample at various points in
time.(Identified population –Different Cases)
Trend studies is studied over time by taking
different samples at various points in time
(Same population-Different cases overtime)

THE RESEARCH PROCESS
STEP 1: IDEA-GENERATING PHASE
- that stage where the researcher is
starting to think of research topics or
problems to work on
- that stage where the researcher starts
collecting materials, such as related
literature and studies

STEP 2: PROBLEM-DEFINITION
PHASE
- that stage where the researcher decides on a
particular research topic or problem and
narrows down its scope
- that stage where the problem and sub-
problems are identified, the
theoretical/conceptual framework is
developed and the hypothesis is formulated

STEP 3: PROCEDURES-DESIGN
PHASE
- that stage where the researcher identifies who
the respondents will be, what methodology is
appropriate, creation of data-gathering tools or
instruments and how the data gathered will be
processed and analyzed

• STEP 4: DATA-COLLECTION
PHASE
-that stage where the researcher starts
collecting the data, such as distribution of
the survey questionnaire and doing
interviews

• DATA (singular, DATUM)
- are a collection of numbers, quantities, facts
or records used as bases for drawing
conclusions or making inferences
- what research is searching for and which are
subjected to analysis, statistical procedures and
interpretation so that inferences, principles or
generalizations are drawn

CLASSIFICATION OF DATAACCORDING TO
SOURCE
1. PRIMARY DATA
- those gathered from primary sources
Individual persons
Organized groups such as schools, business
firms, government agencies
Documents in their original forms such as laws,
contracts etc

2. SECONDARY DATA
- those gathered from secondary sources
Books, dictionaries, encyclopedias
 Articles in professional journals,
magazines and newspapers
 Thesis and dissertations and other
studies

STEP 5: DATA-ANALYSIS
PHASE
- that stage where the researcher
sorts, organizes, tallies and analyzes
the data collected
- data are recorded, tabulated,
computed or coded

STEP 6: INTERPRETATION
PHASE
- that stage where the data are given their
interpretations in textual forms using
sentences and paragraphs
- that stage where the researcher finalizes the
findings as answers to the questions posed at
the start of the research and arrives at
conclusions and recommendations

STEP 7: COMMUNICATION
PHASE
- That stage where the researcher shares the
findings of his study by furnishing copies
of the research paper to concerned
individuals or agencies, or submits his
research paper for publication and
presentation in proper venues

Parts Of A Research Paper/Standard Format Of
Thesis Writing
• Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting
• Chapter 2 – Related Literature and Studies
• Chapter 3 – Research Methodology
• Chapter4 – Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
• Chapter 5 – Summary of Findings,
Conclusions and Recommendations

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEMS AND ITS SETTINGS
• Introduction
• Setting of the Study
• Statement of the Problem
• Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
• Hypothesis
• Significance of the Study
• Scope and Delimitation of the Study
• Definition of Terms

INTRODUCTION
- introduces the subject matter
-presents the existing problem
-states the importance of conducting the research
study
SETTING OF THE STUDY
- describes the place or location of where the
study was conducted
-states the reason for choosing said place as setting
of the study

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- presents the general statement of the
subject matter of the study; usually a
repetition of the research title
- presents the specific questions that the
study aims to answer

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
PROBLEM
S -SPECIFIC; clearly stated
M -MEASURABLE; can be quantified and
qualified
A -ACHIEVABLE; results can be achieved using
appropriate measures, such as statistics
R -REALISTIC; results are not manipulated or
invented
T -TIME-BOUND; can be done within the
specified period

• THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
-cites a particular theory which
served as a guide or basis for the study
-cites a particular law or manual as
the source of the variables of the study

Types of Theories
1.Descriptive Theory
= seeks to describe a
phenomenon
2.Prescriptive Theory
= seeks to tell how and sometimes
why one should or ought to
behave in certain ways

• CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- depicts the concept of the study
through illustration, such as the input-
process-output-feedback model; Venn
diagram and other appropriate graphical
depiction of the study (VARIABLE)

What is a Variable?
Variables are the basic elements which
are measured in a study. They are observable
and measurable.
A variable is a characteristic or
property that can take different values or
attributes (Schutt, 1999).

Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Extent of Implementation
of RA 10121
• CDRRMC Functions
• Policy and Programs
• Awareness Program
• Training and
Development
• Network Communication
• Funds and Assistance
• Monitoring and
Evaluation
Barriers Encountered
by CDRRMC Officers of
Tacurong City
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Types of Variables
• “Assumed Caused”
Independent
• “Assumed Effect”
Dependent
• “Facilitating Variable”
Intervening
• “Influencing Variable”
Antecedent

HYPOTHESIS
-a tentative conclusion or answer to a
specific question raised at the beginning of
the research.
FORMS:
1. NULL HYPOTHESIS
-stated in the negative form
2. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
- stated in the positive form

Three forms of Alternative Hypothesis(Ha):
Nondirectional Hypothesis –indicates that the researcher
is not interested on whether one variable is greater or
lesser than the other, but only in the difference.
Ex. Drug A and Drug B have significant effects on the cure
of fever.
Positive Directional Hypothesis
Ex. Drug A is more effective than Drug B on the treatment
of fever.
Negative Directional Hypothesis
Ex. Drug B is more effective than Drug A on the treatment
of fever.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- states the importance of conducting the study
- enumerates who will benefit from the findings of the
study
• SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
- explains the scope or coverage of the study: the
subject matter, the respondents, the location and
duration of time for the conduct of the study
- explains the weaknesses (delimitations) of the study
beyond the control of the researcher

Sample phrases that help express the SCOPE
of the study:
The coverage of the study…….
The study consist of …….
The study covers the …….
This study is focus on ………

Sample phrases that expressed the
DELIMITATION of the study:
The study does not cover the …….
The researcher limited this research to …..
This study is limited to ………

• DEFINITION OF TERMS
- provides for the definition of the terms used
in the study, including the abbreviations or
acronyms
• Legal definitions – provided by laws
• Lexical definitions – provided by dictionaries
or books and reference books and materials
• Operational definitions – provided by the
researcher based on how the term was used in
the study

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
- presents discussion of facts and principles
already established prior to the conduct of the
study
- acts as support to the present study

Writing the Literature Review
After taking notes from the different
sources reviewed, the researcher prepares
the final review. Most literature reviews
consist of the following parts:
introduction, body, summary/synthesis,
and conclusion.

•Introduction.
The introduction briefly describes the
nature of the research problem and
explains what led the researcher to
investigate the question. The summary
presents the main topics covered in the
literature review section.

•Body.
The body of the review briefly reports what
experts think or what other researchers have found
about the research problem. Studies done no one
key element or factor of the research problem are
reviewed under that topic followed by studies
done on other aspects of the problem. The
common findings or several studies are
summarized in one or two sentences and only
when necessary, some specific findings of each
study may be presented.

•Summary/synthesis.
The summary/synthesis of the
literature review “ties together” the major
findings of the studies reviewed. It
represents a general picture of what has
been known or thought of about the
problem to date. It points out similar results,
as well as conflicting findings.

•Conclusion.
This part presents the course of action
suggested by the literature. Based on the
state of knowledge revealed by the
literature, the researcher could further
justify the need for his/study.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
• Research Methodology
• Population And Sampling Scheme
• Description Of Respondents
• Research Instrument
• Method Of Data Collection And Data
Validation
• Statistical Treatment

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OR
DESIGN
- brief discussion of the research
methodology used and explains why this
is appropriate for the study

Research Design:
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
-data subjected to analysis are in the
form of numbers from precise measurements;
data are analyzed using statistical measurement
Example:
• Descriptive
• Correlation
• Experimental

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- data analysis is done by using
descriptive words
Examples are:
1. Ethnographic research
3. Case Study

• POPULATION AND SAMPLING SCHEME
- briefly explains why the sampling scheme
chosen is appropriate for the study
- briefly discusses how the researcher arrived at
the sample used in the study
• Population = specific aggregation of the elements
=also known as universe
• Sample=representative portion of a whole
=subset of a population

TYPES OF SAMPLING
Random Sampling
e.g Pulling names out of a hat
 Stratified Sampling
e.g Selecting samples in proportion
Volunteer Sampling
e.g Self- Selecting
Opportunity Sampling
e.g Based on availability

• DECRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
- briefly discusses the kinds of respondents of
the study, why they are the appropriate
respondents and how many respondents were
used in the study
• RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
- explains what instrument was used to collect
data, how the instrument was formulated and
describes the parts or contents of the instrument

Classification of Research Instrument
1.Researcher Instrument
=the researcher obtains information
or data himself with little or no direct
involvement of the other people
2.Subject Instrument
=the information is collected directly
from the respondents
3.Informant Instrument
=the information or data is collected
from those knowledgeable of the subject
matter

COMMON RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTS
1. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
2. INTERVIEWS
3. OBSERVATION

• QUESTIONNAIRE
- written or printed form containing the questions to be
asked to the respondents
• a.Open-Ended =respondents are forced to answer the
questions asked in the questionnaire.
=best suited to a qualitative research study
• b.Closed-Ended =also referred as guided response type,
closed form or restricted.
=respondents are guided in answering questions
=options maybe provided like in multiple choice test while
answers are based on the rating scales provided

• INTERVIEW
- interaction between researcher and respondents
through face-to-face conversations or by telephone
- data is collected using pre-determined interview
questions
Types of Interview
• a. Structured Interview =there is a set of carefully
prepared questions and their expected answers are
provided
• b. Unstructured Interview =respondents are free
to express their opinions
=also termed as non-directive or informal

Methods of Interview:
1.In Depth Interview - where one by
one witness will be ask at the same
time in one location.
2.Focus Group Discussion - where
all of the witness will be ask at the
same time in one location.

OBSERVATION
=maybe defined as perceiving data through the
sense: sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell
Types of Observation
a. Formal Observation
=researcher makes a guide on what to observe.
Possible responses may also be outlined
b. Informal Observation
=needs critical evaluation of the observation made
to avoid biased results
=recommended for qualitative research

• METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AND
VALIDATION
- enumerates the steps taken by the researcher in
collecting data, from the time the questionnaires
were distributed up to the time these were returned
and tallied
• STATISTICAL TREATMENT
- presents the statistical formula used in the
processing of the data in order to come up with
accurate results and valid and reliable interpretation of
findings

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
- presents a detailed discussion of the results and
findings of the research study conducted by
means of tabular and textual presentation
- data is presented using tables or other
appropriate graphical presentation to clearly
present the results of the study
- data is interpreted by means of textual discussion,
in paragraph form

CHAPTER 5 – SUMMARY OF
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of the findings is presented as
answers to the questions posed in Chapter 1,
Statement of the Problem, including a
statement whether the hypothesis was
proven to be correct or incorrect

Conclusions are presented based on
the results or findings of the study
Recommendations, which are
practical and realistic, are presented
based on the results or findings of the
study

• BIBLIOGRAPHY
- a list of all written materials used as
reference in conducting the study and
writing the thesis or research paper
- these include books, theses and
dissertations, journals, magazines and
newspaper articles
- also includes online sources such as
websites

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