Computer basics unit-1
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The document discusses the history and characteristics of computers across generations. It describes the key technologies that defined each generation from vacuum tubes in first generation computers to integrated circuits in third generation computers. It discusses how each new generation was smaller, faster, more powerful, efficient and reliable than the previous. The document also covers classifications of computers by function, size and application.
Computer basics unit-1
- 1. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 1
- 2. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 2 An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. A computer is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations. Introduction
- 3. Computer: An overview For academic purpose at BVIMR only 3
- 4. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 4 Characteristics of Computer Speed Storage Accuracy Versatility Diligence Reliability
- 5. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 5 First Generation Computers Vacuum Tubes : 1941 - 1954 Based on vacuum tube technology. Were the fastest computing devices of their times (computation time was in Milli-Seconds). Were very large, and required a lot of space for installation. Since thousands of vacuum tubes were used, they generated a large amount of heat. Therefore, air conditioning was essential. Were non-profitable and very slow equipments. They lack in versatility and speed. They were very expensive to operate and used a large amount of electricity.
- 6. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 6 Second Generation Computers Transistor based : 1955-1964 Based on transistor technology. Second Generation Computers were smaller as compared to the First Generation of Computers. The computational time of Second generation computers was reduced to microseconds from milliseconds. Were more reliable and less prone to hardware failure. Hence, such computers required less frequent maintenance. Were more portable and generated less amount of heat. Assembly language was used to program Second generation computers. Hence, programming became more time-efficient and less cumbersome. Second generation computers still require air conditioning. Manual assembly of individual components into a functional unit was still required.
- 7. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 7 Third Generation Computers Integrated Circuit : 1964-1971 Third Generation Computers were based on integrated circuit (IC) technology. Third Generation Computers were able to reduce computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds Third Generation Computers devices consumed less power and generated less heat. In some cases, air conditioning was still required. The size of Third Generation Computers was smaller as compared to previous computers Since hardware of the Third Generation Computers rarely failed, the maintenance cost for it was quite low. Extensive use of high-level language became possible in Third Generation Computers. Manual assembling of individual components was not required for Third Generation Computers, so it reduced the large requirement of labor & cost. However, for the manufacture of IC chips, highly sophisticated technologies were required Commercial production became easier and cheaper.
- 8. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 8 Fourth Generation Computers (VLSIC)Microprocessor:1971-1991 Fourth generation computers are very small. Fourth Generation computers are the cheapest among all other computer generations. Fourth generation computers are portable and quite reliable. Fourth generation computers do not require air conditioning since they generate negligible amount of heat. Minimum maintenance is required for Fourth generation computers since hardware failure is negligible for them. The production cost of Fourth generation computers is very low GUI and pointing devices enables users to learn to use the computer quickly. Interconnections of computers leads to better communication and resource sharing. Fourth generation computers are very powerful than previous generations and can easily do more calculation or can run more programs at a time and for more hours.
- 9. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 9 parallel processing, which replaces von Neumann’s single central processing unit design with a system harnessing the power of many CPUs to work as one. the technology of superconductors which is another great advantage, allows the flow of the electricity with very less or even no resistance, greatly improving the information flow speed. Fifth Generation Computers Artificial Intelligence : 1991 and beyond
- 10. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 10 Classification of Computers I. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION ANALOG COMPUTER: Are those computers in which data varies continuously i.e. the movement of data is continuous. REPRESENTED BY: series of waves USED FOR : • Measuring temperature, pressure, etc • Communication • Broadcast transmission EXAMPLE Automobile Speedometer, Voltmeter, etc
- 11. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 11 DIGITAL COMPUTER Are those computers in which data flows in discrete form. REPRESENTED BY: pulses, two series i.e. 0s & 1s USED FOR : • Mathematical calculations • Compare values • Storing the result EXAMPLE Digital watch, Education system, business purpose
- 12. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 12 HYBRID COMPUTERS They are combination of both analog computer and digital computer MEASURES: both continuous and discrete form of data EXAMPLE : STD/PCO phone, where one communicate with a person using analog computer & the rate as charges and pulse rate is measured in forms of digit. Measuring heart beat or ECG system in ICU in a hospital
- 13. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 13 IN DIGITAL COMPUTER, CLASSIFICATION CAN BE DONE ON THE BASIS OF PURPOSE GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER These are designed to perform the variety of jobs or applications for this reason; they are less efficient than special purpose computers.
- 14. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 14 These are designed to meet the needs of some special application. They are designed to perform a single job. So they execute a task quickly and more efficiently. Program and instructions are stored permanently in them. SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER
- 15. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 15 Super Computer Mainframe Computer Mini Computer Micro Computer II. ACCORDING TO SIZE
- 16. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 16 SUPER-COMPUTER As the name "super computer" specifies that these are most powerful computers even than mainframe. Actually, when we optimize a mainframe computer then we get super computer.
- 17. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 17 MAINFRAME COMPUTER It as a very powerful and large computer. You can get idea of its power as it can handle processing of many users at a time. Terminals are used to connect a user to this computer and users submit there task through mainframe. Terminal is a device which has keyboard and a screen. By using terminal users put inputs into the computer and get the output through screen.
- 18. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 18 These are powerful computer. These computers come into existence in 1960s at that time mainframe computer was very costly. Mini computers were available in cheap prices, so users start using it. MINI-COMPUTER
- 19. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 19 MICRO-COMPUTER These computers use a microprocessor chip and this chip is used instead of CPU means that this microprocessor chip works as a CPU. These computers are also called personal computers. Two major types of these computers are laptop or Desktop computers. Only one user uses these computers at time that's why they are also known as personal computers.
- 20. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 20 Application of Computer •In Tourism •In Banks •In Industry •In Transportation •In Education •In Entertainment
- 21. Capabilities of Computer For academic purpose at BVIMR only 21 1. The computer processes information very fast. 2. The computer stores large amount of data and information. 3. The computer gives accurate results. 4. The computer enables one to restore or bring back any of its works. 5. Quick Results. 6. The computer can do two things at the same time. 7. The computer can be improved and upgraded.
- 22. Limitations Of Computer For academic purpose at BVIMR only 22 1. Cannot work on its own. 2. It cannot generate information on its own. 3. The computer cannot distinguish between correct data and wrong data. 4. The computer cannot correct wrong instruction.
- 23. For academic purpose at BVIMR only 23 Questions ??