Introduction to computing ITC_lec_1.pdf

Introduction to
Computing G-2005
Lecture # 1

Objective of Lecture
 Classification of computers
 Generation of computers

Classification of Computer
 There are two types of classes
 Classes by size
 Classes by Functions

Classes by size
 Microcomputers (Personal computers)
 Minicomputers (Midrange computers)
 Mainframe computers
 Supercomputer

Classes by functions
 Servers
 Workstations
 Information appliances
 Embedded computers

Microcomputers
Microcomputers can designed for use by a single
person. They are among the smallest computer created
for people to use. Microcomputers are the most common
type of computers used by people today, whether in a
workplace, at school or on the desk at home. e.g.
 Desktop computers
 Notebook computers
 Handheld PC
 Tablet PC
 Smart phones

Contd..
 Desktop computers
 The most common type of computer
 Sits on the desk or floor
 Performs a variety of tasks
 Notebook computers
 Small portable computers
 Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds
 About 8 ½ by 11 inches
 Typically as powerful as a desktop
 Can include a docking station

Contd..
 Tablet computers
 Newest development in portable computers
 Input is through a pen called stylus or digital pen
 Run specialized versions of office products

Contd..
 Handheld computers
 Very small computers
 Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
 Note taking or contact managem
ent
 Data can synchronize with a des
ktop
 Smart phones
 Hybrid of cell phone and PDA
 Web surfing, e-mail access

Minicomputers
 Contemporary term for this class of system is midrange
computer.
 Lies in the middle range of the computing variety in
between the smallest multi-user systems (mainframe
computers) and the largest single-user systems
(microcomputers or personal computers), Power
between mainframe and desktops.
 Class of multi-user computers handled by hundred of
users.
 Used in smaller organizations
 Users access through a terminal

Mainframe
 Used in large organizations.
 A very large and expensive computer capable of
supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously.
 Also called enterprise servers.
 There are multiple processors in these
computers(2,4,12).
 Banks and shopping marts are interconnected
through mainframe computers.

SuperComputers
 All of the resources to tackle one problem
 Used for very complex operations
 Rocket launching
 Weather prediction
 Aeronautics
 Testing of nuclear weapons
 Carry160 millions instructions /second
 160 trillion bytes storage
 6 trillion bytes memory

Comparison between Minicomputer,
Mainframe & Supercomputer
 In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than
supercomputers as they support more simultaneous
programs. But supercomputers can execute a single
program faster than a mainframe.
 The distinction between small mainframes and
minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the
manufacturer wants to market its machines.

Servers
Server is a physical computer (a hardware system)
dedicated to running one or more such services
(as a host) to serve the needs of users of the
other computers on the network.
 Network servers
 Centralized computer
 All other computers connect
 Provides access to network resources
 Multiple servers are called server farms
 Often simply a powerful desktop

Types of Servers
 Depending on the computing service that it
offers it could be
1. Database server
2. File server
3. Mail server
4. Print server
5. Web server

Database Server
 Provides database services to other computers as
defined by the client-server model.
 DBMS provide database server functionality,
 In a master-slave model, database master servers
are central and primary locations of data while
database slave servers are synchronized backups
of the master acting as proxies.
e.g.
 Oracle, DB2, SQL server

File Server
Computer attached to a network with primary purpose
of providing a location for shared disk access,
i.e. shared storage of computer files (such as
documents, sound files, photographs, movies,
images, databases, etc.) that can be accessed by
the workstations that are attached to the computer
network

Mail Server
 Every email that is sent passes through a series
of mail servers
 A complex series of transfers takes place.
 Without this series of mail servers, email can be
sent to the email address of the same domain.

Workstations
 In networking, workstation
refers to any computer
connected to a local-area
network. It could be a
workstation or a personal
computer.
 Specialized computers
 Optimized for science or gr
aphics
 More powerful than a deskt
op

Information appliance
In information appliance or information device is
any machine or device that is usable for the purposes
of computing, telecommunicating, reproducing, and
presenting encoded information in innumerable forms
and applications.

Embedded computers
Embedded computers can be compared to "computers
on a chip". All in one , so to speak. You will find them
in all kind of devices surrounding us where you need
to regulate something, control or check something
e.g.
 Home automation devices e.g. Washing machines,
Sewing machines, Microwave
 Ticket machines at the subway,
 Cameras, clocks, Cell phone, Video games, Global
Positioning System
 Automobiles, cars, motors

Mobile Devices
 Handheld Computers
 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 Smart Phones
 GPS

Generations of Computer
1. First Generation VACUUM TUBES: (1942-1955)
2. Second Generation TRANSISTORS: (1955-1964)
3. Third Generation INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: (1964-1975)
4. Fourth Generation Microprocessors: (1975- PRESENT)
5. Fifth Generation Artificial Intelligence: (Present and
Beyond)

First Generation Computers
1942-1955
 The first generation of computers, characterized by
vacuum tubes used in the duration of 1942-1955.
 used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up
entire rooms.
 First generation computers relied on machine language,
the lowest-level programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they could only
solve one problem at a time, and it could take days or
weeks to set-up a new problem. Input was based on
punched cards and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.

First Generation Computers 1942-
1955 (Continued)
Examples:
 ENIVAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) First Electronic Computer
 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) –
First Digital Computer used in business and
industries.
 VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about the
size of light bulbs.

Advantages
 Vacuum tubes were the only components available during
those days.
 Vacuum tube technology made possible to make
electronic digital computers.
 These Computers could calculate data in milliseconds.
.

Disadvantages
 Very large in size.
 Consumed large amount of energy.
 Heated very soon due to thousand of vacuum tubes.
 Not very reliable.
 Air conditioning was required.
 Non-portable.
 Costly commercial production.
 Very slow speed.
 Used machine language only
 Used punch cards for input
 Not versatile and very faulty.

Second Generation Computers 1955-1964
 Used Transistors.
 Transistors are developed in Bell Laboratories in 1947.
 The size of computer decreases by replacing vacuum
tubes by Transistors.
 These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which moved from a
magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

Second Generation Computers 1955-
1964 (Continued)
 Second-generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to symbolic,
or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in
words. High-level programming languages were
also being developed at this time, such as early
versions of COBOL and FORTRAN
 Examples:
IBM 7097 series, IBM 1400 Series

Transistors
 A transistor is a semiconduc
tor device used to amplify an
d switch electronic signals an
d power.

Advantages
 Smaller in size as compared to first generation
computers.
 More reliable.
 Used less energy and were not heated.
 Better portability.
 Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds.
 Accuracy improved

Disadvantages
 Air conditioning was required.
 Constant maintenance required.
 Only used for specific purpose.
 Costly and not versatile.
 Punch cards were used for input.

Third Generation Computers 1964-
1975
 Used Integrated Circuits.
 First IC was invented and used in 1961.
 The size of an IC is about ¼ square inch.
 A single IC contain thousands of transistors placed on
silicon chip called semiconductor.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted
with third generation computers through keyboards and
monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which
allowed the device to run many different applications at one
time with a central program that monitored the memory.
 Examples:
IBM 370, IBM System/360

Advantages
 Smaller in size as compare to previous.
 More reliable.
 Use less energy.
 Produce less heat as compare to previous.
 Better speed could calculate data in nanoseconds.
 Versatile to an extent.
 Used fan for heat discharge.
 Low maintenance cost because hardware failure is rare.
 Totally General purpose.
 Good Storage, Less expansive, better accuracy.
 Key board and mouse for input

Disadvantages
 Air Conditioning was required.
 High sophisticated technology required for the
manufacturing of IC chips.

Fourth Generation Computers 1975-
PRESENT
 Starts with the invention of Microprocessors.
 Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs onto a single
silicon chip.
 Ted Hof creates first Microprocessor for Intel in 1971.
 The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer—from the central processing
unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
 Fourth generation computers also saw the development of
GUIs (Graphical user interfaces) ,
the mouse and handheld devices.
 Examples:
Apple Macintosh & IBM PC

Advantages
 More powerful and reliable then previous.
 Very small in size
 Less power consumption.
 Less heat generation.
 Used fan for heat discharge.
 No air condition is required.
 Totally General purpose.
 Less need of repairing.
 Cheapest among all the generations.
 Best speed to read instructions (One million per second).

Fifth Generation Computers Present
and Beyond
 Based on the technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
 Computers can understand spoken words.
 Scientists are working to increase the speed of
computers.
 The advancement in modern technologies will
revolutionize the computer in future.

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