Computer concepts- Mohammadali & Tausif

COMPUTER CONCEPTS
Computer Definition
A computer is an electronic device that is use for information processing. It accepts
data and instruction, stores it in its memory, processes and gives the results to the user. The term
computer is derived from the Latin word compute which means to calculate or to manipulate.
Capabilities of a computer
Huge data storage: A computer can store any amount of data instruction in its mercury.
Input & Output: A computer the data & instruction from the user &displays it after the
execution.
Processing: It processes the data entered by the user. Processing means performing the
necessary operation such as AM or logical operations on the data.
Features of computers
1. High processing speed: A computer is extremely fast information processes device. It
carries out all sort of computation within a fractions of seconds. The unit for calculation
of speed MIPS [Million Instruction Per Second].
2. Accuracy: It gives accurate result current input data here accurate means correctness of
process data. It input data is not valid, the output will not be correct.
3. Reliability: It gives consists result even though it even on electronic circuits and
electronic connections.
4. Versatility: Computer are used everywhere - be it is scientific calculation training,
media, teaching, entertainment.
5. Diligence: It does not feel tired. it is used for num, it is used days, months or nonstop. It
will work satisfactorily without any problem.

Due to the advancement in the technology, size, shape, processing power and price of the
computer are changing year on year. Based on these factors the computers on the following;
I.

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Computers for individuals;
a. Desktop computers: It is independent personal computer that is design to sit
on the desk in office or home.
1) Tablet type desktop 2) Tower type desktop
b. Note book computer: It is light weight person computer it is also called
laptop.
c. Workstation : It is specialized single user computer system it is used to
perform satisfaction user computer system it is used to perform sophisticated

II.

group of tasks such as engineering applications(CAD/CAM)3D graphics,
animation, modeling and editing audio and video information.
d. Tablet PC’s : It is a small size note book or a slate kind of a device it has a
small screen which can write of type the intrusctions it requires a special pen
called as digital pen or stylus.
e. Handled computer: This are computing device which can hold in hand. It is
also called handled pc. The most popular handled pc is PDA [Personal Digital
Assistance].
f. Smart phone: This are basically mobile (cellur) phones containing the
advance feature with help of access web information, send message, MMS.
Computer for organizations;
a. Network computer: Most of the organization have their own network servers
or computer of PC. And user will access computer. Which is called network
server which carry out specific task.
b. Mainframe computer: Mainframe computer: It is used in large business
organization and industries &research works universities, govt offices, banks,
insurance company. Where multiple user access some data at same time. It
very large computer will occupies huge room is it connected to desktop,
minicomputer.
Types of mainframe computers
Dumd terminals: It does not store any information nor process it. i
simply input output device that enables user the access the control
computer.
Intelligent terminals: It can process and data information, but does
not have any storage. This are called as small terminals.
c. Minicomputer: It is multiuser system where in more than one user works
simultaneously. This are medium size computer the cost minicomputer is
more macro computer[individual user computer]
d. Super computer: Application that involves vast numeric computation such as
weather for costing designining of an aircraft, defence activities such as
weapon country it required machine high capability and speed.

History of computer:
Evaluation of computer from the beginning of abacus computer to today digital
computerized discussed to this section.
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Abacus
The first recorded computer who existence dates back to 2500 B.C. it was invented in china and
used by Greeks, Romans, Japanese in early days.
Napier’s bones
In 1614, a Scottish mathematician John Napier introduced the concepts of Logarithms. It is used
a set of bones to perform multiplication. It is used faces11 bones having four faces each. Each
bone was carved with numbers on it.
Slide Rule
I consists of two scales. One of which slides over the other. It was so designed that whenever one
scales slides over the other, the alignment of one on the other gave the results of basic AM
operation.
Pascalein
Rotating Wheel Calculator
In 1671, a German mathematician, Gottfried Von Leibnitz, invented an electro mechanical
computer called the rotating wheel calculator. It was designed based on the principles of counter
wheels that were used in Pascalien.
Differential Engine
In 1822, a professor of mathematics at the Cambridge University, Charles Babbage, invented the
Differential Engine. This was a hand operated machine built with wheels, levers and mechanical
linkages. It was used to calculate various mathematical functions.
Mark-1
In 1943, an electro mechanical camp name Mark-1. It consists of 72 adding accumulator, 60sets
switches, buttons, punched tape, etc. It was capable of performing a sequence of AM operations.

ENIAC
It is a 1st electronic computer. ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
It is a revolution semi-conduct technology in 1946.it is was capable of caring out 5000 addition
per second. It had a short memory various components manually rewired in various ways to
perform different computations.
EDVAC
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To over comes disadvantages of any act, Jhon Von Neumann proposed a new concepts of large
internal memory to stores instructions and data. this is known as stored program concept.It is
stands for Electronic Discrete Variables Automatic Computer.
UNIVAC-1
In 1951, the American census Bureau developed a machine called UNIVAC-1. It stands for
Universal Automatic Computer. It was intended for both scientific and commercial applications.
It also had a compiler to translate programs to machine code.
Generations of computer
1st Generations of computer : These were developed during 1946-59. And were built with

Vacuum tubes. Their speed was 10-3 second. They used punched card and magnetic tape to input
and out operation. the machine language programming was adapted in these machines. These
were batch processing system and were used for both scientific and business based applications.
2nd Generations of computer: These were developed during the year 1957-64.their speed was
10-6 second. They had more primary memory and proved higher reliability. this are high
programming languages. The concept of multi programming, time sharing and real processing
were also introduced.
3rd Generations of computer : these were developed in the yaer 1965-70 and were built with
Integrated Circuits(ICs). There were 10-100 transistors in single silicon chip. There speed was
10-9 second(nano second). They used semi conductor memory. The concepts of operating
system, multi-programming were introduced. They were used in weather forecasting, airline
reservation, banking services.
4th Generations of computer : These were developed in the year 1970-90 and were built with
Large Scale Integration(LSI),100-1000 transistors in single chip and Very Large Scale
Integration(VLSI). They have huge capacity and their processing speed is from 10-9 10-12
second. The concept of networking was introduced.
5th Generations of computer : The development of super computers was the key motivation of
the 5th Generations of computers. Super computers were developed with Single Large Scale
Integration(SLCI), i,e. millions of transistors were used a single IC chip. These are knowledge
processing systems.
Input and Output Units
Input units : It accepts input information or data and store into the memory. Eg: Keyboard,
mouse.
Output units : It display desired output information. Eg : monitor
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Control units[CU]:
The CU controls or supervises all the different units of computers.
Operations of CU:
a) It sends necessary information between memory and ALU.
b) It controls the output.
c) The input information it store to the memory.
Memory
Memory is a storage device. It is divided into following parts;
1. CPU Register: This are high speed and temporary memory. Register is made upon filp
flops.
Filp Flops: Is memory which is capable to storing 1 bit information.
2. Main memory: This memory is also called primary memory. It is high speed memory,
storage capacity less, it’s a temporary memory.
3. Secondary memory: This the permanent(non-volatile). It is high storage capacity
memory. Its speed is low.
4. Flash memory: This are faster memory and this are cheaper compared to primary
memory.
5. Cache memory: It is very small memory. This are the mediators between primary and
secondary memory.

Difference between primary memory and secondary memory
Primary memory
Secondary memory
1.It is a high speed memory
1. It is very low speed memory.
2.It is less storage capacity.
2. It is high storage capacity.
3.It is temporary memory (volatile).
3. It is permanent memory (non-ovlatile).
4.It is costlier.
4. It is cheaper.
Steps involved in Problem solving with computer

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1. Define the problem: The problem solver should understand the thoroughly in
terms of the requirements. That is what are the input and output operation to be
perform is not properly define then we cannot desire output.
2. Analysis: The given problem must be analyzed before it is solved. This determine
the data items, types , relationship we should specify the operation(AM &Logical
operation) to be perform on them and checking the memory and execution time.
3. Design : Design is mainly divided 3 parts we can design problem bu any one
method , step by step solution to a given problem is called finite steps of solution
of given problem.
a) Algorithm: The word algorithm is named is after the famous 19th century
Arabic author and mathematician, Abu Jafar Mohammed Ibn Musa Al
Khowarizimi. The last two terms of the name took different
pronunciations over the period such as Algorism, and finally it became
algorithm.
Features of Algorithm
Input : It may accept a zero more inputs.
Output : It should produce at one output.
Definiteness : Each instruction must be clear, well define.
Finiteness: It should be a sequence of finite instructions.
That is it should end after fix time. It should not enter
infinite loop.
Effectiveness: This means that operation must be simple
carried out in finite time.
b) Flow chart: This is define for an algorithm the flow chart can be define as
diagrammatical representation of algorithm. It is algorithm. It is refered as
blue print of an algorithm it is also defined visual & graphical
representation of algorithm.
Merits of flow chart
Easy to understand and analysis the problem.
It is useful for programmer & system analysis.
It is machine independent.

Geometric figures
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Names

Function

Oval

Start and stop

Parallelogram

Input and Output

Rectangle

Processing

Diamond

Decision making

Arrows

Flow/Connections

Circle

Connector

Rectangle with divider

Functions

Hexagon

Repetition/looping

c) Pseudocode: A pseudocode is not algorithm nor a programme. It is an
abstract form of a programme it consists of an English like statement
which perform specific operation. It does ot use graphical representation.
In pseudocodeme is the programme is represented in terms of words
pharases.
Merits of pseudocode
Easy to read
Easy to understand
Easy to modify
NOTE: The programme can develop easily from pseudocode rather than flow chart.

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4) Coding : The comlete structure of problem to be solved by a computer is called
programme.
NOTE: The computer does not process & algorithm or flow chart or pseudocode but
excutes the programme.
 The actual process of writing programme is a coding.
 Running the programme the programme can run(Excuted) in CPU. This involves 3 steps;
1. Understanding instruction
2. Store data & instructon
3. Perform computation (calculation)

5) Debugging: The process detecting & correcting errors (mistakes) in the programme is
non as debugging. The term debug eas detected after finding real bug in MARK-1, electro
mechanical computer in 1945 bu scientist. She removed the bug from the machine & wrote it
record book as “ The MARK-1 was debug today”. 3 types of errors -1)Syntax errors, 2)Logical
errors, 3)Runtime errors
1 )Syntax errors: This is types of errors result ofviolation of problem of grammer. Eg; the
syntax of assignment statement in C programme.
2) Logical errors: This are errors occurs during codeing process this gives some unwanted
result. It is very difficult to debug such errors because computer does not display there we can
elemenate such errors by tracing it & running for sample data.
3) Runtime errors: This errors occure when we attempt to run some instruction. Eg ; infinite
loop which cause no output this are also occure due to improper sequencing of instruction. Some
of runtime errors are a)Divisible by zero, b)Data overflow.
6) Testing : the process of excuting the programme to test the correctness of the output of the
problem is called testing.
7) Documentation: While writing a programme it is good practice to make a brief note on the
programme. This note is called Comment. There are two types of documentation.
a) Internal Documentation: This documentation is comment statement within a
programme. This are not translate into machine language.
b) External Documentation: This an excuteable statement in a programme it may be
message to the user respond to the programme requirement it makes more attractive & inter
active to the user.
Computer Language (programming language)
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1) Low level Language[LLL]
This Language are easily understand by computer they are machine dependent. That
is this language are specific to a computer.
a) Machine level language[MLL]
The name it self implies programming is done at machine level. It
consists of only 2 numbers 0 and 1 any sequence of 0’s and 1’s found an instruction
in the machine language.
Eg; 00010100 each instruction has a specific format the 1st fields is
operation code and 2nd fields opened (values).
Opcode
Opened
Instruction format
Merits
1. It can be directly type & excute
2. No translators are required
Demerits
1. Difficult to remember machine instruction
2. Difficult to understand
3. Each and every information is numerical

b) Assemble level language[ALL]
To over come the drawback of MLL. A new programme language which
uses the symbolic instruction which is known as ALL. Symbolic words used in this
language refered as mnemonic is memory sake to remember. Eg ;
ADD
for
addition
MUL
for
multiplication
MOV
for
Moving
ALT for Stop
INR for Increment

Source programme
(Assembly language)
(
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Assembler

Machine language
(object code)

Fig: Translator for ALL
To translator AL and ML we require a translator is assembler.
“Asembler: is a translator which convert AL into ML & vice versa.”
Eg; TASM;Turbo ASseMbler
MASM;Macro ASseMbler
Merits
1) Easy to remember operation code because they are in mnemonic
2) Easy to understand the programme.
3) Easy to write the programme.
Demerits
1) Not standardize
2) Less efficient than MLL
2) High Level Language[HLL]
To cover HLL into MLL we can use the translators like interpreter &
compiler
Merits
1) Easy to read & understand
2) Easy to write, modify, debagging
3) They are machine independent language

Demerits
1) Less efficient as compare to ALL
Classification of HLL
a) General purpose HLL
b) Specific purpose HLL
Interpreter: It is translator which translate HLL into MLL, vice versa step by step or one line at
a time.
Compiler: It is translate which compiles HLL into MLL& vise varsa, it executes all the in at
time.

Difference between interpreter and compiler
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Interpreter
1.It is line by line
2.It is faster
3.It is a cheaper
4.Debagging is faster
5.It require less memory

Compiler
1. It executes all the line at time
2. It is slower
3. It is costlier
4. Debagging is slower
5.It require more memory

Difference between MLL and HLL
MLL
1.It can be use only 2 symbol 0 & 1
2. Each instruction is a sequence of 0’s and 1’s
3.It can be directly executed.
4.Machine dependent
5.Difficult to understand modify, write, debug
6.It is fast
7.It is standardize
8. It is called as 1st generation language

HLL
1.It can uses alphabets ,digits, punctuations and
some special symbol.
2.Each instruction is english like statement
3. It can not be directly executed
4.Machine independent
5. Easy to understand, write, modify, , debug
6.It is slow
7. It is not standardize
8. It is called 3rd generation language

Difference between AL and HLL
AL
1.Mnemonic or symbolic instruction
2. Machine dependent
3.Assembler is used in translation process
4.It is efficient

HLL
1. English like statement
2.Machine independent
3. Interpreter or Compiler is used it translation
process
4. Less efficient

Operating System [OS]
An operating system is an integrated collection of programs which make the computer
operational and help in executing the user’s programs. It act as an interface between its user and
the computer system. It manages the computer system resources such as memory, processor,
input-output devices and files.

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Types of operating system
 Batch processing: in this technique, a large numbers of very similar records(jobs0
submitted in batches, by the user are stored in the computer and then executed one by
one. The execution may follow the first come first serve(FCFS) order. It was widely
used in the days when IBM cards were the primary means of entering new information
into the computer systems.
Merits
1) It support massive data processing
2) No human intervention during data processing
3) Ideal for periodical billing system such as payroll processing
Demerits
1) Time consuming
2) No interaction between the user and the computer
3) CPU can be idle most of the time
 On-line system: in this technique, the data processing is done under the direct control
of the CPU. Unlike batch processing system, the online processing system is very
responsive to the user’s requests. Here, the users are connected to the data processing
computer and directly enter the data online, that data is validated and updated onto the
master file immediately.
Merits
1) It is quicker response to the user request
2) User Can directly Interaction with the a central system
3) 24*7 access to the system
Demerits
1) Initial investment is more
2) Data security
 Real time operating system [RTOS]: a real time operating system is a very fast but
relatively small operating system. They are called RTOS. And, they are
predominantly used in embedded systems. These are design to service those
applications where response time is of the essence in order to prevent error,
misrepresentation or even disaster.
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Example: RTOS are those, which handle airline reservations, machine tool control,
weather forecasting, weapon control.
Merits
1) Instantaneous data update
2) No processing time
3) Real time experience
Demerits
1) The system must be always online
2) Should have advanced application to handle unexpected events
3) Huge amount of both main memory and secondary memory storage is required
 Time sharing OS : it is an interactive computing environment, in which many user
will be able to use a single CPU simultaneously. Here, main computer is connected to
a large number of terminals through which users submit their programs. The terminals
connected to the main computer may be located near to the main computer or far away
from it.
Merits
1) Multi user environment
2) CPU is busy all the time
3) Immediate response
Demerits
1) It is a expensive
2) Complex OS is needed
 Multi-user Programming: here, the data processing is done by a multi –processor
(or multi-core) system. A multiprocessor system is a computer which has equipped
with two or more processors that share the resources (such as clock, memory and
peripheral devices) of that computer. In this type of data processing, even if one
processor fails the remaining processors share the work of the failed processor and
execute. Therefore, the user are not much affected by the failure of one or two
processor.
Merits
1) Effective utilization of CPU and memory
2) Multiple program can be run at a time
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Demerits
1) Large main memory is required
2) Higsh and processor is required

Common types of networking


Local Area Network (LAN)



Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)



Computer networks are categorized into 2 types based on the size, capability,
communication medium & cost.



Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local area network


LAN is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a
home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media.



These are privately owned networks. These are basically small sized networks.



There may be 2 or 3 PCs connected together for data sharing & information exchange.



The range of LANs may vary from 10 meters to 1.5 kilometers.



In LAN transmission technology, each computer usually contains a NIC that connects the
computer directly to the network medium such as a copper wire or coaxial cable.



LANs operate between 10 MBPS & 2 GBPS. Since LAN covers short range they offer
lower delays & make very few errors.

Merits of LAN



Addition of new computer to network is easy.



High rate of data transmission is possible.



Software and resources can be centrally managed.



Expensive devices such as laser printers or scanners can be shared.


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Reliability of network is high

Users can access their files from any workstation



Reduced operating costs



Centralized backup can be provided.

Demerits of LAN


If the communication line fails, the entire network system breaks down.



The larger the network becomes difficult to manage.



As traffic increases on a network the performance degrades unless it is designed properly.



A fault in the network can cause user to lose the data.



Distance is the major barrier here. (Geographical area coverage)

Metropolitan area network


It is a larger computer network as compared to LANs. It connects multiple corporate
LANs together. “There is a MAN between a LAN and a WAN”.



MANs are high-speed networks for sharing the regional information & resources.



The limits of Metropolitan cities are determined by local municipal corporations and we
cannot define them. Hence, the bigger the Metropolitan city the bigger the MAN, smaller
a metro city smaller the MAN.



A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several
blocks of buildings to entire cities.



A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be
used by many individuals and organizations.

Merits of MAN



MAN offers centralized management of data.



It enables you to connect many fast LANs together.



Telephone companies worldwide have facilitated the transfer of data with the help of an
underground optical fiber network.



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It increases the efficiency of handling data while at the same time it saves the cost
attached to establish a WAN.

These optical fibers increase the efficiency and speed of data transfer

Demerits of MAN


Maintenance becomes bit difficult, as the maintenance increases the cost also increases.



Expensive network as we use high speed mediums to transfer the data over a leased
telephone lines or underground cables.



Addition of new system into the network becomes bit complex.

Wide area network


WAN is a collection of computers and network resources connected via a network over a
geographic area. There is no limit on the distance that it spans. A WAN can span over a
country or a continent. Their typical data transfer rate ranges from 2MBps to 625 MBPS.



They offer much greater delay between connections. Due to geographical area coverage.

Merits of WAN


Covers a large geographical area so long distance businesses can connect on the one
network.



Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone else on the network. These messages can
have pictures, sounds, or data (called attachments).



Expensive things can be shared by all the computers on the network without having to
buy a different peripheral for each computer.



Large network coverage.



Share information/files over a larger area

Demerits of WAN



Need a good firewall to restrict outsiders from entering and disrupting the network



Setting up a network can be an expensive and complicated experience.



Security & Protection against hackers and viruses adds more complexity and expense.



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Are expensive and generally slow

Once set up, maintaining a network is a full-time job which requires network supervisors
and technicians to be employed.

Types of network topology
Bus topology


A bus network topology is a network architecture in which a set of clients are connected
via a shared communications line/cables, called a bus.



Bus networks are the simplest way to connect multiple clients, but may have problems
when two clients want to transmit at the same time on the same bus.



Bus topology consists of one cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes are connected
to this cable.

Merits and Demerits of bus topology


Ease of installation



Simple architecture & cheap



If one computer fails it does not affect the other computers



Requires less cabling as compared to other topologies

Disadvantages:


If the main cable fails, all the other devices will die



Difficult to locate the problem when the cable is broken down



Reconfiguration & installation of new devices tend to be difficult

Star topology


Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies. Here all the
nodes are connected to a central network hub & they communicate through this hub.



Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator before continuing to its
destination. The hub controls all the functions of the network.

Merits and Demerits of star topology



No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices



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Easy to install & maintain

Easy to detect the faults & better performance

Disadvantages:


If the central hub fails, all computers connected to that hub would be disconnected.



Expensive because of hub or concentrator.



Requires more cable length than bus topology

Ring topology


In a ring topology, all nodes are connected in a circular manner. Here, each
communication device is connected to the next & the last node is connected to the first.



The data known as token is passed from one device to other in a circular fashion.



The token at each node is examined & if the token belongs to the node that examines is
received, if not it passes the token to the next node. Because of this reason, the protocol
used here is token ring.

Merits and Demerits of ring topology


Point to point line configuration makes it easy to identify and isolate faults.



Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the opportunity to
transmit



No collision as only one packet of data transfer along ring.

Disadvantages:


Moving, adding and changing the devices can affect the network



Bandwidth is shared on all links between devices



Communication delay depends on the no. of nodes

Mesh topology




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A network setup where each computer and network device is interconnected with one
another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections
goes down.
This topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and
expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this topology is
commonly used for wireless networks.

Merits and Demerits of mesh topology


High data reliability due to multiple communication links through which data travels.



Messages travel through a dedicated line, directly to the intended recipient; privacy and
security are thus enhanced.



Dedicated links ensure that each connection carries its own data load

Disadvantages:


Very expensive to setup because of multiple links.



Such networks are uncommon.

Tree topology


This is a combination of characteristics of the bus & star topologies. (Also called as star
bus topology). It consists of star configured nodes connected to a bus backbone cable.



Tree topology is one of the most common network setups that is similar to a bus
topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other
star networks.

Merits and Demerits of tree topology


Point-to-point cabling for individual segments



Supported by several hardware & software vendors



Having different levels of the network makes it more manageable hence easier fault
identification and isolation.

Disadvantages:



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Maintenance of the network may be an issue when the network spans a great area.
Since it is a variation of bus topology, if the backbone fails, the entire network is
crippled.

Computer virus


A computer virus is a program that is able to copy itself when it is run. Very often,
computer viruses are run as a part of other programs.



Computer virus is an executable program. Depend on the nature of a virus, it may cause
damage of your hard disk contents, and/or hamper normal operation of your computer.



By definition, a virus program is able to replicate itself. This means that the virus
multiplies on a computer by making copies of it.



This replication is intentional; it is part of the virus program. In most cases, if a file that
contains virus is executed or copied onto another computer, then that computer will also
be "infected" by the same virus.



A virus can be introduced to a computer system along with any software program. For
Internet users, this threat can come from downloading files through FTP (file transfer
protocol)



A worm is a program very similar to a virus; it has the ability to self-replicate and can
lead to negative effects on your system. But they can be detected and eliminated by
antivirus software.



Another unsavory breed of malicious code are Trojans or Trojan horses, which unlike
viruses, do not reproduce by infecting other files, nor do they self-replicate like worms.
In fact, it is a program which disguises itself as a useful program or application.

Computer crimes



Net crime refers to criminal exploitation of the Internet.



Definition of cybercrime: "Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of
individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim
directly or indirectly using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet and
mobile phones”(SMS/MMS).



Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and financial health.



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Computer crime refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network. The
computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target.

Issues surrounding these types of crime have become high-profile, particularly those
surrounding cracking, copyright violation, child pornography, etc.

Computer security


Computer security is the process of preventing and detecting unauthorized use of your
computer. Prevention measures help you to stop unauthorized users (also known as
"intruders") from accessing any part of your computer system.



Intruders (also referred to as hackers, attackers, or crackers) may not care about your
identity. Often they want to gain control of your computer so they can use it to launch
attacks on other computer systems.



Computer security (Also known as IT Security) is information security as applied
to computers and networks. The field covers all the processes and mechanisms by which
computer-based equipment, information and services are protected from unintended or
unauthorized access.



Computer security also includes protection from unplanned events and natural disasters.

BY: Mohammad Ali & Tausif G
Jain College Of MCA & MBA,
Belgaum.

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Computer concepts- Mohammadali & Tausif

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