Computer memory, Types of programming languages
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The document explains various types of computer memory and programming languages, detailing the memory hierarchy, volatile and non-volatile memory types, and the distinction between system software and application software. It covers components like RAM, ROM, and flash memory, highlighting their roles, characteristics, and applications in computing. Additionally, it describes how system software manages hardware interactions while application software assists users in specific tasks.
Computer memory, Types of programming languages
- 1. Computer Memory Types of Programming Languages By: Prof. Ganesh Ingle
- 2. Memory Hierarchy RAM Memory Chip Organization ROM Flash Memory Types of Programming Languages Compiler vs Interpreter vs Assembler References
- 6. Registers top in the hierarchy matched in speed to the CPU but are large and consume significant power number of registers in a processor are small Secondary and off-line storage devices at the bottom of the hierarchy cost per stored bit small in terms of money and power but access time is very long compared to registers
- 7. The term “random” means any memory location can be accessed in the same amount of time regardless of its position in the memory. Volatile memory Types of RAM: • SRAM • DRAM
- 8. Static RAM (SRAM) based on flip flops Contents of each location persist as long as power is applied. Fast but relatively large Consume a lot of power Used for memory applications that are small but fast
- 9. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) employ capacitors Capacitor stores electric charge whose level represents a 1 or 0 Capacitors dissipate with time and hence the charge must be restored frequently DRAMs smaller, slower than SRAMs support low cost, low power and high density and hence used in main memory
- 10. During read operation: • Entire row is selected • It is fed into the column MUX • MUX selects a single bit for output During write operation: • Single bit to be written is distributed by the DEMUX to the target column • Row decoder selects the proper column to be written
- 11. Data stored in these chips is nonvolatile - - it is not lost when power is turned off. On turn on, the computer loads BIOS from ROM Data stored in these chips is either unchangeable or requires a special operation to change Applications:Videogames, calculators, microwave oven, etc
- 12. Lets see the circuit for a ROM that stores four four-bit words(0101, 1011, 1110, 0000) PROM burner allows contents of the ROM to be overwritten only once EPROMs – could be written several times EEPROMs – allow the content to be rewritten electrically
- 13. A section of memory cells can be erased in a single step, or 'flash', thus the name Nonvolatile memory Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in such devices as digital cameras, mobile, video game consoles
- 17. System Software A system software aids the user and the hardware to function and interact with each other. It is a software to manage computer hardware behaviour so as to provide basic functionalities that are required by the user. In simple words, we can say that system software is an intermediate or a middle layer between the user and the hardware. These computer software sanction a platform or environment for the other software to work in. This is the reason why system software is very important in managing the entire computer system. When you first turn on the computer, it is the system software that gets initialized and gets loaded in the memory of the system. The system software runs in the background and is not used by the end-users. This is the reason why system software is also known as ‘low-level software’.
- 18. Application Software Application Software, also known as end-user programs or productivity programs are software that helps the user in completing tasks such as doing online research, jotting down notes, setting an alarm, designing graphics, keeping an account log, doing calculations or even playing games. They lie above the system software. Unlike system software, they are used by the end-user and are specific in their functionality or tasks and do the job that they are designed to do. For example, a browser is an application designed specifically for browsing the internet or MS Powerpoint is an application used specifically for making presentations. Application Software or simply apps can also be referred to as non-essential software as their requirement is highly subjective and their absence does not affect the functioning of the system. All the apps that we see on our mobile phones are also examples of Application Software. There is certain software that is exclusively made for app development like Meteor and Flutter. These are examples of Application software too.