![Realization of Bandpass Filter Based
on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton
Technique at Microwave Frequency
Gaurav Mittal and Nagendra Prasad Pathak
Abstract Spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) are a form of electromagnetic
surface wave which, share similar behavior with surface plasma polariton (SPP). The
dispersion relation of SSPP is regulated by the geometry of the corrugation using
plasmonic metamaterial. In this paper, the SSPP transmission line having double side
corrugatedstripandbandpassfilterwhichiscomposedoftwooppositeorientedsingle
side corrugated strips coupled to one double side corrugated strips are discussed. The
re-configurability aspects of SSPP structures are also explored.
Keywords Spoof surface plasmon polariton · Dispersion relation
Plasmonic metamaterial · Bandpass filter
1 Introduction
Recently, plenty of works have demonstrated that the highly confined surface elec-
tromagnetic (EM) waves, named spoof SPP or designer SPP, could be supported by
plasmonic metamaterial, which consist of a textured metal surface with sub wave-
length scaled grooves or dimples [1–5]. The surface plasmon frequency and the SPP
like dispersion properties of the spoof SPP could be scaled down to the THz or
microwave region by using these plasmonic metamaterial. In this paper, SSPP trans-
mission line based filters using plasmonic metamaterial is discussed. Proposed filter
is fed by a transducer composed of a CPW line with a flaring ground.
G. Mittal (B)
Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory, DRDO, Dehradun 248001, India
e-mail: gauravmittal.drdo@gmail.com
N. P. Pathak
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
e-mail: nagppfec@iitr.ac.in
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
B. Iyer et al. (eds.), Computing, Communication and Signal Processing,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 810,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1513-8_1
1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/42057-250615194001-54084257/85/Computing-Communication-and-Signal-Processing-Proceedings-of-ICCASP-2018-Brijesh-Iyer-21-320.jpg)
![2 G. Mittal and N. P. Pathak
2 SSPP Transmission Line
In this paper, two types of SSPP transmission line (SSPP-TL) is used which are
single side corrugated strip by asymmetric unit cell and double side corrugated strips
by symmetric unit cell. Figure 1a, b shows the both symmetric and asymmetric unit
cell [6]. The dimension are a 1 mm, b 2 mm, c 5 mm, d 5 mm. Figure 1c
shows the dispersion curve comparison using eigen mode analysis in CST microwave
studio. It is observed that the cutoff frequency of the symmetric unit cell is a little
bit lower than that of asymmetric unit cell at around 11 GHz.
Recently Tham Yap Fung et al. have presented a hybrid waveguide as shown
in Fig. 2 which allows broadband conversion of guided wave to SSPPs and vice
versa [7, 8]. The structure shows three sections (i) CPW input (ii) mode converter
(iii) SSPP Tx line section. The first part is CPW for the purpose to feed or receive
electromagnetic fields. To achieve the 50 Ohm, the CPW parameters are chosen.
The second part is a transition section between CPW and the SSPP waveguide, a
symmetric periodic corrugated structure. The transition structure consists of flaring
ground which is designed to match the impedance and gradient groves are used to
match the momentum. The third part is the main periodic SSPP transmission line.
The structure is modeled and simulated in CST software tool with optimized input
and output transition. The RT duroide substrate is used for fabrication. The fabricated
SSPP transmission line is shown in Fig. 3a. Figure 3b shows the comparison having
S-parameter characteristic of simulated and measured results of structure shown in
Fig. 2a.
ThishybridmodeSSPPtransmissionlineactasabroadbandbandpassfilterhaving
passband approx (2.1–10.0) GHz which allows signal of a certain band of frequencies
to transmit and reject signals of frequencies outside the band.
3 Bandpass Filter Using Coupled SSPP-TL
On the basis of the concept of microwave network, the coupling part can be described
by a four port network as shown in the Fig. 4[7]. Bandpass filter is designed using
symmetric corrugated strip coupled with two opposite oriented asymmetric corru-
gated strips [9]. In this way two coupled resonator circuit having four port networks
are placed back to back manner. Bandpass filter based on coupling of SSPP-TL is
realized.
The design is fabricated on RT Duroid substrate. The fabricated bandpass filter is
shown in Fig. 5a, b shows the S-parameter characteristic of simulated and measured
results of structure shown in Fig. 5a. The realized bandpass filter has Passband lies
between (6.0–7.8) GHz and measured insertion loss is less than 2.0 dB.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/42057-250615194001-54084257/85/Computing-Communication-and-Signal-Processing-Proceedings-of-ICCASP-2018-Brijesh-Iyer-22-320.jpg)
![4 G. Mittal and N. P. Pathak
Fig. 2 a SSPP Transmission line b CPW input c mode converter d SSPP Tx line
4 Reconfigurable Bandpass Filter
In the previous sections, the SSPP transmission line based filter is discussed. In this
section, it will be shown that how the bandwidth or band of the transmission of SSPP
structure could be changed. This can be implemented by varying the structure and
physical properties of the structure. The filter passband can be change through below
mentioned four ways by changing the following:
• Unit cell
• Coupling elements
• Coupled Structure
• Dielectric constant of material
4.1 Changes in Unit Cell
The unit cell as mentioned in Fig. 1b is modified as shown in Fig. 6a having capacitive
behavior [10]. The dimension are e = 1 mm, f = 5 mm, g = 3 mm, h = 5 mm. Figure 6b
shows the series resonant circuit [11]. Resonant circuits are realized by suitably
combining inductor and capacitor. By introducing inductive element in series with
unit cell having capacitive behavior, bandpass filter phenomenon can be achieved.
The modified unit cell (Fig. 6a) is further modified using thin microstrip line
or inductive element as shown in Fig. 6c. The unit cell (Fig. 6c) is utilized as LC
resonator in the filter design. The normalized dispersion curve comparison of Fig. 1b
and modified unit cell as Fig. 6a, c and light line are shown in Fig. 7.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/42057-250615194001-54084257/85/Computing-Communication-and-Signal-Processing-Proceedings-of-ICCASP-2018-Brijesh-Iyer-24-320.jpg)
![6 G. Mittal and N. P. Pathak
Fig. 4 Coupled resonator
phenomenon
As per the dispersion curve shown in Fig. 7, (i) The cutoff frequency for both unit
cell mentioned in Figs. 1b and 6a are similar behavior and (ii) The cutoff frequency
for modified unit cell having inductive element is much lower than the reported unit
cell.
Now, new structure is designed using modified unit cell (Fig. 6c) having order
n 5. The modeling is done in CST as shown in Fig. 8a. Figure 8b shows the sim-
ulated S-parameter characteristic having comparison of results between structure of
Figs. 3a and 8a. Passband approximately (2.1–6.2) GHz is achieved by structure
(Fig. 8a) compare to previous structure shown in Fig. 3a having passband approxi-
mately (2.1–10.0) GHz. So pass band at high band side can be decreased or bandwidth
can be decreased by new unit cell.
Another way of analysis is that introduction of inductance is actually a defect in
the periodic structure. So by introducing the defects in periodic structure, we can
achieve modified passband.
4.2 Coupling Elements
On the basis of the frequency selective SSPP structure discussed in Fig. 5a, new
structure is designed by increasing the order of coupling element from n 5 to
n 23 so that SSPP dual-band bandpass filter can be realized [12]. The fabricated
SSPP dual-band bandpass filter is shown in Fig. 9a. Figure 9b shows the S-parameter
characteristic of simulated and measured results of structure shown in Fig. 9a.
The Band-1 frequency lies between (6.0–6.80) GHz and Band—2 frequency lies
between (7.8–8.40) GHz and insertion loss is less than 2.5 dB. So compare to result
shown in Fig. 5b having single passband is split into two passband by increasing the
number of coupling elements.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/42057-250615194001-54084257/85/Computing-Communication-and-Signal-Processing-Proceedings-of-ICCASP-2018-Brijesh-Iyer-26-320.jpg)
Computing, Communication and Signal Processing: Proceedings of ICCASP 2018 Brijesh Iyer
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- 4. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 810 Brijesh Iyer · S. L. Nalbalwar Nagendra Prasad Pathak Editors Computing, Communication and Signal Processing Proceedings of ICCASP 2018
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- 7. Brijesh Iyer • S. L. Nalbalwar • Nagendra Prasad Pathak Editors Computing, Communication and Signal Processing Proceedings of ICCASP 2018 123
- 8. Editors Brijesh Iyer Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Lonere, Raigad, Maharashtra, India S. L. Nalbalwar Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Lonere, Raigad, Maharashtra, India Nagendra Prasad Pathak Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic) Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ISBN 978-981-13-1512-1 ISBN 978-981-13-1513-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1513-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947490 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
- 9. Preface Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere-402103, is a State Technological University of Maharashtra State in India. Over the years, the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering of this university has been organising faculty and staff development programmes and continuing education programmes and workshops. In the year 2013, the department had taken a new initiative to organise international conferences in the areas of signal/image processing, RF and microwave engineering, and IoT. The “ICCASP” series is an outcome of this initiative. Keynote lectures, invited talks by eminent professors and panel discussion of the delegates with the academicians and industry personnel are the key features of third ICCASP 2018. We have received a great response in terms of the quantity and quality of papers. The conference had adopted a “double-blind review” process to select the papers with a strict plagiarism verification policy. Hence, the selected papers are the true record of research work in their edict. We are thankful to the reviewers and session chairs and rapporteurs for their support. We also thank the authors and the delegates for their contributions and presence. We are extremely grateful to Hon Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Vilas G. Gaikar, for his patronage and support from time to time. Financial support for this activity from TEQIP-III is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, we have no words to thank all our colleagues in the department, members of various committees, all the student volunteers, research scholars and alumni without whose unflagging enthusiasm and diligent efforts this conference would not have seen the light of day. v
- 10. We are pledged to take ICCASP series to greater heights in the years to come with the aim to put forward the need-based research and innovation. To conclude, we would like to express our feelings with the following quote: (O Lord) Keep me not in the Unreality, but lead me towards the Reality… (O Lord) Keep me not in the Darkness, but lead me towards the Light. Thank you one and all. Lonere, Maharashtra, India Dr. Brijesh Iyer Lonere, Maharashtra, India Dr. S. L. Nalbalwar Roorkee, India Dr. Nagendra Prasad Pathak vi Preface
- 11. Contents Realization of Bandpass Filter Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Technique at Microwave Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Gaurav Mittal and Nagendra Prasad Pathak Design of Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Based Transmission Line at Terahertz Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Rahul Kumar Jaiswal, Nidhi Pandit and Nagendra Prasad Pathak Multiband Multimode Filter for Wireless Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Nidhi Pandit, Rahul Kumar Jaiswal and Nagendra Prasad Pathak Design of Graphene-Based THz Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Arun Kumar Varshney, Nagendra Prasad Pathak and Debabrata Sircar Concurrent Dual-Band Double-Layer High Gain Planar Antenna for WAICs/ITS Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Shivesh Tripathi, Nagendra Prasad Pathak and M. Parida Compact Rat-Race Coupler-Based Microstrip Balun Without Any Isolation Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Ankita Kumari, Tamasi Moyra and Priyansha Bhowmik Application of the Fractal Defected Ground Structure in Design of the Bandpass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Chandni V. Desai and Pravin R. Prajapati Design of UWB Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Gain Using Partially Reflective Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Pravin R. Prajapati and Shailesh B. Khant Reconfigurable Inset-Fed Patch Antenna Design Using DGS for Human Vital Sign Detection Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Brijesh Iyer, Mahesh P. Abegaonkar and S. K. Koul vii
- 12. Asymmetric Double U-Slot Multi-frequency Antenna for WLAN/5G Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Sraddhanjali Mohapatra, Debaprasad Barad and Subhrakanta Behera Performance Analysis of Optimal Versus Energy-Based Selection of Receiver Antenna for MIMO Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Nitin Deotale and Uttam Kolekar Public Auditing for Shared Data in Cloud Storage with an Effective User Dismissal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 S. Samundiswary and Nilima Dongre Lightweight Effective Encryption Algorithm for Securing Data in Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Basel Saleh Al-Attab, H. S. Fadewar and Mahmoud E. Hodeish Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics in Big Data Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Prachi Deshpande Indexing in Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Madhu M. Nashipudimath and Subhash K. Shinde DataSpeak: Data Extraction, Aggregation, and Classification Using Big Data Novel Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Venkatesh Gauri Shankar, Bali Devi and Sumit Srivastava Design and Implementation of Internet of Things Based Multi-sensor Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Ravikant Khamitkar and Farid Valsangkar Internet of Things for Irrigation Monitoring and Controlling . . . . . . . 165 R. J. Muley and V. N. Bhonge Hostel Rooms Power Management and Monitoring Using Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Meenakshi Patil, Vijay D. Chaudhari, Hemraj V. Dhande and H. T. Ingale Performance Analysis of LAN, MAN, WAN, and WLAN Topologies for VoIP Services Using OPNET Modeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Poonam Chakraborty and Aparna M. Telgote Intelligent Attribute Based Encryption (IABE) Mechanism for Health Records in Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Ranjith Kumar Vollala and L. Venkateswara Reddy Latent Class Analysis (LCA) Based Approach for Finding Best Hotels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Vijay Singh, Bhasker Pant, D. P. Singh and Santosh Kumar viii Contents
- 13. Analysis of Probabilistic Models for Influence Ranking in Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Pranav Nerurkar, Aruna Pavate, Mansi Shah and Samuel Jacob Smart City Project Management System Using Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Revati M. Wahul and Santosh S. Lomte Performance Scaling of Wireless Sensor Network by Using Enhanced OMRA Routing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Tanaji Dhaigude, Latha Parthiban and Avinash Kokare A Study on LoRaWAN for Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 S. Subashini, R. Venkateswari and P. Mathiyalagan Avalanche Effect Based Vertical Handoff System for Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 G. U. Mali and D. K. Gautam Energy-Aware Approach for Routing Protocol by Using Centralized Control Clustering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks. . . . . . . . . 261 Nada Al-Humidi and Girish V. Chowdhary Security Challenges and Solutions for Wireless Body Area Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 K. R. Siva Bharathi and R. Venkateswari Minimizing Congestion in Mobile Ad hoc Network Using Adaptive Control Packet Frequency and Data Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Navneet Kaur and Rakesh Singhai Network Selection Scheme Using Taguchi Method for Real-Time Streaming Media Over Heterogeneous Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Renuka Deshpande, Lata Ragha and Satyendra Kumar Sharma Performance of Internal Cluster Validations Measures For Evolutionary Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Pranav Nerurkar, Aruna Pavate, Mansi Shah and Samuel Jacob Performance Analysis of Polar Coded IHDAF Relaying for Next Generation Cellular Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 N. Madhusudhanan and R. Venkateswari A Proposed Architecture for Cold Start Recommender by Clustering Contextual Data and Social Network Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 V. R. Revathy and Anitha S. Pillai Performance Issues of Parallel, Scalable Convolutional Neural Networks in Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Umesh Chavan and Dinesh Kulkarni Contents ix
- 14. An Efficient Approach to Feature Extraction for Crowd Density Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Neeta Anil Nemade and V. V. Gohokar Unsupervised Feature Selection Using Correlation Score . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Tanuja Pattanshetti and Vahida Attar Sustainability Assessment by Use of Fuzzy Logic—A Review . . . . . . . 363 Pratibha R. Dumane, Anuja D. Sarate and Satishkumar S. Chavan Sentence Level Sentiment Identification and Calculation from News Articles Using Machine Learning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Vishal S. Shirsat, Rajkumar S. Jagdale and Sachin N. Deshmukh Multi-constraint QoS Disjoint Multipath Routing in SDN . . . . . . . . . . 377 Manan Doshi, Aayush Kamdar and Krishna Kansara Performance Analysis of Trust-Based Routing Protocol for MANET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Archana Mandhare and Sujata Kadam VANET-Based Distributed Platoon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Vanshri Deshpande and Swati Kamthekar Unconventional Prediction Algorithm for Quick Route Convergence and Stability in MANET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Mehajabeen Fatima, T. K. Bandopadhyay and Roopam Gupta Analysis on Logical Key Hierarchy and Variants for Secure Group Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Aparna S. Pande, Yashwant Joshi and Manisha Y. Joshi Performance Analysis of SLM Technique for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Using QPSK Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Amol B. Kotade, Anil Nandgaonkar and S. L. Nalbalwar Spatial Modulation Technique: Achievements and Challenges . . . . . . . 441 Namita Agarwal A Novel Cluster Based Algorithm for Outlier Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Manish Mahajan, Santosh Kumar and Bhasker Pant Sentimental Analysis of Twitter Data on Hadoop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Jayanta Choudhury, Chetan Pandey and Anuj Saxena Multi-GPU Approach for Development of Parallel and Scalable Pub-Sub System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Medha A. Shah and Dinesh Kulkarni x Contents
- 15. Artificially Talented Architecture for Theme Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 A. Karamchandani, T. Agey, A. Chavan, Vaibhav Khatavkar and Parag Kulkarni Study and Effect of Architecture Deployed in BPO on Screen Recording Compliance for In-Centre Versus at-Home Agents . . . . . . . 489 Rajendra Deshpande, Ulhas Shiurkar and Satish Devane Document Theme Extraction Using Named-Entity Recognition . . . . . . 499 Deepali Nagrale, Vaibhav Khatavkar and Parag Kulkarni AnaData: A Novel Approach for Data Analytics Using Random Forest Tree and SVM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Bali Devi, Sarvesh Kumar, Anuradha and Venkatesh Gauri Shankar A Decision Support System Using Analytical Hierarchy Process for Student-Teacher-Industry Expectation Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 S. S. Pawar and R. R. Rathod English Language Adoptability in Engineering Graduates: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Sushama Deshpande, Amit Shesh and Brijesh Iyer Design and Development of E-Care Management System for Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Mrutyunjaya S. Yalawar, Basava S. Dhanne, Rakesh Ranjan and Telugu Satyanarayana Study of Classification Techniques on Medical Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Girish Kumar Singh, Rahul K. Jain and Prabhati Dubey Feature Ensemble Learning Based on Sparse Autoencoders for Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Vinod J. Kadam and Shivajirao M. Jadhav PCA Fusion for ANN-Based Diabetes Diagnostic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 Sandeep Sangle, Pramod Kachare and Jitendra Sonawane MHD Flow with Heat and Mass Transfer Over a Radiating Cone Due to a Point Sink in Presence of Partial and Solutal Slips . . . . . . . . 591 Nasreen Bano Shaikh, B. B. Singh and S. R. Sayyed MHD Stagnation-Point Dissipative Flow in a Porous Medium with Joule Heating and Second-Order Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 S. R. Sayyed, B. B. Singh and Nasreen Bano Design Optimization of 10 nm Channel Length InGaAs Vertical Gate-All-Around Transistor (Nanowire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Shreyas Kulkarni, Sangeeta Joshi, Dattatray Bade and Subha Subramaniam Contents xi
- 16. Design of Micro-heater on 3D-SnO2 Gas Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 Gajendrasingh Y. Rajput, Manoj S. Gofane and Sandip Dhobale Blackbox-Based Night Vision Camouflage Robot for Defence Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Harsh Surana, Nitesh Agarwal, Akash Udaykumar and Rucha Darekar IOT-Based Wi-Fi Surveillance Robot with Real-Time Audio and Video Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 Diksha Singh and Anil Nandgaonkar Genetic Algorithm Approach for Obstacle Avoidance and Path Optimization of Mobile Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Sunil B. Mane and Sharan Vhanale Performance Verification of DC–DC Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 Vaibhav Marne and K. Vadirajacharya Comparison of Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Methods—TOPSIS and PROMETHEE for Distribution Systems . . . . 669 S. G. Kamble, K. Vadirajacharya and U. V. Patil Interconnection of Grid and Renewable Energy Sources Using Voltage Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Anish Vijay Patil and K. Vadirajacharya Performance Comparison of Sliding Control Law for Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 S. S. Sankeswari and R. H. Chile A Novel Method for Detection of Atrial Fibrillation Based on Heart Rate Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Akib Shah and Vaishali Ingale Investigation on Daubechies Wavelet-Based Compressed Sensing Matrices for ECG Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Yuvraj V. Parkale and S. L. Nalbalwar Statistical Characterization of an Underwater Channel in a Tropical Shallow Freshwater Lake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 Jyoti A. Sadalage, Arnab Das and Yashwant Joshi Nonuniform Frequency Sampling Approach to FIR Filter Design . . . . 729 Mahesh Ladekar, Yashwant Joshi and Ramchandra Manthalkar Detection of Epileptic Seizure Using Wavelet Transform and Neural Network Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 S. M. Wani, S. Sabut and S. L. Nalbalwar xii Contents
- 17. Comparative Analysis of ICA, PCA-Based EASI and Wavelet-Based Unsupervised Denoising for EEG Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Ankita Bhatnagar, Krushna Gupta, Utkarsh Pandharkar, Ramchandra Manthalkar and Narendra Jadhav Analyzing Effect of Meditation Using Higher Order Crossings and Functional Connectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 Shruti Phutke, Narendra Jadhav, Ramchandra Manthalkar and Yashwant Joshi The Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of EEG Signals: A Meditation-Based Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 Sunil R. Hirekhan, Ramchandra Manthalkar and Shruti Phutke Convex Optimization-Based Filter Bank Design for Contact Lens Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Swati Madhe and Raghunath Holambe EEG Waveform Classification Using Transform Domain Features and SVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 Hemprasad Y. Patil, Priyanka B. Patil, Seema R. Baji and Rohini S. Darade Colour-Adaptive Digital Image Watermarking Technique . . . . . . . . . . 799 Shailesh Sapkal and B. G. Hogade Improved Version of Tone-Mapped Quality Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Tushar Mane and S. S. Tamboli Robust Exemplar-Based Image and Video Inpainting for Object Removal and Region Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 Ashvini V. Pinjarkar and D. J. Tuptewar Comparative Analysis for Steganographic LSB Variants . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Namrata Singh and Jayati Bhardwaj Integrating Machine Learning Tool to Improve DSS Design . . . . . . . . 837 R. G. Joshi and H. S. Fadewar PSO-Based Text Summarization Approach Using Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 Shrabanti Mandal, Girish Kumar Singh and Anita Pal Face Recognition Using Eigenfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 G. Md. Zafaruddin and H. S. Fadewar Multi-focal Image Fusion with Convolutional Sparse Representation and Stationary Wavelet Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Gandhali A. Pawar and Sujata Kadam Contents xiii
- 18. Fuzzy Deep Learning for Diabetes Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Tushar Deshmukh and H. S. Fadewar Classification of Magnetic Resonance Brain Images Using Local Binary Pattern as Input to Minimal Complexity Machine . . . . . . . . . . 883 Heena Hooda and Om Prakash Verma Underwater Image Colour Balance by Grey World Approach with Attenuation Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 Sonali Sankpal and Shraddha Deshpande Technique of Face Recognition Based on PCA with Eigen-Face Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 C. B. Tatepamulwar, V. P. Pawar, S. D. Khamitkar and H. S. Fadewar Analysis of Face Recognition Algorithms for Uncontrolled Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Siddheshwar S. Gangonda, Prashant P. Patavardhan and Kailash J. Karande Line Scratch Detection in Old Motion Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 Mukkawar Vinayak and Jondhale Kalpana Underwater Image Enhancement by Rayleigh Stretching with Adaptive Scale Parameter and Energy Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 Sonali Sankpal and Shraddha Deshpande Medical and Color Image Compression with Fractal Quadtree with Huffman Coding for Different Threshold Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 Sandhya Kadam and Vijay Rathod A Novel Method to Detect Fovea from Color Fundus Images . . . . . . . 957 Samiksha Pachade, Prasanna Porwal and Manesh Kokare Detection of Malaria Parasite Based on Thick and Thin Blood Smear Images Using Local Binary Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 Satishkumar L. Varma and Satishkumar S. Chavan Gender Identification from Frontal Facial Images Using Multiresolution Statistical Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 Prabha, Jitendra Sheetlani, Chitra Dhawale and Rajmohan Pardeshi Captioning the Images: A Deep Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987 Chaitrali P. Chaudhari and Satish Devane Age-Type Identification and Recognition of Historical Kannada Handwritten Document Images Using HOG Feature Descriptors. . . . . 1001 Parashuram Bannigidad and Chandrashekar Gudada xiv Contents
- 19. Image Inpainting for Hemorrhage Detection in Mass Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011 Anupama Awati, H. Chinmayee Rao and M. R. Patil Performance Analysis and Implementation of DES Algorithm and RSA Algorithm with Image and Audio Steganography Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021 Ankit Gambhir, Khushboo and Rajeev Arya Content-Based Image Retrieval Using Color and Texture Features Through Ant Colony Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 Nitin Jain and S. S. Salankar Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 Contents xv
- 20. About the Editors Brijesh Iyer holds a Ph.D. in RF and communication engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Currently, he is Associate Professor in the Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad. His research interests include nanophotonics/RF front-end design, pervasive healthcare system design and allied signal/image processing. He has published research papers in several peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings and authored two books. He is a reviewer for many high-impact international journals and actively serves in various committees, e.g. IEEE MTTS, IETE, CSI, IAENG and ISTE. S. L. Nalbalwar is Professor and Head of the Department of Electronic and Telecommunication, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad. He received his Ph.D. in signal processing from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. His research interests include signal matched filter banks, design, characterisation and process modelling. He has organised many international con- ferences in his field and is an active member of many professional bodies, e.g. IETE (M123221), CSI (LM54758), ISTE (LM17072), IE (AM0820973), ISCEE (LM212) and IEEE (M80415950). He has published many papers in high-impact journals. Nagendra Prasad Pathak is Associate Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. He completed his Ph.D. in millimetre-wave integrated circuits at IIT Delhi, after receiving his M.Tech. in electronics engineering from the University of Allahabad. He has developed many courses at IIT Roorkee, e.g. RF and mixed-signal circuits, communication systems and techniques, optical com- munication and microwave/millimetre-wave integrated circuits. He has worked on many projects as a principal investigator and has published in many journals and conference proceedings. In addition, he has developed two key technologies with applications in defence, health care, disaster management, medicine and veterinary sciences. xvii
- 21. Realization of Bandpass Filter Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Technique at Microwave Frequency Gaurav Mittal and Nagendra Prasad Pathak Abstract Spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) are a form of electromagnetic surface wave which, share similar behavior with surface plasma polariton (SPP). The dispersion relation of SSPP is regulated by the geometry of the corrugation using plasmonic metamaterial. In this paper, the SSPP transmission line having double side corrugatedstripandbandpassfilterwhichiscomposedoftwooppositeorientedsingle side corrugated strips coupled to one double side corrugated strips are discussed. The re-configurability aspects of SSPP structures are also explored. Keywords Spoof surface plasmon polariton · Dispersion relation Plasmonic metamaterial · Bandpass filter 1 Introduction Recently, plenty of works have demonstrated that the highly confined surface elec- tromagnetic (EM) waves, named spoof SPP or designer SPP, could be supported by plasmonic metamaterial, which consist of a textured metal surface with sub wave- length scaled grooves or dimples [1–5]. The surface plasmon frequency and the SPP like dispersion properties of the spoof SPP could be scaled down to the THz or microwave region by using these plasmonic metamaterial. In this paper, SSPP trans- mission line based filters using plasmonic metamaterial is discussed. Proposed filter is fed by a transducer composed of a CPW line with a flaring ground. G. Mittal (B) Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory, DRDO, Dehradun 248001, India e-mail: gauravmittal.drdo@gmail.com N. P. Pathak Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India e-mail: nagppfec@iitr.ac.in © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 B. Iyer et al. (eds.), Computing, Communication and Signal Processing, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 810, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1513-8_1 1
- 22. 2 G. Mittal and N. P. Pathak 2 SSPP Transmission Line In this paper, two types of SSPP transmission line (SSPP-TL) is used which are single side corrugated strip by asymmetric unit cell and double side corrugated strips by symmetric unit cell. Figure 1a, b shows the both symmetric and asymmetric unit cell [6]. The dimension are a 1 mm, b 2 mm, c 5 mm, d 5 mm. Figure 1c shows the dispersion curve comparison using eigen mode analysis in CST microwave studio. It is observed that the cutoff frequency of the symmetric unit cell is a little bit lower than that of asymmetric unit cell at around 11 GHz. Recently Tham Yap Fung et al. have presented a hybrid waveguide as shown in Fig. 2 which allows broadband conversion of guided wave to SSPPs and vice versa [7, 8]. The structure shows three sections (i) CPW input (ii) mode converter (iii) SSPP Tx line section. The first part is CPW for the purpose to feed or receive electromagnetic fields. To achieve the 50 Ohm, the CPW parameters are chosen. The second part is a transition section between CPW and the SSPP waveguide, a symmetric periodic corrugated structure. The transition structure consists of flaring ground which is designed to match the impedance and gradient groves are used to match the momentum. The third part is the main periodic SSPP transmission line. The structure is modeled and simulated in CST software tool with optimized input and output transition. The RT duroide substrate is used for fabrication. The fabricated SSPP transmission line is shown in Fig. 3a. Figure 3b shows the comparison having S-parameter characteristic of simulated and measured results of structure shown in Fig. 2a. ThishybridmodeSSPPtransmissionlineactasabroadbandbandpassfilterhaving passband approx (2.1–10.0) GHz which allows signal of a certain band of frequencies to transmit and reject signals of frequencies outside the band. 3 Bandpass Filter Using Coupled SSPP-TL On the basis of the concept of microwave network, the coupling part can be described by a four port network as shown in the Fig. 4[7]. Bandpass filter is designed using symmetric corrugated strip coupled with two opposite oriented asymmetric corru- gated strips [9]. In this way two coupled resonator circuit having four port networks are placed back to back manner. Bandpass filter based on coupling of SSPP-TL is realized. The design is fabricated on RT Duroid substrate. The fabricated bandpass filter is shown in Fig. 5a, b shows the S-parameter characteristic of simulated and measured results of structure shown in Fig. 5a. The realized bandpass filter has Passband lies between (6.0–7.8) GHz and measured insertion loss is less than 2.0 dB.
- 23. Realization of Bandpass Filter Based on Spoof Surface … 3 Fig. 1 Unit cell a asymmetric b symmetric c dispersion curve comparison
- 24. 4 G. Mittal and N. P. Pathak Fig. 2 a SSPP Transmission line b CPW input c mode converter d SSPP Tx line 4 Reconfigurable Bandpass Filter In the previous sections, the SSPP transmission line based filter is discussed. In this section, it will be shown that how the bandwidth or band of the transmission of SSPP structure could be changed. This can be implemented by varying the structure and physical properties of the structure. The filter passband can be change through below mentioned four ways by changing the following: • Unit cell • Coupling elements • Coupled Structure • Dielectric constant of material 4.1 Changes in Unit Cell The unit cell as mentioned in Fig. 1b is modified as shown in Fig. 6a having capacitive behavior [10]. The dimension are e = 1 mm, f = 5 mm, g = 3 mm, h = 5 mm. Figure 6b shows the series resonant circuit [11]. Resonant circuits are realized by suitably combining inductor and capacitor. By introducing inductive element in series with unit cell having capacitive behavior, bandpass filter phenomenon can be achieved. The modified unit cell (Fig. 6a) is further modified using thin microstrip line or inductive element as shown in Fig. 6c. The unit cell (Fig. 6c) is utilized as LC resonator in the filter design. The normalized dispersion curve comparison of Fig. 1b and modified unit cell as Fig. 6a, c and light line are shown in Fig. 7.
- 25. Realization of Bandpass Filter Based on Spoof Surface … 5 Fig. 3 a Fabricated SSPP transmission line b simulated and measured S—parameter
- 26. 6 G. Mittal and N. P. Pathak Fig. 4 Coupled resonator phenomenon As per the dispersion curve shown in Fig. 7, (i) The cutoff frequency for both unit cell mentioned in Figs. 1b and 6a are similar behavior and (ii) The cutoff frequency for modified unit cell having inductive element is much lower than the reported unit cell. Now, new structure is designed using modified unit cell (Fig. 6c) having order n 5. The modeling is done in CST as shown in Fig. 8a. Figure 8b shows the sim- ulated S-parameter characteristic having comparison of results between structure of Figs. 3a and 8a. Passband approximately (2.1–6.2) GHz is achieved by structure (Fig. 8a) compare to previous structure shown in Fig. 3a having passband approxi- mately (2.1–10.0) GHz. So pass band at high band side can be decreased or bandwidth can be decreased by new unit cell. Another way of analysis is that introduction of inductance is actually a defect in the periodic structure. So by introducing the defects in periodic structure, we can achieve modified passband. 4.2 Coupling Elements On the basis of the frequency selective SSPP structure discussed in Fig. 5a, new structure is designed by increasing the order of coupling element from n 5 to n 23 so that SSPP dual-band bandpass filter can be realized [12]. The fabricated SSPP dual-band bandpass filter is shown in Fig. 9a. Figure 9b shows the S-parameter characteristic of simulated and measured results of structure shown in Fig. 9a. The Band-1 frequency lies between (6.0–6.80) GHz and Band—2 frequency lies between (7.8–8.40) GHz and insertion loss is less than 2.5 dB. So compare to result shown in Fig. 5b having single passband is split into two passband by increasing the number of coupling elements.
- 27. Realization of Bandpass Filter Based on Spoof Surface … 7 Fig. 5 a Fabricated bandpass filter b simulated and measured S—parameter results
- 28. 8 G. Mittal and N. P. Pathak Fig. 6 a Proposed symmetric unit cell b series LC resonator circuit in lumped domain c series resonator circuit in distributed domain
- 29. Realization of Bandpass Filter Based on Spoof Surface … 9 Fig. 7 Dispersion curve comparison of modified unit cell 4.3 Change in Coupled Structure New structure is designed by keeping symmetric corrugated strip coupled with two opposite oriented symmetric corrugated strips instead of asymmetric. Now SSPP bandpass filter bandwidth become broader compare to design discussed in Fig. 5a. Modeling of structure in shown in Fig. 10a. Figure 10b shows the compared simulated S-parameter characteristic having comparison of results between structure of Fig. 5a and 10a. Passband approximately (6.0–8.5) GHz is achieved compare to previous passband approximately (6.0–7.8) GHz. So passband at high passband side can be increased or bandwidth is increased. 4.4 Dielectric Constant of Material Passband of bandpass filter can be changed by varying the dielectric constant of substrate for design showing in Fig. 5a. The compared simulated result of substrate having dielectric constant of 2.65 and 2.2 having same thickness are shown in Fig. 11. Figure 11 Red line (εr = 2.2) shows the passband of (6.0–7.8) GHz, BW = 1.8 GHz and pink line (εr = 2.65) shows the passband of (5.5–7.0) GHz, BW = 1.5 GHz. So the passband is shifted down and bandwidth decreased for higher dielectric constant having same design. 5 Comparison of Results In this paper earlier reported work is reproduced/discussed in Sects. 2 and 3. To achieve the reconfigurability, the modification is proposed in Sect. 4. In this section, brief comparison table is shown in Table 1 to summarize the results.
- 30. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
- 31. the claims and hopes of Labour, stand up for the rights of free speech in Trafalgar Square, and speak from a wagon in Hyde Park, may have surprised those who only knew him upon one side, but to those who fully apprehended the reality, ardour, and sincerity of his nature, such action was but its logical outcome and complement, and assuredly it redounds to the honour of the artist, the scholar, and the poet whose loss we still feel, that he was also a man. Few men seemed to drink so full a measure of life as William Morris, and, indeed, he frankly admitted in his last days that he had enjoyed his life. I have heard him say that he only knew what it was to be alive. He could not conceive of death, and the thought of it did not trouble him.
- 32. William Morris speaking from a wagon in Hyde Park, May 1 1894 I first met William Morris in 1870, at a dinner at the house of the late Earl of Carlisle, a man of keen artistic sympathies and considerable artistic ability, notably in water-colour landscapes. He was an enthusiast for the work of Morris and Burne-Jones, and had just built his house at Palace Green from the designs of Mr. Philip Webb, and Morris and Company had decorated it. Morris, I remember, had just returned from a visit to Iceland, and could hardly talk of anything else. It seemed to have laid so strong a hold upon his imagination; and no doubt its literary fruits were the translations of the Icelandic sagas he produced with Professor Magnússon, and also the heroic poem of Sigurd the Volsung. He never, indeed, seemed to lose the impressions of that Icelandic visit, and was ever ready to talk of his experiences there—the primitive life of the people, the long pony rides, the strange, stony deserts, the remote mountains, the geysers and the suggestions of volcanic force everywhere, and the romance-haunted coasts. I well remember, too, the impression produced by the first volume of The Earthly Paradise, which had appeared, I think, shortly before the time of which I speak: the rich and fluent verse, with its simple, direct, Old World diction; the distinct vision, the romantic charm, the sense of external beauty everywhere, with a touch of wistfulness. The voice was the voice of a poet, but the eye was the eye of an artist and a craftsman. It was not so long before that the fame began to spread of the little brotherhood of artists who gathered together at the Red House, Bexley Heath, built by Mr. Philip Webb, it was said, in an orchard without cutting down a single tree. Dante Gabriel Rossetti was the centre of the group, the leading spirit, and he had absorbed the spirit of the pre-Raphaelite movement and centralized it both in painting and verse. But others co-operated at first, such as his master, Ford Madox Brown, and Mr. Arthur Hughes, until the
- 33. committee of artists narrowed down, and became a firm, establishing workshops in one of the old-fashioned houses on the east side of Queen Square, Bloomsbury, a retired place, closed by a garden to through traffic at the northern end. Here Messrs. Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co. (which included a very notable man, Mr. Philip Webb, the architect) began their practical protest against prevailing modes and methods of domestic decoration and furniture, which had fallen since the great exhibition of 1851 chiefly under the influence of the Second Empire taste in upholstery, which was the antithesis of the new English movement. This latter represented in the main a revival of the mediaeval spirit (not the letter) in design; a return to simplicity, to sincerity; to good materials and sound workmanship; to rich and suggestive surface decoration, and simple constructive forms.
- 34. DESIGN FOR WALL-PAPER. THE DAISY. The simple, black-framed, old English Buckinghamshire elbow-chair, with its rush-bottomed seat, was substituted for the wavy-backed and curly-legged stuffed chair of the period, with its French polish and concealed, and often very unreliable, construction. Bordered Eastern rugs, and fringed Axminster carpets, on plain or stained boards, or India matting, took the place of the stuffy planned carpet; rich, or simple, flat patterns acknowledged the wall, and expressed the proportions of the room, instead of trying to hide both under bunches of sketchy roses and vertical stripes; while, instead of the big plate-glass mirror, with ormolu frame, which had long reigned over the cold white marble mantel-piece, small bevelled glasses were inserted in the panelling of the high wood mantel-shelf, or hung over it in convex circular form. Slender black wood or light brass curtain rods, and curtains to match the coverings, or carry out the colour of the room, displaced the heavy mahogany and ormolu battering-rams, with their fringed and festooned upholstery, which had hitherto overshadowed the window of the so-called comfortable classes. Plain white or green paint for interior wood-work drove graining and marbling to the public-house; blue and white Nankin, Delft, or Grès de Flandres routed Dresden and Sèvres from the cabinet; plain oaken boards and trestles were preferred before the heavy mahogany telescopic British dining-table of the mid- nineteenth century; and the deep, high-backed, canopied settle with loose cushions ousted the castored and padded couch from the fireside.
- 35. DESIGN FOR WALL-PAPER. ROSE TRELLIS. Such were the principal ways, as to outward form, in which the new artistic movement made itself felt in domestic decoration. Beginning with the houses of a comparatively limited circle, mostly artists, the taste rapidly spread, and in a few years Morrisian patterns and furniture became the vogue. Cheap imitation on all sides set in, and commercial and fantastic persons, perceiving the set of the current, floated themselves upon it, tricked themselves out like jackdaws with peacocks' feathers, and called it the aesthetic movement. The usual excesses were indulged in by excitable persons, and the inner meaning of the movement was temporarily lost sight of under a cloud of travesty and ridicule, until, like a shuttlecock, the idea had been sufficiently played with and tossed about by society and the big public, it was thrown aside, like a child's toy, for some new catch-
- 36. word. These things were, however, but the ripples or falling leaves upon the surface of the stream, and had but little to do with its sources or its depth, though they might serve as indications of the strength of the current. The art of Morris and those associated with him was really but the outward and visible sign of a great movement of protest and reaction against the commercial and conventional conceptions and standards of life and art which had obtained so strong a hold in the industrial nineteenth century. Essentially Gothic and romantic and free in spirit as opposed to the authoritative and classical, its leader was emphatically and even passionately Gothic in his conception of art and ideals of life. The inspiration of his poetry was no less mediaeval than the spirit of his designs, and it was united with a strong love of nature and an ardent love of beauty.
- 37. WOOLLEN HANGING. THE PEACOCK. One knows but little of William Morris's progenitors. His name suggests Welsh origin, though his birthplace was Walthamstow. Born 24th March 1834, one of a well-to-do family, it was a fortunate circumstance that he was never cramped by poverty in the development of his aims. Escaping the ecclesiastical influence of Oxford and a Church career, his prophets being rather John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, he approached the study and practice of art from the architectural side under one of our principal English Gothic revivalists, George Edmund Street, although he at one time entertained the idea of becoming a painter, and the very interesting picture of Guinevere which was shown at one of the Arts and Crafts Exhibitions makes one regret he did not do more in this way. Few men had a better understanding of the nature of Gothic
- 38. architecture, and a wider knowledge of the historic buildings of his own country, than William Morris, and there can be no doubt that this grasp of the true root and stem of the art was of enormous advantage when he came to turn his attention to the various subsidiary arts and handicrafts comprehended under decorative design. The thoroughness of his methods of work and workmanlike practicality were no less remarkable than his amazing energy and capacity for work. DESIGN FOR SILK HANGING. In one of his earlier papers he said that it appeared to be the object with most people to get rid of, or out of, the necessity of work, but for his part he only wanted to find time for more work, or (as it might be put) to live in order to work, rather than to work in order to live.
- 39. While as a decorative designer he was, of course, interested in all methods, materials, and artistic expression, he concentrated himself generally upon one particular kind at a time, as in the course of his study and practice he mastered the difficulties and technical conditions of each. At one time it was dyeing, upon which he held strong views as to the superiority, permanency, and beauty of vegetable dyes over the mineral and aniline dyes, so much used in ordinary commerce, and his practice in this craft, and the charm of his tints, did much to check the taste for the vivid but fugitive colours of coal-tar. His way was to tackle the thing with his own hands, and so he worked at the vat, like the practical man that he was in these matters. An old friend tells the story of his calling at the works one day and, on inquiring for the master, hearing a strong, cheery voice call out from some inner den, I'm dyeing, I'm dyeing, I'm dyeing! and the well-known robust figure of the craftsman presently appeared in his blue shirt-sleeves, his hands stained blue from the vat where he had been at work.
- 40. COTTON PRINT. EVENLODE. At another time it was weaving that absorbed him, and the study of dyeing naturally led him to textiles, and, indeed, was probably undertaken with the view of reviving their manufacture in new forms, and from rugs and carpets he conceived the idea of reviving Arras tapestry. I remember the man who claimed to have taught Morris to work on the high-warp loom. His name was Wentworth Buller. He was an enthusiast for Persian art, and he had travelled in that country and found out the secret of the weaving of the fine Persian carpets, discovering, I believe, that they were made of goats' hair. He made some attempt to revive this method in England, but from one cause or another was not successful. William Morris, when he had learned the craft of tapestry weaving himself, set about teaching others, and trained two youths, one of whom (Mr. Dearle) is now chief at the Merton Abbey Works, who became exceedingly skilful at the work, executing the large and elaborate design of Sir Edward Burne-Jones (The Adoration of the Magi), which was first worked for the chapel of his own and Morris's college (Exeter College) at Oxford. In this tapestry, as was his wont, Morris enriched the design with a foreground of flowers, through which the Magi approach with their gifts the group of the Virgin and Child, with St. Joseph. In fact, the designs of William Morris are so associated with and so often form part of the work of others or only appear in some conditioned material form, that little or no idea of his individual work, or of his wide influence, could be gathered from any existing autograph work of his. That he was a facile designer of floral ornament his numerous beautiful wall-papers and textile hangings prove, but he always considered that the finished and final form of a particular design, complete in the material for which it was intended, was the only one to be looked at, and always objected to showing preliminary sketches and working drawings. He was a keen judge
- 41. and examiner of work, and fastidious, and as he did not mind taking trouble himself he expected it from those who worked for him. His artistic influence was really due to the way he supervised work under his control, carried out by many different craftsmen under his eye, and not so much by his own actual handiwork. In any estimate of William Morris's power and influence as an artist, this should always be borne in mind. He always described himself as an artist working with assistants, which is distinct from the manufacturer who simply directs a business from the business point of view. Nothing went out of the works at Queen Square, or, later, at Merton Abbey, without his sanction from the artistic point of view. KELMSCOTT HOUSE. MEETING ROOM OF THE HAMMERSMITH SOCIALIST SOCIETY.
- 42. The wave of taste which he had done so much to create certainly brought prosperity to the firm, and larger premises had to be taken; so Morris and Company emerged from the seclusion of Queen Square and opened a large shop in Oxford Street, and set up extensive works at Merton Abbey—a most charming and picturesque group of workshops, surrounded by trees and kitchen gardens, on the banks of the river Wandle in Surrey, not far from Wimbledon. The tapestry and carpet looms which were first set up at Kelmscott House, on the Upper Mall at Hammersmith,2 were moved to Merton, where also the dyeing and painted glass-work were carried on. This latter art had long been an important part of the work of the firm. In early days designs were supplied by Ford Madox Brown and D. G. Rossetti, but later they were entirely from the hands of Morris's closest friend, Edward Burne-Jones; that is to say, the figure-work. Floral and subsidiary design were frequently added by William Morris, as was also the leading of the cartoons. The results of their co-operation in this way have been the many fine windows scattered over the land, chiefly at Oxford and Cambridge, where the Christ Church window and those at Jesus College may be named, while the churches of Birmingham have been enriched by many splendid examples, more particularly at St. Philip's. Their glass has also found place in the United States, in Richardson's famous church at Boston, and at the late Miss Catherine Wolfe's house, Vinland, Newport. An exquisite autograph work of William Morris's is the copy of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyám, which he wrote out and illuminated with his own hand, though even to this work Burne-Jones contributed a miniature, and Mr. Fairfax Murray worked out other designs in some of the borders. This beautiful work was exhibited at the first Arts and Crafts Exhibition in 1888. It is in the possession of Lady Burne-Jones, and by her special permission I am enabled to give some reproductions of four of the pages here. It is so beautiful that one wonders the artist was not induced to do more work of the kind; but there is only known to be one or two
- 43. other manuscripts partially completed by him. Certainly his love for mediaeval illuminated MSS. was intense and his knowledge great, and his collection of choice and rare works of this kind probably unique. The same might be said of his collection of early printed books, which was wonderfully rich with wood-cuts of the best time and from the most notable presses of Germany, Flanders, Italy, and France. OMAR KHAYYÁM Alike for those who for today prepare And those that after a tomorrow stare A muezzin from the Tower of Darkness cries Fools, your reward is neither here nor there
- 44. 25 Why, all the saints and sages who discussed Of the Two Worlds so learnedly, are thrust Like foolish prophets forth, their words to scorn Are scattered, and their mouths are stopt with dust 26 O come with old Khayyam, and leave the wise To talk; one thing is certain, that Life flies; One thing is certain, and the rest is lies The flower that once has blown for ever dies 27 Myself when young did eagerly frequent Doctor and saint, and heard great argument FROM MORRIS'S MS. OF OMAR KHAYYÁM.
- 45. About it and about, and evermore Came out by the same door as in I went. 28 With them the seed of Wisdom did I sow, And with my own hand laboured it to grow: And this was all the harvest that I reaped— I came like water, and like wind I go. 29 Into this Universe, and why not knowing Nor whence, like water willy-nilly flowing And out of it as wind along the waste I know not whither, willy-nilly blowing 30 What without asking hither hurried whence And without asking whither hurried hence
- 46. Another, and another cup to drown The memory of this impertinence! FROM MORRIS'S MS. OF OMAR KHAYYÁM. My thread-bare penitence apieces tore. 71 And much as wine has played the infidel, And robbed me of my robe of honour—well, I often wonder what the vintners buy One half so precious as the goods they sell. 72 Alas, that Spring should vanish with the rose, That Youth's sweet-scented manuscript should close The Nightingale that in the branches sang,
- 47. Ah whence, and whither flown again, who knows! 73 Ah, Love! could thou and I with Fate conspire To grasp this sorry scheme of things entire, Would we not shatter it to bits, and then Remould it nearer to the heart's desire? FROM MORRIS'S MS. OF OMAR KHAYYÁM. Ah Moon of my delight who knowest no wane, The Moon of Heaven is rising once again; How oft hereafter rising shall she look Through this same garden after me—in vain. 75 And when Thyself with shining foot shall pass
- 48. Among the guests star-scattered on the grass, And in thy joyous errand reach the spot Where I made one—turn down an empty glass! TAMAM SHUD FROM MORRIS'S MS. OF OMAR KHAYYÁM. This brings us to William Morris's next and, as it proved, last development in art—the revival of the craft of the printer, and its pursuit as an art. I recall the time when the project was first discussed. It was in the autumn of 1889. It was the year of an Art Congress at Edinburgh, following the initial one at Liverpool the preceding year, held under the auspices of the National Association for the Advancement of Art. Some of us afterwards went over to Glasgow to lecture; and a small group, of which Morris was one, found themselves at the Central Station Hotel together. It was here that William Morris spoke of his new scheme, his mind being evidently centred upon it. Mr. Emery Walker (who has supplied me with the photographs which illustrate this article) was there, and he became his constant and faithful helper in all the technicalities of the printer's craft; Mr. Cobden- Sanderson also was of the party; he may be said to have introduced a new epoch in book-binding, and his name was often associated with Morris as binder of some of his books. Morris took up the craft of printing with characteristic thoroughness. He began at the beginning and went into the paper question, informing himself as to the best materials and methods, and learning to make a sheet of paper himself. The Kelmscott Press paper is made by hand, of fine white linen rags only, and is not touched with chemicals. It has the toughness and something of the quality of fine Whatman or O.W. drawing-paper. When he set to work to design his types he obtained enlarged photographs of some of the finest specimens of both Gothic and Roman type from the books of the early printers, chiefly of Bale and
- 49. Venice. He studied and compared these, and as the result of his analysis designed two or three different kinds of type for his press, beginning with the Golden type, which might be described as Roman type under Gothic influence, and developing the more frankly Gothic forms known as the Troy and the Chaucer types. He also used Roman capitals founded upon the best forms of the early Italian printers. Morris was wont to say that he considered the glory of the Roman alphabet was in its capitals, but the glory of the Gothic alphabet was in its lower-case letters. He was asked why he did not use types after the style of the lettering in some of his title-pages, but he said this would not be reasonable, as the lettering of the titles was specially designed to fit into the given spaces, and could not be used as movable type. The initial letters are Gothic in feeling, and form agreeably bold quantities in black and white in relation to the close and rich matter of the type, which is still further relieved occasionally by floral sprays in bold open line upon the inner margins, while when woodcut pictures are used they were led up to by rich borderings. The margins of the title and opening chapter which faced it are occupied by richly designed broad borders of floral arabesques upon black grounds, the lettering of the title forming an essential part of the ornamental effect, and often placed upon a mat or net of lighter, more open arabesque, in contrast to the heavy quantities of the solid border. The Kelmscott Chaucer is the monumental work of Morris's Press, and the border designs, made specially for this volume, surpass in richness and sumptuousness all his others, and fitly frame the woodcuts after the designs of Sir Edward Burne-Jones. The arabesque borders and initial letters of the Kelmscott books were all drawn by Morris himself, the engraving on wood was mostly
- 50. done by Mr. W. H. Hooper—almost the only first-rate facsimile engraver on wood left—and a good artist and craftsman besides. Mr. Arthur Leverett engraved the designs to the The Glittering Plain, which were my contribution to the Kelmscott Press, but I believe Mr. Hooper did all the other work, while Mr. Fairfax Murray and Mr. Catteson Smith drafted the Burne-Jones designs upon the wood. It was not, perhaps, generally known, at least before the appearance of Miss May Morris's fine edition of her father's works, published by Messrs. Longman, that many years before the Kelmscott Press was thought of an illustrated edition of The Earthly Paradise was in contemplation, and not only were many designs made by Burne- Jones, but a set of them was actually engraved by Morris himself upon wood for the Cupid and Psyche, though they were never issued to the public. I have spoken of the movement in art represented by William Morris and his colleagues as really part of a great movement of protest—a crusade against the purely commercial, industrial, and material tendencies of the day. This protest culminated with William Morris when he espoused the cause of Socialism. Now some have tried to minimize the Socialism of William Morris, but it was, in the circumstances of his time, the logical and natural outcome of his ideas and opinions, and is in direct relation with his artistic theories and practice. For a thorough understanding of the conditions of modern manufacture and industrial production, of the ordinary influences which govern the producers of marketable commodities, of wares offered in the name of art, of the condition of worker, and the pressure of competition, he was in a particularly advantageous position.
- 51. So far from being a sentimentalist who was content melodiously and pensively to regret that things were not otherwise, he was driven by contact with the life around him to his economic conclusions. As he said himself, it was art led him to Socialism, not economics, though he confirmed his convictions by economic study. As an artist, no doubt at first he saw the uglification of the world going on, and the vast industrial and commercial machine grinding the joy and the leisure out of human life as regarded the great mass of humanity. But as an employer he was brought into direct relation with the worker as well as the market and the public, and he became fully convinced that the modern system of production for profit and the world-market, however inevitable as a stage in economic and social evolution, was not only most detrimental to a healthy and spontaneous development of art and to conditions of labour, but that it would be bound, ultimately, by the natural working of economic laws, to devour itself. Never cramped by poverty in his experiments and in his endeavours to realize his ideals, singularly favoured by fortune in all his undertakings, he could have had no personal reasons on these scores for protesting against the economic and social tendencies and characteristics of his own time. He hated what is called modern civilization and all its works from the first, with a whole heart, and made no secret of it. For all that, he was a shrewd and keen man in his dealings with the world. If he set its fashions and habits at defiance, and persisted in producing his work to please himself, it was not his fault that his countrymen eagerly sought them and paid lavishly for their possession. A common reproach hurled at Morris has been that he produced costly works for the rich while he professed Socialism. This kind of thing, however, it may be remarked, is not said by those friendly to Socialism, or anxious for the consistency of its advocates—quite the contrary. Such objectors appear to ignore, or to be ignorant of, the fact that according to the quality of the production must be its cost; and that the cheapness of the cheapest things of modern manufacture is generally at the cost
- 52. of the cheapening of human labour and life, which is a costly kind of cheapness after all. If anyone cares for good work, a good price must be paid. Under existing conditions possession of such work is only possible to those who can pay the price, but this seems to work out rather as part of an indictment against the present system of production, which Socialists wish to alter. If a wealthy man were to divest himself of his property and distribute it, he would not bring Socialism any nearer, and his self- sacrifice would hardly benefit the poor at large (except, perhaps, a few individuals), but under the working of the present system his wealth would ultimately enrich the rich—would gravitate to those who had, and not to those who had not. The object of Socialism is to win justice, not charity. A true commonwealth can only be established by a change of feeling, and by the will of the people, deliberately, in the common interest, declaring for common and collective possession of the means of life and of wealth, as against individual property and monopoly. Since the wealth of a country is only produced by common and collective effort, and even the most individual of individualists is dependent for every necessary, comfort, or luxury of life upon the labour of untold crowds of workers, there is no inherent unreasonableness in such a view, or in the advocacy of such a system, which might be proved to be as beneficial, in the higher sense, for the rich as for the poor, as of course it would abolish both. It is quite possible to cling to the contrary opinion, but it should be fully understood that Socialism does not mean dividing up, and that a man is not necessarily not a Socialist who does not sell all that he has to give to the poor. A poor widow is gathering nettles to stew for her dinner. A perfumed seigneur lounging in the œil de bœuf hath an alchemy whereby he can extract from her every third nettle and call it rent. Thus wrote Carlyle. Men like William Morris would make such alchemy impracticable; but no man can change a
- 53. social (or unsocial) system by himself, however willing; nor can anyone, however gifted or farseeing, get beyond the conditions of his time, or afford to ignore them in the daily conduct of life, although at the same time his life and expressed opinions may all the while count as factors in the evolution by which a new form of society comes about. Thus much seems due to the memory of a man like William Morris, who was frequently taunted with not doing, as a Socialist, things that, as a Socialist, he did not at all believe in; things, for which, too, one knows perfectly well, his censors, if he had done them, would have been the first to denounce him for a fool. At all events, it is certain that William Morris spent some of the best years of his life, he gave his time, his voice, his thought, his pen, and much money to put Socialism before his countrymen. This can never be gainsaid. Those who have been accustomed to regard him from this point of view as a dangerous revolutionary might be referred to the writings of John Ball, and Sir Thomas More, his predecessors in England's history, who upheld the claims of labour and simple life, against waste, want, and luxury. Indeed, it might be contended that it was a conservative clinging to the really solid foundations of a happy human life which made Morris a Socialist as much as artistic conviction and study of modern economics. The enormous light which has been recently thrown by historic research upon mediaeval life and conditions of labour, upon the craft guilds, and the position of the craftsman in the Middle Ages—light to which Morris himself in no small degree contributed—must also be counted as a factor in the formation of his opinions. But whether accounted conservative or revolutionary in social economics and political opinion, there can be no doubt of William Morris's conservatism in another field, important enough in its bearings upon modern life, national and historic sentiment, and education—I mean the protection of Ancient Buildings. He was one of the founders of the society having that object, and remained to
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