Concept maps ch 6 7
- 1. Minerals = pure, inorganic, homogeneous, crystals • Properties: colour (allochromatic/idiochro matic), transparency (transparent, translucent, opaque), hardness (Moh’s scale), streak • Mining – In Quebec: Au, Cu, Z, Ni, Fe. • Uses of minerals Rocks = made of minerals+, heterogeneous • Igneous (lava), sedimentary (layers, contains some organic matter), metamorphic (ig/sed + pressure/heat) • Egs of rock and uses Soil = parent rock (PR) bits + organic matter • 200 years to make it • Soil horizons: • O-organic • A-topsoil • B-subsoil • C-fragmented PR • R–parent rock • Fertility conditions: minerals, moisture, pH Energy resources: fossil fuels, nuclear, geothermal • Advantages/disa dvantages – renewable, polluting, expensive Permafrost = ground frozen > 2 yrs • 500m deep • No growth • Active layer • Can build on it but hard The lithosphere = upper mantle + crust
- 2. Rocks = made of minerals+, heterogeneous • Igneous (lava), sedimentary (layers, contains some organic matter), metamorphic (ig/sed + pressure/heat) • Egs of rock and uses Minerals = pure, inorganic, homogeneous, crystals • Properties: colour (allochromatic/idiochro matic), transparency (transparent, translucent, opaque), hardness (Moh’s scale), streak • Mining – In Quebec: Au, Cu, Z, Ni, Fe. • Uses of minerals Soil = parent rock (PR) bits + organic matter • 200 years to make it • Soil horizons: • O-organic • A-topsoil • B-subsoil • C-fragmented PR • R–parent rock • Fertility conditions: minerals, moisture, pH Energy resources: fossil fuels, nuclear, geothermal • Advantages/disa dvantages – renewable, polluting, expensive Permafrost = ground frozen > 2 yrs • 500m deep • No growth • Active layer • Can build on it but hard The lithosphere = upper mantle + crust Minerals mix to form rocks Rocks (plus dead things) form soil Some soil freezes to form permafrost
- 3. Inland = freshwater • Rivers, lakes, groundwater • Split into watersheds = drainage basins • 3 in Quebec: St Lawrence, Hudson’s Bay, Ungava bay • Factors affecting (inc or dec) flow of water: topography , geology, climate, vegetation, development Oceans = saltwater • 5 main oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern • Temperature affected by depth (mixed, thermocline, deep), seasons, latitude • Salinity = amount of salt, 3.4-3.7 %, less near poles, more near equator • Circulation: currents: surface (affected by wind, eg Gulf, EAC), subsurface (affected by density & salinity) • Thermohaline circulation Energy resources: hydraulic (hydro dam), waves¤ts (buoys, turbines) • Advantages/disadv antages – renewable, polluting, expensive Cryosphere = frozen water on surface • Pack ice (floats on oceans) • Ice floes (smaller) • Glaciers (ice on land) • Frozen lakes/rivers The hydrosphere = earth’s outer water = solid, liquid, gas
- 4. Inland = freshwater • Rivers, lakes, groundwater • Split into watersheds = drainage basins • 3 in Quebec: St Lawrence, Hudson’s Bay, Ungava bay • Factors affecting (inc or dec) flow of water: topography , geology, climate, vegetation, development Oceans = saltwater • 5 main oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern • Temperature affected by depth (mixed, thermocline, deep), seasons, latitude • Salinity = amount of salt, 3.4-3.7 %, less near poles, more near equator • Circulation: currents: surface (affected by wind, eg Gulf, EAC), subsurface (affected by density & salinity) • Thermohaline circulation Energy resources: hydraulic (hydro dam), waves¤ts (buoys, turbines) • Advantages/disadv antages – renewable, polluting, expensive Cryosphere = frozen water on surface • Pack ice (floats on oceans) • Ice floes (smaller) • Glaciers (ice on land) • Frozen lakes/rivers The hydrosphere = earth’s outer water = solid, liquid, gas
- 6. + freshwater
- 10. The atmosphere = layer of air surrounding earth Bunch of stuff: • Composition = gases, eg oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide • Purpose = filter, maintain climate • Most of the atmosphere 30 km form surface • Gravity Greenhouse effect = natural • GHG: CO2, CH4, H2O, N2O • Trap heat from sun • 3 steps of GHE • Intensification – fossil fuel combustion, fewer trees Energy resources : wind, solar • Advantages/dis of each • The EMS • Harnessing solar – passive, photovoltaic, panels Layers: 0 = sea level, troposphere (30km), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere Atmospheric pressure (AP)= press of air, molecules colliding, measured in kilopascales (kPa) • # molecules, temperature, altitude, seasons affect AP • Wind = high press to low press Circulation = global air movement • Convection • Coriolis effect caused by convection + rotation of earth • Air masses – defined by temperature and humidity (4 of them) • Fronts = line where 2 air masses meet, cold front vs warm front • Anticyclones/depressions • Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons
- 11. The atmosphere = layer of air surrounding earth Bunch of stuff: • Composition = gases, eg oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide • Purpose = filter, maintain climate • Most of the atmosphere 30 km form surface • Gravity Greenhouse effect = natural • GHG: CO2, CH4, H2O, N2O • Trap heat from sun • 3 steps of GHE • Intensification – fossil fuel combustion, fewer trees Energy resources : wind, solar • Advantages/dis of each • The EMS • Harnessing solar – passive, photovoltaic, panels Layers: 0 = sea level, troposphere (30km), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere Atmospheric pressure (AP)= press of air, molecules colliding, measured in kilopascales (kPa) • # molecules, temperature, altitude, seasons affect AP • Wind = high press to low press Circulation = global air movement • Convection • Coriolis effect caused by convection + rotation of earth • Air masses – defined by temperature and humidity (4 of them) • Fronts = line where 2 air masses meet, cold front vs warm front • Anticyclones (H)/depressions (L) • Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons The higher the layer, the lower the AP
- 12. The atmosphere = layer of air surrounding earth Bunch of stuff: • Composition = gases, eg oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide • Purpose = filter, maintain climate • Most of the atmosphere 30 km form surface • Gravity Greenhouse effect = natural • GHG: CO2, CH4, H2O, N2O • Trap heat from sun • 3 steps of GHE • Intensification – fossil fuel combustion, fewer trees Energy resources : wind, solar • Advantages/dis of each • The EMS • Harnessing solar – passive, photovoltaic, panels Layers: 0 = sea level, troposphere (30km), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere Atmospheric pressure (AP)= press of air, molecules colliding, measured in kilopascales (kPa) • # molecules, temperature, altitude, seasons affect AP • Wind = high press to low press Circulation = global air movement • Convection • Coriolis effect caused by convection + rotation of earth • Air masses – defined by temperature and humidity (4 of them) • Fronts = line where 2 air masses meet, cold front vs warm front • Anticyclones (H)/depressions (L) • Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons
- 13. The atmosphere = layer of air surrounding earth Bunch of stuff: • Composition = gases, eg oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide • Purpose = filter, maintain climate • Most of the atmosphere 30 km form surface • Gravity Greenhouse effect = natural • GHG: CO2, CH4, H2O, N2O • Trap heat from sun • 3 steps of GHE • Intensification – fossil fuel combustion, fewer trees Energy resources : wind, solar • Advantages/dis of each • The EMS • Harnessing solar – passive, photovoltaic, panels Layers: 0 = sea level, troposphere (30km), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere Atmospheric pressure (AP)= press of air, molecules colliding, measured in kilopascales (kPa) • # molecules, temperature, altitude, seasons affect AP • Wind = high press to low press Circulation = global air movement • Convection • Coriolis effect caused by convection + rotation of earth • Air masses – defined by temperature and humidity (4 of them) • Fronts = line where 2 air masses meet, cold front vs warm front • Anticyclones (H)/depressions (L) • Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons IR rays from the EMS in one of these 3 steps