Concept of Structured Query Language (SQL) in SQL server as well as MySql. BBA 2nd Semester, Tribhuvan University.
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The document provides an overview of Structured Query Language (SQL) and its application in relational database management systems (RDBMS). It discusses key components of SQL including Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), SQL views, indexes, aggregate functions, and joins, along with examples of basic commands and their usage. Additionally, it outlines the creation of a student table with specific attributes and constraints.
Concept of Structured Query Language (SQL) in SQL server as well as MySql. BBA 2nd Semester, Tribhuvan University.
- 1. 1 By: Rohan Byanjankar Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya, Sallaghari, Bhaktapur CONCEPT ON STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
- 2. 2 Structured Query Language (SQL) is the special purposed programming language, Main purpose of SQL to access data in Relational Database Management System, RDBMS is the most revered DBMS, and basis for SQL, The data in RDBMS are recorded in relations or table, Relation is the pre-defined rows and column, where column contains attributes, and tuples in rows, Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL are the examples… Structured Query Language
- 3. 3 Major Two Languages in RDBMS Data Definition Language Data Manipulation Language
- 4. 4 • One of the fundamental requirements of SQL, • One is dumb in the SQL without knowledge of DDL, • Backbone of SQL, • Helps to develop overall design of database, • Helps to create, delete, and modify the database schema, • Not frequently used as database schema is not frequently changed, Data Definition Language (DDL)
- 5. 5 • Create • Use • Drop • Alter Basic DDL Commands
- 6. 6 One of the fundamental commands, Use to establish many new independent database in DBMS, Use to create table within newly established database or existing database, Syntax: - CREATE DATABASE SAMB - CREATE TABLE Students Create Command
- 7. 7 One of the fundamental commands, Helps to work on the newly established or created database, Syntax: - USE SAMB Use Command One of the DDL commands, Used to delete column of a table, entire table, and entire database, We must use drop command with intense care, Syntax: - DROP TABLE Student - DROP DATABASE SAMB Drop Command
- 8. 8 • Falls under the category of DDL command, • Used to change the structure of table without deleting or re-creating the table, • Syntax: 1. ALTER TABLE Student ADD Email_id VARCHAR(20) 2. ALTER TABLE Student DROP COLUMN Email_id Alter Command
- 9. 9 • One of the fundamental requirements of SQL, • DML helps to work on RDBMS, • Helps to change the content of RDBMS, • Helps to insert, select, update and delete the database instances, • Frequently used as frequent modification is made in database, Data Manipulation Language (DML)
- 10. 10 • Insert • Select • Update • Delete Basic DML Command
- 11. 11 • Basic DML command, • Used to add new data in database, • The most frequently used, Syntax: • INERT INTO Student VALUES (0020, ‘Sujita Shrestha’, ‘BBA’, 16, ‘sujita98@gmail.com’) • INSERT INTO Student (sid, sname, grade) VALUES (0023, ‘Smiriti KC’, ‘BBA’) Insert Command
- 12. 12 • Enables to select data from database, • Syntax: • To select all • SELECT * FROM Student • To select students with name staring from ‘S’ • SELECT * FROM Student where sname=‘s%’ • To select students according to ID in descending order • SELECT * FROM Student ORDER BY sid desc Select Command
- 13. 13 • Used to update existing record in a table, • Syntax: • UPDATE table_name SET column1= Value1 • For Example: • To update salary to 1.5 times of existing salary of an employee with empid 19 • UPDATE tblemployee SET salary = 1.5*salary Update Command WHERE empid= 19
- 14. 14 • Enables us to remove the selected tuple or entire tuple without making alter to the table, • Syntax: • DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column1= ‘Value1’ • For Example: • If Student with sid 0001 is needed to be removed from Student table, then • DELETE FROM Student Delete Command WHERE sid= 0001
- 15. 15 • SQL View is a logical table, • Created from the existing table, • Virtual table based on real table, • Constraints of Base table is applicable in View also. • Any modification in base table is reflected in View. • User can Use DML commands once the view is created. SQL Views
- 16. 16 CREATE VIEW View_name AS SELECT column1, column2, column3 FROM Table_1 WHERE column3= ‘Value1’ For Example: To create view from table Product (Pid, Pname, Cost Price, Selling Price, Manu_date, Exp_date, Category) to Beverage Department CREATE VIEW Beverage AS SELECT Pid, Pname, Selling Price, Manu_date, Exp_date FROM Product WHERE Category= ‘Beverage’ Syntax
- 17. 17 Pid Pname Cost Price Selling Price Manu_date Exp_date Category 001 Parle-G 88 95 2014-01-05 2014-07-05 General 002 Coca-Cola 130 149 2013-12-09 2014-06-09 Beverage 003 Toberg 200 220 2013-11-14 2014-07-11 Beverage 004 Sunflow Oil 300 350 2013-08-08 2014-08-08 General Pid Pname Selling Price Manu_date Exp_date 002 Coca-Cola 149 2013-12-09 2014-06-09 003 Toberg 220 2013-11-14 2014-07-11 Product Beverage CREATE VIEW Beverage AS SELECT Pid, Pname, Selling Price, Manu_date, Exp_date FROM Product WHERE Category= ‘Beverage’ Beverage Department
- 18. 18 • A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table, • used to quickly locate data without having to search every row Syntax: CREATE INDEX index_name ON Table_name (column1) Index
- 19. 19 For Example: To create INDEX on table Library (ISBN, Bname, Price, Author) CREATE INDEX Book_index ON Library (ISBN) Contd… ISBN Bname Price Author 000-124-456 The Old Man and The Sea Rs. 97 Ernest Hemingway 978-1-85326-067-4 Far from the Madding Crowd Rs. 200 Thomas Hardy 978-81-291-0818-0 One Night @ The Call Center Rs. 200 Chetan Bhagat Library
- 20. 20 • Those functions that perform a calculation on a set of values and return a single value. • MAX, MIN, AVG, COUNT are the examples… Syntax: 1. SELECT Column1, MAX(Column2) AS MAX_Price FROM Tbleproduct 2. SELECT Column1, MIN(Column2) AS MIN_Price FROM Tbleproduct 3. SELECT Column1, AVG(Column2) AS AVG_Price FROM Tbleproduct Aggregate Function
- 21. 21 SELECT Category, MAX(Selling_Price) AS MAX_SP FROM Product GROUP BY Category Contd… Pid Pname Cost_Price Selling_Price Manu_date Exp_date Category 001 Parle-G 88 95 2014-01-05 2014-07-05 General 002 Coca-Cola 130 149 2013-12-09 2014-06-09 Beverage 003 Tuborg 200 220 2013-11-14 2014-07-11 Beverage 004 Sunflow Oil 300 350 2013-08-08 2014-08-08 General Product Category MAX_SP Beverage 220 General 350
- 22. 22 • SQL join is the operation that enables us to get the combined Values of attributes of two tables, • The most common type of join is ‘Inner Join’. Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, column3, column5, column6 FROM Table1 INNER JOIN Table2 ON Table1.Column1=Table2.column5 Note: Data type of column1 and column5 must be identical Joins
- 23. 23 ISBN Bname Price Author 000-124-456 The Old Man and The Sea Rs. 97 Ernest Hemingway 978-1-85326-067-4 Far from the Madding Crowd Rs. 200 Thomas Hardy 978-81-291-0818-0 One Night @ The Call Center Rs. 200 Chetan Bhagat ID Sname Grade ISBN1 0001 Sanjay Sharma BBA 978-81-291-0818-0 0002 Sushil Shrestha BSC 000-124-456 0030 Samikshaya Sharma BBA 978-1-85326-067-4 Library Student SELECT ISBN, Bname, ID, Sname, Grade, ISBN1 FROM Library INNER JOIN Student ON Library.ISBN= Student.ISBN1 ISBN Bname ID Sname Grade 978-81-291-0818-0 One Night @ The Call Center 0001 Sanjay Sharma BBA 000-124-456 The Old Man and The Sea 0002 Sushil Shrestha BSC 978-1-85326-067-4 Far from the Madding Crowd 0030 Samikshaya Sharma BBA
- 24. 24 Create Table Student with following attributes: SQL Question: ID Number Primary Key Name Text Not Null and length<40 Age Number >17 and <25 Grade Text BBA or BSC Not Null Email Text Unique Not Null Contact Text Not Null Length= 7 or 10 Address Text Not Null CREATE TABLE Student ( ID INT, Sname VARCHAR (50) NOT NULL, Age INT, Grade VARCHAR (8) NOT NULL, Email_id VARCHAR (30) UNIQUE NOT NULL, Contact VARCHAR (13) NOT NULL, Address VARCHAR (30) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT pk_id PRIMARY KEY (ID), CONSTRAINT ch_values CHECK (LEN(Sname)<40), CONSTRAINT ch_values1 CHECK(Grade IN (‘BBA’,’BSC’)), CONSTRAINT ch_values2 CHECK (LEN(Contact)=7 OR LEN(Contact)=10));