Concept of supervision
- 1. EFFECTIVE SUPERVISION OF INSTRUCTION IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: ISSUES IN QUALITY ASSURANCE Prof. Patric Eke Eya and Dr. Leonard Chinweuba Chukwu
- 2. Group : • FRANSISCO SOARES AS PRESENTER • SARDIYANTO AS MODERATOR • PETRUS S. BAKUNG AS OPERATOR • S. DODY AS SECRETARY • DWI ARI WASKITA
- 3. CONCEPT OF SUPERVISION PURPOSES OF SUPERVISION WHO IS SUPERVISOR QUALITY ASSURANCE CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS IMPEDIMENTS TO EFFECTIVE SUPERVISOR OF INSTRUCTION
- 4. Concept of Supervision • Moora in Kohhar (2005): Supervision include those activities which are primarily and directly concerned with studying and improving of which surround and growth pupils • Igbo (2002), Supervision is helps to improve the teaching function • Nwaogu (1980):Supervision is process of helping, guiding, advising and simulating growth in the subordinate in order to improve of the quality of his work.
- 5. • Supervision is therefore any program which help teacher achieve both qualitative and quantitative instructional delivery. • Supervision is an indispensable variable in the teaching learning process, as well as the overall school and education objective. • Supervision involved supervising the teaching cum classroom of the teacher. • Supervision can only be said to be effective if it achieve its stated objective which is quality instructional delivery. • Anything to the contrary means the failure of the program of supervision.
- 6. • It is important to distinguish between supervision and inspection. • Both processes aim at checking the work subordinates. • Inspection as a concept is however more outdated which aim to evaluate work of teacher to find the fault of them. • Supervision is more modern concept which aim to help the teacher improve his/her work to become a better teacher especially in his/her capacity to deliver quality instruction to the students.
- 7. The purposes of supervision. There are two purposes of instructional supervision especially in secondary school. • Teacher improvement purposes • Non Teacher improvement purposes
- 8. The University Basic Education (UBE) handbook on Training School Supervision as contained in Ani (2007:98) list some teacher improvement purposes in school instructional supervision as follow: • ensuring that teachers perform their assigned function effectively • ensuring that teachers are capable of carrying out their teaching responsibility. • ensuring that new teachers receive training to enable their function effectively on the job. • ensuring that teacher are giving assistance whenever there is need. • providing professional information to the teachers.
- 9. • guiding teachers to the sources of instructional materials • providing technical assistance to the teachers especially in the area of teaching methods and the use of instructional materials. • ensuring that discipline is maintained during classroom instruction • helping or suggesting how to improve on the performance of incompetent teachers • providing an enabling environment to discover teachers with special abilities and qualities.
- 10. The non teachers improvement purposes of supervision as highlighted by Ani (2007:99-100) included: • ensuring proper supply of teaching materials to the school • ensuring that the quality of instruction is maintained • providing the opportunity to assess moral tone of the school • providing feedback to educational planners on the need for curriculum improvement or changes
- 11. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004:18), the goals of secondary education include: • Provide all primary school leavers with the opportunity for education of a higher level, irrespective of sex, social status, religious or ethnic background. • offer diversified curriculum to cater for the differences in talents, opportunity and future rules. • provide train manpower in the applied science, technology and commerce at sub-professional grades. • develop and promote Nigerian languages, art and culture in the context of world's cultural heritage.
- 12. • inspire students with a desire for self improvement and achievement of excellence; • foster national unity with an emphasis on the common ties that unite us in our diversity; • raise a generation of people who can think for themselves, respect the views and feeling of others, respect the dignity of labor, appreciate those values specified under our broad national goal and life as good citizens; • provide technical knowledge and vocational skill necessary for agriculture, industrial, commercial and economic development.
- 13. Who is Supervisor? • Supervisor is anyone assigned the function of helping teacher to improve on their instructional competencies. • A supervisor could also be the principal of school; • could also a senior member of staff of a school (Ani, 20070)
- 14. According to Igwe (2001:254) • Supervision in a school system implies the process of ensuring that polices, principles, rules, regulation and method prescribed for purposes of implementing and achieving the objective for education are effectively carried out. • Supervision involved the use of expert knowledge and experience to oversee, evaluate and coordinate the process of improving teaching and learning in school.
- 15. • The specific function of supervisor according to Aderonmu and Ehiametalor in Ani (2007) include planning, staff-development, allocation of fund and provision of instructional materials. • Internal and external supervision also involved evaluation, monitoring and quality control for purposes of the curriculum and instructional development and improvement.
- 16. The tasks of supervisor in modern school are listed as follow: • helping principal and teachers to understand children better; • helping teachers' individual growth; • acquiring cooperating spirit for team work; • making better use of teaching materials; • improving method of teaching • improving teacher appraisal of his/her students; • self evaluation of teachers' plan, work and progress; • acquisition of dignity for the teachers within the community; • faculty plan for curriculum improvement (Igwe, 2001)
- 17. According to Nwaogu in Ani (2007), the personal qualities of an ideal supervisor are: • respectability • sense of humor • creativity and inspiration
- 18. Nwosu listed the leadership quality of a supervisor is to include the capacity to : • appreciate the human dignity and individual worth of teachers; • respect the individual differences in teachers; • appreciate the potentialities and delegate function, and authorities where and when necessary. • Nwosu stressing that supervisor should be resourceful,
- 19. Ani (2007:83-89), highlights the professional qualities of a good supervisor to include: • professional certificate in education • broad general education • knowledge of pedagogy • indept knowledge of the subject matter • ability to evaluate and explain factor in productive teaching and learning • willingness and ability to continue and encouraging personal and professional growth.
- 20. Impediments/obstacle to effective of instruction • lack of experience on the part of the supervisor • Favoritism or like and dislike • lack of personal, leadership and professional quality • lack of incentive on the part of government • lack of motivation
- 21. Ogunu (2001:274) listed the impediments or constraints to effective supervision of instructional in school. • inadequate number of inspectors • inadequate fund for inspection • lack of transportation • non implementation of inspection reports • inadequate facilities for supervision • lack of incentive and motivation • lack of training and experience in educational supervision • lack of in-service opportunity for training and retraining of school supervisors
- 22. • lack time for transportation due to non supervisory administrative burden • lack executive power to ensure implementation of recommendations • lack of commitment by supervisors • uncooperative attitude of principals and teachers • supervisors' autocratic supervisory style • lack of follow-up supervision • corrupt practices by some supervisors • use of unqualified (untrained and inexperienced) classroom teachers for school supervision.
- 23. A close at the above constrains show that both concepts supervision and inspection were use interchangeable. It is clear that effective tackling of the listed impediments give the positive impetus to supervision of instruction and thence to quality assurance in our secondary school. Chukwu (2008), adequate instructional materials, fat salaries, bonuses and other financial incentives are important variables needed by the teacher and the supervisor to perform.
- 24. Quality Assurance • Websters Dictionary (1977), quality is the characteristics of anything regarded as determining its value, worth, rank or position. • Assurance on the other hand connote to make sure, secure, guarantee or make certain. • Quality assurance implies making sure that the value or worth of anything or service(s) is secured, guaranteed or maintained. • Fergabaum in Nwagbara (2008), asserted quality is the totality of features and characteristic of a product or service that bear on its ability of such products or service to meet the satisfy stated or implied need.
- 25. • Logman (1990), quality assurance as all those planned and systematic action necessary to prove adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given requirements for quality. • Quality assurance is regarded as a process and practice primarily concern with conformance to mission specification and goal achievement with the publicly accepted standards of excellence (Okereke, 2008). • It is a strategy for ensuring the quality in the school system (Ololobou, 2008) • Vlaseanu, Grunbery, and Parlea (2004), quality assurance refers to an aggregate of action and measure taken regularly to assure the quality of education product, service or process with an emphasis on assuring that a prescribed threshold of quality is met.
- 26. • Quality assurance means putting a place appropriate structure, legislation, supervision of personal and materials in order to ensure that set minimum standards are attained, sustained and seen to have meaningful impact on society. • Quality assurance is important because in ensures that goods and service products produce in a country are of the highest possible standards as well as protecting buyers from purchasing sub-standard product (Uya:2008) • Oriafie in Maduewesi (2005) quality assurance is a baseline standard in education which can be measure on a scale of reference. • Therefore quality assurance in education is a totally of the combination of such indispensable variable as quality teacher, quality instructional materials and quality infrastructure (classrooms, seats, tables, chalkboards etc).
- 27. Conclusion • The paper try as much as possible to convey the meaning of supervision and instructional supervision, its purposes, qualities of a good supervisor and some of the impediments to effective supervision of instruction. • Attempt was also made to highlight the synergy between instructional supervision and quality assurance. • From the forgoing, it is clear that quality assurance in instructional delivery will remain utopian in the absence of effective instructional supervision of school in our country.
- 28. Recommendations • Experience definitely counts in every endeavor. Retired but strong head teachers and teachers who have long years of on the field experience should be used as supervisor. • The question of handling different teachers differently in the name of favoritism should be checked by supervisors as this does not promote merit. • Bumper incentive should be provided to encourage the supervisors. – This should come in the form of fat salaries and allowances. – It also checks corrupt tendencies amongst supervisors • Provision of requisite materials that aid their work including adequate transportation for both urban and rural areas should be top priority.