![Sources
Kolb, Alice Y.; Kolb, David A. (2005). "Learning Styles and Learning Spaces:
Enhancing Experiential Learning in Higher Education". Academy of
Management Learning & Education. pg 193–212.
Sheilds R.W., D. Aaron, and S. Wall (2001), What is Kolb's model of
experiential education, and where does it come from?, Questions and
Answers on Adult Education, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education,
University of Toronto. Web-page accessed 29 November 2010.
Gibbs G. Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods
[monograph online]. Reproduced by the Geography Discipline Network;
2001.
Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning
methods, Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development, Oxford
Polytechnic. London: Further Education Unit.
"Clinical Supervision: A Formative Process." Clinical Supervision: A
Formative Process. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 June 2014.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/conceptsandtheoriesofsupervisionandreflection-140604174326-phpapp01/85/Concepts-and-theories-of-supervision-and-reflection-11-320.jpg)
Concepts and theories of supervision and reflection
- 1. Concepts and Theories of Supervision and Reflection By: Austin Frattali
- 2. Clinical Supervision Pre-observation Conference The purpose of this conference is to gather information related to the teacher’s lesson plan, procedures, and assessments and to develop an agreement or contract between the supervisor and teacher for expediting the plan. Pre-observation questions/guidelines: 1.In what areas do you need help? 2.Are there areas that you want me to observe? 3.Specifically, what would you like to share? 4.Is there a particular student(s) you want me to observe? 5.What are your goals and outcomes for the lesson? 6.What evidence-based strategies are you implementing? Why? 7.The length of time for the observation will be _______? 8.The post-observation conference will be on _________? The Observation The purpose of the observation is to observe the lesson outlined in the pre-observation conference and to gather data and information that may be used to advance knowledge, skills, and dispositions of the teacher. Data Analysis During this stage the supervisor complies, sorts, and organizes the data collected into a usable format. Data from the observation provide a framework and content for the post-observation conference. Post-conference Analysis This stage gives the supervisor time to assess aspects of the clinical supervision process. The supervisor determines whether or not the teacher understands and agrees with the follow-up and improvement targets. The observer can also evaluate his/her own performance during the clinical conference process.
- 3. Clinical Supervision (Cont.) The Post-observation Conference (Supervisory Conference) The post-observation conference is for the purpose of examining what occurred during the lesson, targeting areas for improvement or enrichment, and developing an action plan for continuous improvement performance. Typically, this conference should be conducted at least a day or more, but not more than a week, after the observation. This conference should be videotaped. Post-observation questions: 1.Identify ways in which you think the lesson was successful and unsuccessful. 2.What role did the students play in making you think the lesson was effective or ineffective? 3.Highlight the evidence-based strategies you used. 4.Compare what happened with what you anticipated would happen? 5.Why do you think the lesson outcomes occurred?
- 4. What Does Reflection Really Mean? Reflective practice is "the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning“. According to one definition it involves "paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively. This leads to developmental insight".
- 5. Personal Development through Reflection Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge transfer, may be the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. Ex. Student Teaching
- 6. Personal Development through Refection “(cont.)” What is important about reflection throughout your practice is that you are not just looking back on past actions and events, but rather you are taking a conscious look at the emotions, experiences, actions, and responses, and using that to add to your existing knowledge base to draw out new knowledge, meaning and have a higher level of understanding
- 7. Kolb 1975 Kolb was highly influenced by the research conducted by Dewey and Piaget in the 1970s. Kolb’s reflective model highlights the concept of experiential learning and is centered around the transformation of information into knowledge. This takes place after the situation has occurred and entails a practitioner reflecting on the experience, gaining a general understanding of the concepts encountered during the experience and then testing these general understandings on a new situation. In this way the knowledge that is gained from a situation is continuously applied and reapplied building on a practitioners prior experiences and knowledge.
- 8. Gibbs 1988 Graham Gibbs discussed the use of structured debriefing to facilitate the reflection involved in Kolb's "experiential learning cycle". He presents the stages of a full structured debriefing as follows: (Initial experience) Description: "What happened? Don't make judgments yet or try to draw conclusions; simply describe." Feelings: "What were your reactions and feelings? Again don't move on to analyzing these yet." Evaluation: "What was good or bad about the experience? Make value judgments." Analysis: "What sense can you make of the situation? Bring in ideas from outside the experience to help you." "What was really going on?" "Were different people's experiences similar or different in important ways?" Conclusions (general): "What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you have undertaken?" Conclusions (specific): "What can be concluded about your own specific, unique, personal situation or way of working?" Personal action plans: "What are you going to do differently in this type of situation next time?" "What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt?"
- 9. Gibbs 1988
- 10. Applying the Gibbs Cycle It is extremely important to reflect right after your teaching experience. Take time to sit down and recall everything that you can remember, asking yourself all the questions related to the model of Reflection you are using. What happened? "What was good or bad about the experience? "What was really going on?" "Were different people's experiences similar or different in important ways?" "What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you have undertaken?" "What can be concluded about your own specific, unique, personal situation or way of working?" “What are you going to do differently in this type of situation next time?“ "What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt?“ The closer you reflect on these questions to the time that you taught the lesson, the more effective it will be. As a practitioner it is easy to be too conscious of the things that didn’t go well. Don’t be too hard on yourself! The Evaluation phase makes you think about the positive as well as areas for improvement. Ask your supervisor, supporting teacher, or even the students themselves for comments and opinions on your lesson might prove to be helpful as well. They can provide with you with a more unbiased opinion on your teaching than you probably could yourself.
- 11. Sources Kolb, Alice Y.; Kolb, David A. (2005). "Learning Styles and Learning Spaces: Enhancing Experiential Learning in Higher Education". Academy of Management Learning & Education. pg 193–212. Sheilds R.W., D. Aaron, and S. Wall (2001), What is Kolb's model of experiential education, and where does it come from?, Questions and Answers on Adult Education, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. Web-page accessed 29 November 2010. Gibbs G. Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods [monograph online]. Reproduced by the Geography Discipline Network; 2001. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods, Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development, Oxford Polytechnic. London: Further Education Unit. "Clinical Supervision: A Formative Process." Clinical Supervision: A Formative Process. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 June 2014.