Conditional sentences
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The document discusses conditional clauses and sentences in English grammar. It defines conditional clauses as clauses that state a hypothesis or condition, and notes they usually introduce a conditional sentence along with a main clause expressing the result. Conditional clauses are often introduced with "if", but can also use conjunctions like "unless", "even if", "provided", and "as long as". The document then explains the four types of conditional sentences: zero, first, second, and third conditional. It provides examples of each and their typical grammatical structures.
Conditional sentences
- 1. By Ana García Pedregosa
- 2. In English grammar, a conditional clause is a type of adverbial clause that states a hypothesis or condition, real (factual) or imagined. A sentence containing one or more conditional clauses and a main clause (which expresses the result of the condition) is called a conditional sentence (also known as a conditional construction). A conditional clause is most often introduced by the subordinating conjunction if. Other conditional subordinators include unless, even if, provided that, on condition that, as long as, and in the case of. (Note that unless functions as a negative subordinator) Conditional clauses tend to come at the beginning of complex sentences, but (like other adverbial clauses) they may also come at the end.
- 3. • ZERO CONDITIONAL • FIRST CONDITIONAL • SECOND CONDITIONAL • THIRD CONDITIONAL
- 4. Situations that are always true if something happens. This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.) CONDITIONAL CLASE MAIN CLAUSE If + Present Simple Present Simple If I am late, my father takes me to school. She doesn't worry if Julian stays out after school.
- 5. Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. The first conditional is used to talk about the future or facts / situations which are true in the present and future. NOTE: In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless he hurries up.' could also be written, '...if he doesn't hurry up.'. “Provided” and “as long as” can also introduce a condition: “Provided you leave now, you’ll catch the train” CONDITIONAL CLASE MAIN CLAUSE If + Present Simple Future Simple (WILL + inf.) If it rains, we will stay at home. He will arrive late unless he hurries up. Simon will buy a new car if he gets his raise.
- 6. • Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable (hypothetical) – situations, (contrary to the present situation). • It is also used to give advice and express hopes and ambitions. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. NOTE: The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'. CONDITIONAL CLASE MAIN CLAUSE If + Past Simple WOULD + inf. If he studied more, he would pass the exam. I would lower taxes if I were the Prime Minister. They would buy a new house if they won the lottery.
- 7. Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. It is used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation. They always refer to unfulfilled conditions in the past (contrary to what really happened). CONDITIONAL CLASE MAIN CLAUSE If + Past Perfect WOULD + HAVE + Past Participle If he had known that, he would have decided differently. Joanna would have found a new job if she had stayed in Gorzów.
- 8. CONDITIONAL CLAUSE (If) MAIN CLAUSE (Result) EXAMPLES THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (probable) If / Unless + Present Simple Will Modal Imperative If you exercise, you’ll feel better. Unless you change your diet, you can’t lose weight. If you want it, take it. THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (improbable) If + Past simple would could + base vb. might If I were you, I would eat less. If I went on a diet, I could lose weight. THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (impossible) If + Past Perfect would could + have + -ed might If you had asked me, I would have cooked you a meal. If you had followed a diet, you could / might have lost weight.