Hybrid AC/DC microgrid and Electric Vehicles
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The presentation discusses power management and control of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid integrated with renewable energy resources and electric vehicles. It provides an introduction to hybrid AC/DC microgrids and discusses challenges related to renewable energy sources and electric vehicles. The presentation outlines the research objectives which include impact analysis of electric vehicle penetration and developing grid-connected and islanding power control algorithms for the microgrid. It also provides a literature review and proposed methodology. Preliminary simulation results of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid are presented.
Hybrid AC/DC microgrid and Electric Vehicles
- 1. The presentation is copyrighted. It can only be used for educational purposes. Any types of reuse require author’s consent…. © Md Shamiur Rahman Email: mdshamiur.rahman@griffithuni.edu.au Power Management and Control of a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy Resources and Electric Vehicles Md Shamiur Rahman (S2925282) Supervisors: Professor Junwei Lu & Dr. Jahangir Hossain Griffith School of Engineering •1
- 2. © Md Shamiur Rahman Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Research Objectives 4. Methodology 5. Preliminary Results 6. Project Timeline 7. Conclusion * Details and bibliographies are provided in the Confirmation of PhD Candidature report •2
- 3. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Hybrid AC/DC microgrid: Building blocks of ‘Smart Grid’ Renewable Energy Resources Utility Grid Compressed Air System Electric Vehicles PCC Batteries Household appliances and electronics Electric Vehicles Flywheel WT Intellegent Bypass Switch DC Coupled Subsystem AC Bus DC Bus Interfacing Converter •3Source: Aalborg University Communication
- 4. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Hybrid AC/DC microgrid: Renewable Energy Resources Utility Grid Compressed Air System Electric Vehicles PCC Batteries Household appliances and electronics Electric Vehicles Flywheel WT Intellegent Bypass Switch DC Coupled Subsystem Interfacing Converter Island Mode •4 Source: Aalborg University AC Bus DC Bus Communication
- 5. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Hybrid AC/DC microgrid: Renewable Energy Resources Utility Grid Compressed Air System Electric Vehicles PCC Batteries Household appliances and electronics Electric Vehicles Flywheel WT Intellegent Bypass Switch DC Coupled Subsystem Interfacing Converter Grid-tied Mode •5Source: Aalborg University AC Bus DC Bus Communication
- 6. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction What is the Difference Between a ‘Microgrid’ and a ‘Smart Grid’ ?? Smart Grid •6
- 7. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction •7
- 8. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Microgrids: Australia Perspective Source: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) •8
- 9. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Microgrids: Pilot Projects in Australia Source: CSIRO Microgrid detail States Primary Energy Resource Capacity (kW) Purpose CSIRO, Newcastle New South Wales PV 110 Research King Island Tasmania PV 110 Remote Community Kings Canyon Northern Territory PV 225 Tourism Coral Bay Western Australia Wind 825 Remote Community Bremer Bay Western Australia Wind 660 Remote Community Denham Western Australia Wind 920 Remote Community Esperence Western Australia Wind 3600 Remote Community Hopetoun Western Australia Wind 1200 Remote Community Rottnest Island Western Australia Wind 600 Remote Community In Queensland, GU, QUT and UQ have microgrid research test bed •9
- 10. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Renewable Electricity Generation: Challenges • High Capital Cost • Intermittency • Storage Requirements • Low Efficiency • Unable to Produce in Large Quantities of Energy • Large Area Requirement • Low Inertia Advantages • Abundant Source of Energy • Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions • Low Operational Cost • Stable Energy Prices • Microgrid Operation Resources • Wind power • Hydropower • Solar Energy • Biomass • Biofuel • Geothermal Energy •10
- 11. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Global New Investments in Renewable Energy: •11
- 12. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Global Cumulative PV Capacity: •12
- 13. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity: •13
- 14. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Renewable Policies: In Europe, the UK is targeting for 15% by the end of 2015/16 and Germany is directing towards 25-30% within 2020 and aiming for 50% by 2030 of their total electricity generation to be generated In Australia, renewable energy target (RET) is set for 20% by the end of 2020 which is presently 9.6% In New Zealand, 72% of total electricity is generated through renewable sources and they are targeting towards 90% by the end of 2025. 100% or all renewable electricity generation is considered in countries like Costa Rica (by 2021), Fiji (by 2030), Denmark (by 2050), Scotland (by 2020) •14
- 15. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Renewable Policies: Feed-in-tariff policies have been enacted in total 98 countries/states around the world In Australia, South Australia, Queensland, Canberra, New South Wales and Victoria have their feed-in-tariff policies. Regulation standards like Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)/Quota policies have been introduced in Australia in 2001 •15
- 16. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Electric Vehicles: Australia Perspective Model 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 895 0 0 0 0 Nissan Leaf 173 188 77 19 0 Mitsubishi i MiEV 0 15 95 30 112 Holden Volt 58 101 80 0 0 BMW i3 33 0 0 0 0 Tesla Model S 22 0 0 0 0 Tesla Roadster 0 0 5 6 0 Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model •16
- 17. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Electric Vehicles: Australia Perspective Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV Nissan Leaf Mitsubishi i-MiEVChevrolet/Holden Volt BMW i3Tesla Model S Tesla Roadster •17
- 18. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Electric Vehicles (EV): Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Challenges • Stochastic charging pattern • Storage lifecycle degradation • Fast charging • Smart coordinated charging • Voltage fluctuation • Harmonic distortion • Peak demand management • Additional infrastructure requirements Advantages • Active power regulation • Reactive power support • Load balancing • Load shifting via valley filling • Tracking of renewable energy sources • Peak load shaving • Current harmonics filtering • Voltage regulation • Frequency regulation •18 Charging Power Level for Electric Vehicles Level Voltage Rating Charger Location Power Level Level - 1 Opportunity 120 V/230 V On-board 1-phase Up to 2 kW Level - 2 Primary 240 V/400 V On-board 1 or 3 phase 4 - 20 kW Level - 3 Commercial Fast Charging 480 V - 600 V (DC Fast Charging) Off-board 3-phase 50- 100 kW
- 19. © Md Shamiur Rahman Introduction Statement of the Problems Unpredictable impacts of renewable resources like PV and wind as distributed generator (DG) units and EV as loads in microgrid operation Extracting the advantages of V2G operation by utilizing EV- energy storage systems (EV-ESS) Dynamic load management through proper control and power sharing of DG units and EV-ESS Seamless transition of microgrid operational modes Fault fortification Quality power (low harmonics) •19
- 20. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Impact Analysis: PV, Wind and EV Representative Literatures Year Identified Issues PV M. Thomson et al. 2007 • High capital cost • Intermittency • Storage requirements • Low efficiency • Low inertia • Voltage and frequency fluctuation • Reliable forecasting • Distorted power Wind Wei Li et al. 2006 J. Charles Smith et al. 2007 By Le Xie et al. 2011 EV Murat Yilmaz et al. 2013 • Increased peak load demand • Negative effects on power system components i.e. transformers, distribution cables etc. • Increased system losses • Voltage deviation at EV interconnection points • Unbalanced phase condition due to single phase AC charging or slow charging • Harmonics injection due to power electronics based charging interface • Stability issue Jia Ying Yong et al. 2015 •20
- 21. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Vehicle-to-Grid: V2G Representative Literatures Year Purpose Tan Ma et al. 2014 Active Power ManagementLuc´ıa Igualada et al. 2014 Fabian Kennel et al. 2013 Mithat C. Kisacikoglu et al. 2015 Reactive Power Operation Jia Ying Yong et al 2015 M. Kesler et al. 2014 Sekyung Han et al. 2010 Frequency Regulation Hui Liu et al. 2013 Chenye Wu et al. 2012 Voltage Regulation Baosen Zhang et al. 2015 F. R. Islam et al. 2014 Filter Operation •21
- 22. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Representative Literatures Year Contribution Inadequacies Xiong Liu et al. 2011 Coordination control of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with PV, WT and storage is proposed V2G facility has not been explored A. A. A. Radwan et al. 2012 Interaction dynamics in hybrid ac/dc has been analysed to asses stability Impacts of large capacity storages like EV's have not been explored A. Mohamed et al. 2012 An energy management scheme is proposed based on • a nonlinear regression based PV and load data forecasting • Fuzzy based control of storages • Pulse load mitigation Other renewable sources like wind has not been considered and EV fast charging and scheduling is not considered J. M. Guerrero et al. 2013 Unbalanced condition has been considered Large number of EV penetration can affect the control algorithm P.C. Loh et al. 2013 Droop based power sharing is proposed in presence of storage system Dynamic power sharing capability of energy storages like EV-ESS is not properly explained •22
- 23. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Representative Literatures Year Contribution Inadequacies R Majumder 2014 Back to back interfacing converter with droop control strategy has been proposed No V2G application is considered Xiaonan Lu and J. M. Guerrero et al. 2014 A hierarchical control structure is developed for hybrid AC/DC microgrid No V2G application is considered N. Eghtedarpour et al. 2014 Droop based power sharing is proposed including overloaded condition No storage and unbalanced condition is considered Teimourzadeh Baboli et al. 2014 Mixed integer linear model based energy management scheme is proposed No V2G application is considered Peng Wang et al. 2015 Distributed control strategies have been proposed for hybrid AC/DC/DS structure • A complicated structure • The DS bus can be extended for multiple EV penetration •23
- 24. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review 1. Level 3 (Tertiary Control) 2. Level 2 (Secondary Control) 3. Level 1 (Primary Control) 4. Level 0 (Inner Control Loops) Hierarchical Microgrid Control •24
- 25. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Primary Control: Local Control (LC) Objectives: Droop Based Method •Conventional Droop Control •Adjustable Load Sharing Control •VPD/FQB Droop Control •Virtual Frame Transformation Method •Virtual Output Impedance Method •Adaptive Voltage Droop Control •Signal Injection Method •Non-linear Load Sharing Non-Droop Based Method •Centralized control •Master-slave control •Average load sharing control •Circular chain control (3C) •25 • Parallel power sharing among multiple DG units • Bus voltages and system frequency stabilization
- 26. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Secondary Control: Microgrid EMS Objectives: Methods • Genetic Algorithms (GA) • Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) • Model Predictive Control (MPC) • Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) • Potential Function Based Control • Voltage Unbalance Compensator Technique • Multi-Agent (MAS) Concept • Gossip-Based Technique • Distributed Cooperative Control •26 • Microgrid Energy Management System (EMS) • Maintaining all electrical levels within acceptable range • Synchronization or restoration of microgrid with grid
- 27. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Secondary Control •27Centralized EMS Operation N-Period Forecasting of Non-Dispatchable Generation N-Period Forecasting of Electrical/Thermal Load • SOC of EV-ESS • Operational Limits • Security and Reliability Constraints • Main Grid interconnection Status • Energy Price Forecasting Microgrid Centralized EMS Microgrid Model, Settings and Policies Command to Controllable Loads (DSM) On/Off/Shift Set Points for dispatchable DER for Next Period Inputs Outputs
- 28. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Secondary Control •28Multi-Agent Based EMS Operation Microgrid Central Controller Primary/Local Controller Primary/Local Controller Primary/Local Controller Service Agents Service Agents Database Forecasting
- 29. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Tertiary Control: Host Grid Objectives: Methods • Equal Marginal Cost Based Approach • Gossiping Algorithm • Game Theory Based Approach •29 • Sets ‘Optimal’ set points as per requirements of the host grid • Coordinates the operation of multiple microgrids • Import and export power to/from the grid
- 30. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Inner Loop Control: Objectives: Methods • Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control • Proportional-Resonant (PR) Control • Predictive Control • Dead-Beat (DB) Control • Hysteresis Control • LQG/LQR Control •30 • Handling stability and regulation issues • Maintaining performance parameters which includes rise time, settling time, steady-state error, damping etc. • Sliding Mode (SM) Control • 𝑯∞ Control • Repetitive Control • Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Control • Fuzzy Logic (FL) Control
- 31. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Standards: IEEE-1547 Series System response to abnormal voltage condition System response to abnormal frequency condition •31
- 32. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Standards: IEEE-1547 Series Maximum harmonic distortion of PCC voltage and current •32
- 33. © Md Shamiur Rahman Literature Review Standards: Australia Islanding condition within Australia •33
- 34. © Md Shamiur Rahman Research Objectives Impact analysis of EV penetration considering hybrid AC/DC microgrid paradigm Grid-connected power control and management algorithm for interfacing converter/STATCOM and EV- ESS Islanded power control and management algorithm for interfacing converter/STATCOM and EV-ESS Simulation of the developed algorithms in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid model for validation Performing technical and economical optimization •34
- 35. © Md Shamiur Rahman Methodology Impact Analysis Literature Review Impacts on load profile, voltage profile, phase unbalance, harmonics and stability Grid-connected Power Control and Management Islanded Power Control and Management Input and Output Identification Constraints determination Theoretical Model Development Mathematical Validation Technique Selection Simulation and Microgrid Modelling Data collection of Griffith Microgrid Model System Operation and Testing Model Development Optimization Technical Economical Experimental Validation Article - 1 Article - 2 Article - 3 Article - 4
- 36. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid: Schematics •36 40 kW 50 kW 50 kW
- 37. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid: Simulink Model •37
- 38. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Developed Grid-tied Control Strategies •38
- 39. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Proposed Energy Storage Charge/Discharge Algorithm: •39
- 40. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Variable Loading •40
- 41. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Variable Loading Active Power Profile Reactive Power Profile Balanced by the Grid •41
- 42. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Variable Loading AC and DC Bus Voltage EV-ESS State-of-Charge (SOC) •42
- 43. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Variable Loading PCC Voltage Harmonics PCC Current Harmonics •43
- 44. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Variable Loading System Frequency in Hz •44
- 45. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Variable Loading Inverter Output Voltage Before 𝑳𝑪𝑳 Filter Inverter Output Voltage After 𝑳𝑪𝑳 Filter •45
- 46. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Real life Irradiation Variance Irradiation Profile and PV output power •46
- 47. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Real life Irradiation Variance Active Power Profile •47 Reactive Power Profile
- 48. © Md Shamiur Rahman Preliminary Results Case Studies: Real life Irradiation Variance •48 AC and DC Bus Voltage
- 49. © Md Shamiur Rahman Future Aims •49 Future Microgrid Model in Griffith University Nathan Campus Challenges and Design Requirements N44: Highly unbalanced load profile N05: DC fast charging of Evs N74: Contains critical loads and requires UPS Operation Four-legged STATCOM operation
- 50. © Md Shamiur Rahman Future Aims •50 Grid-tied Mode Island Mode
- 51. © Md Shamiur Rahman Project Timeline •51
- 52. © Md Shamiur Rahman List of Publications Book Chapter: 1. Md Shamiur Rahman, F. H. M. Rafi , M. J. Hossain and J. Lu, “Power Control and Monitoring of Smart Grid with EVs”, in Vehicle-to-Grid: Linking Electric Vehicles to the Smart Grid, IET Publication. (Published) Conference Papers: 1. Md Shamiur Rahman, M. J. Hossain and J. Lu, “Utilization of Parked EV-ESS for Power Management in a Grid-Tied Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid”, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference(AUPEC), 2015. (Submitted) 2. Md Shamiur Rahman, M. J. Hossain and J. Lu, “Frequency Regulation and Power Balancing in an Islanded Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid with EV-ESS”, IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference(IEEE PES APPEEC), 2015. (Writing in progress) 3. F. H. M. Rafi, Md Shamiur Rahman, M. J. Hossain and J. Lu, “Implementation of Smart Inverter for Real Time Radiation and Temperature Variation Effects on AC/DC Microgrid with PV System”, IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2015. (Accepted) •52
- 53. © Md Shamiur Rahman Conclusions This presentation presents: • The concept of multi bus hybrid AC/DC microgrid • Impacts and challenges of EV penetration and features of V2G • A generalized hybrid AC/DC microgrid has been designed in MATLAB/SIMULINK • A reactive power controller and an EV-ESS charge/discharge controller has been proposed • Both controllers have been exposed to variable scenarios • In future the model will be extended to Griffith University microgrid model for practical validation •53
- 54. © Md Shamiur Rahman Conclusions Expected Contributions of the Research • Impact analysis of renewable resources and emerging EV loads in microgrid paradigm • A novel power sharing technique for microgrid in all operational mode utilizing V2G operation with fault tolerance and unbalanced condition handling capability • A novel energy management scheme for hybrid AC/DC microgrid to ensure economic and reliable operation • Experimental validation •54
- 55. © Md Shamiur Rahman Thank You •55