Conquering the Command Line
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The document provides a comprehensive guide on using the command line for managing WordPress sites, emphasizing the importance of command line skills for Linux-based servers. It covers essential commands for navigation, file permissions, file operations, and log management, as well as practical use cases like searching, creating, and editing files. Resources for further learning and a thank you note are included at the end.
![But I only care about the last error...
Read the last few lines of the log file
$>tail -n 5 /var/log/apache2/error_log
[Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Digest: generating secret for digest
authentication ...
[Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Digest: done
[Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Apache/2.2.26 (Unix) DAV/2 PHP/5.5.4
mod_ssl/2.2.26 OpenSSL/0.9.8y configured -- resuming normal operations
[Mon Mar 03 13:40:08 2014] [notice] child pid 8870 exit signal Bus error (10)
[Mon Mar 03 18:02:20 2014] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/commandline-140305225524-phpapp02/85/Conquering-the-Command-Line-27-320.jpg)
![I only care about the current error...
Read the log file as it happens
$>tail -f /var/log/apache2/error_log
[Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Digest: generating secret for digest
authentication ...
[Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Digest: done
[Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Apache/2.2.26 (Unix) DAV/2 PHP/5.5.4
mod_ssl/2.2.26 OpenSSL/0.9.8y configured -- resuming normal operations
[Mon Mar 03 13:40:08 2014] [notice] child pid 8870 exit signal Bus error (10)
[Mon Mar 03 18:02:20 2014] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down
[Mon Mar 03 20:18:01 2014] [notice] Apache/2.2.26 (Unix) DAV/2 PHP/5.5.4
mod_ssl/2.2.26 OpenSSL/0.9.8y configured -- resuming normal operations
● -f is interactive
● Ctrl+C to exit interactive](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/commandline-140305225524-phpapp02/85/Conquering-the-Command-Line-28-320.jpg)
![Who is currently on my site?
Read the access log as it happens
$>tail -f /var/log/apache2/*access_log
::1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:35:23 -0500] "OPTIONS *
127.0.0.1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:35:34 -0500] "GET
127.0.0.1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:35:34 -0500] "GET
127.0.0.1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:36:40 -0500] "GET
127.0.0.1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:36:42 -0500] "GET
HTTP/1.0" 200 / HTTP/1.1" 200 44
/favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 209
/ HTTP/1.1" 304 / HTTP/1.1" 304 -](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/commandline-140305225524-phpapp02/85/Conquering-the-Command-Line-29-320.jpg)
Conquering the Command Line
- 1. Conquering the Command Line Making WordPress Work
- 2. About Me ● Developer at ServerGrove ● All around nerd ● Systems Administrator for 7 years ● @aramonc in all the places
- 3. Why bother? More than 40% of all web servers use Linux Debian Ubuntu CentOS/RHEL SmartOS* Servers do not use graphical interfaces *Not really Linux, still Unix based
- 4. What if I mess up?
- 6. Navigating the Folder = Directory Tree
- 7. Where are you right now? Print Working Directory $>pwd /var/www/wp_site ● /var/www/wp_site = a path ● / not ● Starts with / (root) = absolute
- 9. What’s in here? LiSt $>ls -la total 320 drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x -rw-r--r--@ -rw-r--r--@ -rw-r--r--@ -rw-r--r--@ drwxr-xr-x@ drwxr-xr-x@ -rw-r--r--@ 21 3 1 1 1 1 88 5 1 adrian_sg root adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel 714 102 640 418 19929 7185 2992 170 2932 Feb Feb Mar Sep Jan Jan Jan Jan Sep 28 28 05 24 18 13 23 23 24 22:07 21:57 20:14 20:18 2013 13:16 15:17 15:17 20:18 . .. .htaccess index.php license.txt readme.html wp-admin wp-content wp-cron.php
- 10. Moving around... Change Directory $>cd wp-admin $>pwd /var/www/wp_site/wp-admin $>cd /var/www/wp_site $>pwd /var/www/wp_site $>cd wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen $>pwd /var/www/wp_site/wpcontent/themes/twentyfourteen
- 11. Moving around... Change Directory $>cd .. $>pwd /var/www/wp_site $>cd ~/ $>pwd /Users/adrian_sg $>cd $>pwd /var/www/wp_site
- 12. Where is this thing? Find $>find . -iname xml* /var/www/wp_site/xmlrpc.php $>find . -ctime 3 . (dot) means current directory -ctime in 24 hour increments of creation date
- 13. Where is this thing? Globally search a Regular Expression and Print $>grep theme ./* ./index.php: * wp-blog-header.php...the theme. grep: ./wp-admin: Is a directory ./wp-settings.php:require(ABSPATH.WPINC.'/theme.php'); ./wp-settings.php:do_action( 'setup_theme' );
- 14. Where is this thing? Globally search a Regular Expression and Print $>grep -R theme ./* ./wp-admin/update.php: ./wp-admin/update.php: ./wp-admin/update.php: $parent_file='themes.php'; $submenu_file='themes.php'; $nonce='install-theme_'.$theme;
- 15. Can I change things? Owners, Groups, & Permissions $>ls -l total 320 -rw-r--r--@ 1 adrian_sg -rw-r--r--@ 1 adrian_sg -rw-r--r--@ 1 adrian_sg drwxr-xr-x@ 88 adrian_sg drwxr-xr-x@ 5 adrian_sg -rw-r--r--@ 1 adrian_sg drwxr-xr-x@ 122 adrian_sg -rw-r--r--@ 1 adrian_sg wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel wheel 418 19929 7185 2992 170 2932 4148 2359 Sep Jan Jan Jan Jan Sep Jan Oct 24 18 13 23 23 24 23 24 20:18 2013 13:16 15:17 15:17 20:18 15:17 18:58 index.php license.txt readme.html wp-admin wp-content wp-cron.php wp-includes wp-load.php
- 16. Can I change things? Permissions r = Read w = Write x = Execute (run a script or open a directory) Three levels of permissions: Owner, Group, Everyone else
- 17. Can I change things? Owner = User ● Sometimes your user ● Sometimes root ● Sometimes www-data (Apache user)
- 18. Can I change things? Group ● Permissions for a set of users ● Users have own group ● Most users only belong to own group
- 19. Can I change things? Permissions $>ls -l drwxr-xr-x@ Is Dir.? 88 adrian_sg wheel 2992 Jan 23 15:17 wp-admin Group adrian_sg d Owner wheel rwx r-x Everyone r-x
- 20. How do I change this thing? MaKe DIRectory $>mkdir -p useless/stuff $>ls -l -rw-r--r--@ -rw-r--r--@ -rw-r--r--@ drwxr-xr-x -rw-r--r--@ 1 1 1 2 1 adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg wheel 418 Sep 24 20:18 index.php wheel 19929 Jan 18 2013 license.txt wheel 7185 Jan 13 13:16 readme.html wheel 68 Mar 3 22:04 useless wheel 4892 Oct 4 10:12 wp-activate.php
- 21. How do I change this thing? MoVe $>mv readme.html useless/stuff/readme $>ls -l -rw-r--r--@ -rw-r--r--@ drwxr-xr-x -rw-r--r--@ 1 1 2 1 adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg wheel 418 Sep 24 20:18 index.php wheel 19929 Jan 18 2013 license.txt wheel 68 Mar 3 22:04 useless wheel 4892 Oct 4 10:12 wp-activate.php
- 22. How do I change this thing? CoPy $>cp wp-config-sample.php wp-config.php $>ls -l -rw-r--r--@ -rw-r--r--@ -rw-r--r--@ drwxr-xr-x@ 1 1 1 5 adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg adrian_sg wheel 4795 Sep 5 wheel 3087 Oct 24 wheel 3087 Mar 3 wheel 170 Jan 23 21:38 18:58 21:59 15:17 ● cp -a keeps same permissions as original wp-comments-post.php wp-config-sample.php wp-config.php wp-content
- 24. When everything goes wrong... Read the log file $>less /var/log/apache2/error_log
- 26. When everything goes wrong... Read the log file ● ● ● ● ● ● ● (up arrow) to scroll towards the top (down arrow) to scroll towards the bottom (space) next page p previous page q(uit) to exit / <expression> to search for <expression> n to search again
- 27. But I only care about the last error... Read the last few lines of the log file $>tail -n 5 /var/log/apache2/error_log [Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Digest: generating secret for digest authentication ... [Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Digest: done [Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Apache/2.2.26 (Unix) DAV/2 PHP/5.5.4 mod_ssl/2.2.26 OpenSSL/0.9.8y configured -- resuming normal operations [Mon Mar 03 13:40:08 2014] [notice] child pid 8870 exit signal Bus error (10) [Mon Mar 03 18:02:20 2014] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down
- 28. I only care about the current error... Read the log file as it happens $>tail -f /var/log/apache2/error_log [Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Digest: generating secret for digest authentication ... [Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Digest: done [Mon Mar 03 10:28:01 2014] [notice] Apache/2.2.26 (Unix) DAV/2 PHP/5.5.4 mod_ssl/2.2.26 OpenSSL/0.9.8y configured -- resuming normal operations [Mon Mar 03 13:40:08 2014] [notice] child pid 8870 exit signal Bus error (10) [Mon Mar 03 18:02:20 2014] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down [Mon Mar 03 20:18:01 2014] [notice] Apache/2.2.26 (Unix) DAV/2 PHP/5.5.4 mod_ssl/2.2.26 OpenSSL/0.9.8y configured -- resuming normal operations ● -f is interactive ● Ctrl+C to exit interactive
- 29. Who is currently on my site? Read the access log as it happens $>tail -f /var/log/apache2/*access_log ::1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:35:23 -0500] "OPTIONS * 127.0.0.1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:35:34 -0500] "GET 127.0.0.1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:35:34 -0500] "GET 127.0.0.1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:36:40 -0500] "GET 127.0.0.1 - - [26/Dec/2013:09:36:42 -0500] "GET HTTP/1.0" 200 / HTTP/1.1" 200 44 /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 209 / HTTP/1.1" 304 / HTTP/1.1" 304 -
- 30. How do I change this thing Nano text editor $>nano wp-config.php
- 32. How do I change this thing Nano text editor $>nano wp-config.php ^G ^R ^K ^X ^W ^U Get Help Read File Cut Text Exit Where Is UnCut Text ^O ^Y ^C ^J ^V ^T WriteOut Prev Page Cur Pos Justify Next Page To Spell
- 33. Putting it all together Deep filtering with the pipe statement $>tail -n 10000 /var/log/apache2/error_log | grep “Mar 01” | less Look for any log entry that occurred on March 1st within the last ten thousand lines of the error log and display it in a way I can easily navigate
- 34. Putting it all together Chaining commands with & $>mkdir -p /var/www/wp_site/news && wget http://wordpress.org/latest.zip && unzip latest.zip -d /var/www/wp_site/news Make news directory under /var/www/wp_site, then download latest version of WordPress, then extract the contents of the archive to /var/www/wp_site/news
- 35. Putting it all together Creating files without a text editor $>mkdir -p wp-content/uploads && echo e "RemoveHandler .php .phtml .php3 php4nRemoveType .php .phtml .php3 php4" > wp-content/uploads/.htaccess Make a new uploads directory in wp-content, then create a .htaccess file in uploads with the contents of “RemoveHandler .php .phtml .php3 php4 RemoveType .php .phtml .php3 php4”
- 36. Resources ● Usage Share of Server OSes ● http://linuxcommand.org/ ● In The Beginning Was the Command Line ● 5-Minute Essential Shell Tutorial
- 37. Questions?