Context Clues - Types Chart(1).pdf
- 1. TYPE DESCRIPTION CLUES ”SIGNAL WORDS” EXAMPLE 1. Definition The author provides a direct (explicit) definition of an unknown word in the sentence. Is, are Is /are called Is / are known as Is defined as Means, Refers to ‐ Martha is a curator, a person who is responsible for looking after a museum’s collection. ‐Entomology is the study of insects. ‐ Archeology is the scientific study of prehistoric cultures by excavation of their remains. 2. Synonym or Restatement The author uses a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a sentence. Commas , Semicolon ; Dashes - Parenthesis ( ) Sometimes signal words or, that is, or in other words are used. Carnivores, that is, meat eaters, are the top of the food chain. ‐ My best friend squandered all his money; his drinking and gambling wasted all his earnings. ‐After seeing the picture of the starving children, we all felt compassion or pity for their suffering. ‐ After a time, glaciers, or slowly moving rivers of ice, formed over many parts of the Earth. 3. Antonym or Contrast The author uses another word or phrase that means the opposite of an unfamiliar word Words used are: But, however, although, otherwise, unless, instead of, on the contrary, on the other hand, while, unlike. ‐Mike’s parrot was loquacious, but Maria’s said very little. ‐The gentleman was portly, but his wife was thin. ‐While Luis is hardworking, his indolent brother spends most of the time watching TV or sitting around with friends. 4. Comparison In comparison clues, the author uses words and phrases that have the same or similar meaning as an unfamiliar word. Words used are: like, as, similar to, in the same way, likewise, resembling, too, also ‐My brother is enthralled by birds similar to the way that I am fascinated by insects. ‐ The stench of the old shoes was like the smell of garbage. TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES
- 2. TYPE DESCRIPTION CLUES ”SIGNAL WORDS” EXAMPLE 5. Example/ Explanation The author provides examples or additional explanations or summaries to help you understand an unfamiliar word. The word is cleared up by giving an example. For example For instance Including Such as Specifically To illustrate ‐The archeologist found different amulets, such as a rabbit’s foot and bags of herb. ‐Paula was suspended from school because of several infractions of the rules, including smoking in the bathroom and dressing improperly. Celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars, are governed by predictable laws. 6. Cause and Effect The meaning of an unknown word depends on the cause/effect relationship with other words in the text. As a result Accordingly Because, Since Consequently For this reason Hence, if … then ‐Since no one came to the first meeting, attendance for the second one is mandatory for all staff. ‐ Because the conflagration was aided by wind, it was so destructive that every building in the area was completely burned to the ground. 7. List or Series The unfamiliar word is included in a series of related words that give an idea of the word’s meaning. Look for a list of words ‐North American predators include grizzly bears, pumas, wolves, and foxes. ‐The debris in the stadium stands included numerous paper cups, ticket stubs, sandwich wrappings, and cigarette butts. 8. Inference or General Context The meaning of an unfamiliar word can be inferred (guessed) from the description of a situation. The author provides non‐ specific clues, often spread over the sentence or number of sentences. Look for clues over several words or sentences ‐The monkey’s vociferous chatter made me wish I had earplugs. ‐ Katie’s belligerence surprised everyone. She threw her book across the room, glared at Chris, and then pushed him to the floor.