Control Algorithm to Improve the Efficiency of Solar Tracking System in Sultanate Oman

Control algorithm to improve the efficiency of Solar Tracking
System in Sultanate Oman
Rustom Mamlook1
, Omar Badran2
, Salem Nijmeh3
, Salah M. Abdallah4
, Abdullah Aljumah5
,
Ismail Mohamed Ali Arafat 6
1
Electrical and Computer Department, Dhofar University, Salalah, Sultanate Oman.
rstmamlk@hotmail.com
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Al-Balqa` Applied University, Amman Jordan.
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
4
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Applied Science University, Amman
11931 Jordan.
5
Dean of College of Computer Engineering & Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul-Aziz
University, Saudi Arabia.
6
Department of Electrical Technology, Alkharj Technical College, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract-- The aim of this research is to utilize the new control algorithm of the sun tracker and the
developed computer capabilities to improve the efficiency of tracking. The new tracking method
installed on new innovative approach of water distillation taking advantage of high possible
concentration of parabolic trough collector to reach a new level of daily harvest per square meter.
Water distillation yield is predicted to score high percentage output of distillate due to the high
temperature average about 40 degrees as maximum and 30 degrees as minimum. Also the high
sunny hours about 9-12 hours per day. Mechanical system will be designed and tested for high
ability to withstand the extra loading also some imperfections are forecasted. The present study may
found more reliable and trusting techniques in tracking and water distillation. Saline water
distillation as predicted will score a noticeable level because of the use of parabolic collector and
promoted the efficiency. Keeping good temperature difference between vapor and condensation
surface will increase the output and reduce the capacity of temperature. The mechanical design
must be convenient to Sultanate Oman climate conditions and have to running, smoothly and safe.
Keywords: New control algorithm; Sun tracker; Improve the efficiency of tracking; New innovative
approach of water distillation; Parabolic trough collector.
Introduction
Research Problem
Oman is one of the countries that face shortage in fresh water sources. Recent years the rapid
increase on fresh water demands affected the consumers and the government deeply, so that the
search of new sources becomes fact that must be taken seriously. Distillation of waste-water or sea
water is one of the steps to get the fresh water. Renewable energy that scores the two advantage of
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
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123 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

reducing the oil usage and distillation of the waste water is one of the main purposes of this
research; this will present the chances and measures for the appropriate usage of renewable sources
and highlighting the importance of achieving distillate water to be used for industrial process and
medication. In this research we will focus on utilization of the solar energy in distillation.
Solar distillation has the advantage of cost saving over other types of distillation such as reverse
osmosis, because solar energy is limitless and easily available and likewise seawater is readily
available, there is an abundance of these sources. Solar distillation has proved to be highly effective
in cleaning up water supplies to provide safe drinking water (Ghosh.1991). As energy requirement to
produce 1 liter (i.e. 1kg since the density of water is 1kg/liter) of pure water by distilling brackish
water requires a heat input of 2260kJ. Distillation is therefore normally considered only where there
is no local source of fresh water that can be easily offered (Malik, 1982).
Research Objectives
Extensive fossil fuel consumption in almost all human activities led to some undesirable phenomena
such as atmospheric and environmental pollutions, which have not been experienced before in
known human history. Consequently, global warming, greenhouse effect, climate change, ozone
layer depletion and acid rain terminologies started to appear in the literature frequently (Guthrie,
2003). Solar radiation is an integral part of different renewable energy resources. It is the main and
continuous input variable from practically inexhaustible sun. Solar energy is expected to play a very
significant role in the future especially in developing countries such middle east.
Solar distillation application for the communities living in arid areas of almost places of Sultanate
Oman is recommended due to the shortage of potable water and due to its simple technology and
low cost, which can be easily adopted by local rural people. Solar distillation can be used to convert
the available saline or brackish water into potable water economically.
Sultanate Oman has high solar radiation as far as utilization of solar energy is concerned. Also Saudi
has an excellent mean solar radiation on horizontal surfaces of 2200 thermal kilowatt hours (kWh)
per square meter while other near country such as Jordan has 5.5 – 6 kWh/m2/day and that of
Europe and most of North America, which amounts to 3.5 kWh/m2/day — i.e., Also the solar
isolation in Jordan occurs for about 2600-4200 sunshine hours in a year [39] (EL-Mulki,1986).
Recently different designs of solar still have emerged. The single effect solar still is a relatively simple
device to construct and operate. However, the low productivity of such solar still leads one to look
for ways to improve its productivity, and efficiency.
Many design variations exist, and a wide variety of construction materials are used. The amount of
distilled water that can be produced varies quite dramatically with the geographical position, the
sun's position, prevailing meteorological conditions, solar still design, and operational techniques.
(Al-Hayek and Badran, 2004), (Badran and Al-Tahaineh, 2005), (Badran and Fayed, 2004), and
(Badran and Abu Khader, 2007) found that other parameters such as water depth, salinity, black dye,
solar insulation, wind speed and direction have an effect on the output of the solar stills.
(Abu Khader et al, 2008) found that the sun tracking methods can increase the solar still capability
to capture more solar energy to be used later for higher production. These studies were behind the
idea of conducting this work, and the need for a research student has a Mechatronics background to
implement this work is necessary.
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It was found that for solar concentrator systems as well as for radiometric measurement of the solar
radiation the tracking of the sun is necessary. The trackers will periodically update the orientation of
the device to the actual position of the sun.
The present research is planned to concentrate on a single and two-axis (North-south axes, East-
West axes). Electro-mechanical sun tracking system will be designed and constructed for solar stills
applications. The measured variables will be compared with that at fixed axis still system. (Abu-
Khader et al, 2008) found that the multi-axes sun tracking (MAST) system can be applied to all types
of solar systems to increase their efficiency. While multi-axes sun tracking of the parabolic trough
solar stills has not seen the intensive research and development activity; however, some researchers
investigated the effect of using MAST systems controlled by a modern computerized control system
such as PLC for PV and electric generation systems. With the tracking system, different types of
passive solar stills may be used in parallel with the parabolic trough still as follows. The conventional
single basin solar still (also known as roof type) is the simplest and most practical design for an
installation to provide distilled drinking water for daily needs. It is suggested that the following
conventional solar stills (CSS) can be used;
a. Symmetrical double-sloped
b. Nonsymmetrical double-sloped
c. Single-sloped
The choice among the three configurations depends on location, local expertise and the materials
available for construction of the system.
Effects of the system design and climatic parameters, on the performance of the system will be
investigated. It has been established that the overall system efficiency in terms of daily distillate
output will increase by decreasing the water depth and the use of latent heat of condensation for
further distillation. Further, increasing the temperature difference between the evaporating and the
condensing surface can increase the daily distillate output of passive solar through the trough pipe.
The condition can be achieved either by increasing the evaporating surface temperature or
decreasing the condensing surface temperature or combination of both. Feeding the thermal energy
into the basin from external source can increase the evaporating surface temperature. The water
can be heated during sunshine hours and most of the thermal energy is stored in water mass
(Sukhatme, 1991) (Duffie and Beckman, 1991).
The objectives of the entire study which try to achieved can be summarized in the following points:
• Design and implement a sun tracker for different distillation systems.
• Design and implement new innovative parabolic distillation system.
Research Significance
Solar energy exists everywhere; the efficiency of any solar system is directly proportional to the solar
radiation fall on it. Maximizing the solar system performance is the main target of using solar
tracker; there comes the importance of solar tracker. The main reason to use a solar tracker is to
reduce the cost of the energy you want to capture. A tracker solar system produces more power
over a longer time than a stationary system with the same area faced the sun. This additional output
or “gain” can be quantified as a percentage of the output of the stationary system. Gain varies
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significantly with latitude, climate, and the type of tracker you choose as well as the orientation of a
stationary installation in the same location.
Climate is the most important factor. The more sun and less clouds, moisture, haze, dust, and smog,
the greater the gain provided by trackers. At higher latitudes gain will be increased due to the long
arc of the summer sun. In the cloudiest, haziest locations the gain in annual output from trackers can
be in the low 20 percent range.
In many regions of the world, especially Middle-East, desalination has become a most reliable source
of fresh water. The different methods used in desalination are based on thermal or membrane
principles (Sayigh.1986). Among the thermal methods used is solar distillation, interest in solar
distillation stems from the fact that areas of fresh water shortages have plenty of solar energy (i.e.
Sultanate Oman). Moreover, it’s low operating and maintenance costs made it an attractive method
in areas away from the electricity grid lines. But most of them suffer from low productivity which put
forward an initiative to look for ways to enhance its productivity and efficiency.
In the present research different designs of solar stills (i.e. cylindrical parabolic and simple solar
stills) will be coupled with an innovative electro-mechanical sun tracking system to enhance the
productivity. The new design of the sun tracking system will produce a significant enhancement in
the still productivity, due to its capability to capture more solar radiations.
Based on the previous researches (Abdallah and Badran,2008) (Nayfey et al,2006) (Samee et al,2007)
(Tiwari et al, 2003) on solar stills, it may be concluded that there are a limited number of previous
studies published on the performance of sun tracking parabolic solar stills. Furthermore, the results
published are very brief and of limited scope. In this study the solar still productivity will be modeled
and a developed energy balances technique will be investigated for the new designs, also the
thermal capacity of still elements will be accounted for the calculations. Moreover, performance
analysis will be conducted under a wide range of parameters. The numerical simulations using
mathematical analyses will be compared with the experimental results under different weather
conditions for Amman city, in addition to different geometric and flow conditions.
Literature Review of the Research
The concept of sun tracking relays on identifying the location of the sun relative to earth at all times
during the day. The rotation of the earth around itself causes the sequence of day and night where
its rotation around the sun causes the variation of day and night lengths.
Early researches by (Neville, 1978) and (Hession and Bonwick, 1984) discuss the sun tracking
mathematically and the multi usage of sun tracker coupled with collectors.
Many researchers devoted their study to use sun tracking systems as improvement factor yields
increase in power. (Roth et al, 2004) designed and built an electromechanical system to follow the
position of the sun based on four –quadrant photo detector sensor forming closed loop servo
systems.
(Abdallah, 2004) study different types of trackers to investigate the effect in the voltage-current
characteristics in the output power of PV panels, four types of trackers (two-axis, east–west, vertical
and north–south) gains increase in the output power by (43.87%, 37.53%, 34.43% and 15.69%)
respectively.
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Also (Abdallah and Nijmeh, 2004) designed two-axis sun tracker based on open loop controller to
investigate experimentally the effect of using sun tracking system, the result was a 41.43% increase
in the collected power as compared with fixed surface collector with tilt angle 32°.
The new algorithms in Artificial Intelligence (AI) i.e. fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy also used in solar energy
environment. (Alata et al, 2005) demonstrates the design and simulation of controller using first
order sygeno fuzzy inference system, with full simulation in MATLAB – virtual reality toolbox.
(Al-Mohamed, 2004) achieved 20% increase in the output power of PV panel due to the use of
automatic closed loop sun tracker using photo resistance as sensors, the controller was PLC with
computerized monitoring capabilities through Recommended Standard 232 (RS232).
Another study by (Bakos, 2006) based on design and construction of a sun tracking system for
parabolic trough, the study aims to investigate the continuous operation of two-axis tacking effect in
the collected power, and the result showed that sun tracking increased the output by 46.46% using
closed loop system.
(Abu-khader et al, 2008) investigated experimentally the effect of using multi-axis sun tracking on
Flat Photovoltaic System (FPVS) to evaluate its performance under Jordan climate, the tracker based
on time varying system – open loop system – on other words it doesn’t use sensors, their result
showed that an overall increase of about 30-45% in the output power was achieved.
(Lakeou et al, 2006) designed low cost 0.9 kW photovoltaic system with solar tracking system
interfaced with 1 kW wind turbine. The control circuit made of low cost logic circuit to track the
maximum sun radiation, but it is not easily adjustable for different climates.
(Abdallah and Badran, 2008) deployed sun tracking system for enhancing solar still productivity, the
computerized tracker is an open loop controller based on time as the main variable to control the
orientation of solar still, and they found a noticeable increase in the productivity of around 22% with
an increase in the overall efficiency of 2%.
(Tomson, 2008) tested the high latitude angle – i.e. 60º- in the North European regions with low
solar radiation levels, with comparison of continuous tracking and discrete two-positional tracker,
the result shows the effect of using discrete systems in energy saving with increase in seasonal
energy by 10-20%.
(Rubio et al, 2007) presented a control application that able to track the sun with high accuracy
without the necessity of precise procedure or recalibration, the tracker is hybrid system with
combination of open loop and dynamic closed loop, taking energy saving factors in considerations.
In astronomical studies researchers depend on the accurate evaluation of the sun angels. (Grena,
2008) proposed a new algorithm for accurate sun angles determination, his result indicates high
precision tolerance around 0.0027 º over the period 2003-2023.
(Ming and Frank, 2004) applied image segmentation to detect sun flare properties and use it in sun
tracking purposes, center of flare and boundaries and filtering are some of feature analyzed by
image segmentation.
Solar Concentrators – parabolic trough
Parabolic trough technology is currently the most proven solar thermal electric technology in the
world (Naeeni and Yaghoubi, 2007a). This is due to the nine large commercial scale solar power
plants installed in USA (Price, 1999) (Yaghoubi et al, 2003)
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Many researches were developed their study model based on the available solar parabolic plants
(Yaghoubi et al, 2003) (Naeeni and Yaghoubi, 2007a) (Naeeni and Yaghoubi, 2007b). These
researches aim to proof the cost efficient, improvement and investigating the factors that affecting
the production rate and amount. (Price, 1999) found the cost for U.S market about 5.5¢/kWh based
on advanced combined-cycle technology, some of authors based on the effect of the wind and
thermal that affecting parabolic trough performance (Naeeni and Yaghoubi, 2007a).
(Geyer et al, 2002) investigated the effect of different direction of force in the parabolic collector,
these forces applied to different types of parabolic structures also customize the cost of the system
based on Euro trough types with new closed loop sun tracking system.
(Price, 2003) developed a model of parabolic trough solar power plant to help plants designers for
the best optimization. Numbers of parabolic plants with different configuration are considered in his
research to achieve the integration of system capital and operational and maintenance cost.
Research Methodology
The research is based on design and manufactured new system of tracking and water distillation.
The system is being tested mechanically and electrically, also the results gathered are proofed. Many
factors are taken in consideration such as water temperature, average temperature, average
radiation, water depth… etc. Saline water distillation as predicted scored a noticeable level because
of the use of parabolic collector and promoted the efficiency.
In our work, two pyrometers (Kipp & Zonen) are mounted on the two-axis advanced tracking and
fixed Photovoltaic (PV) modules. The modules are connected to a variable resistor. Measurements
of current, voltage output and radiation are recorded and stored into a computer. The data
presented in this work is for a typical day in June in Sultanate Oman. Figure 1 shows the I-V
characteristics curves for the two cases. The measured solar radiation values in W/m2
are shown in
Figure 2. It can be seen from the figure that the pattern of hourly variations is typical of a cloudless
day, and that largest gains occur early and late in the day. The maximum power output of the PV
panels is shown in Figure 3. The results (Figures 2 and 3 are similar to the results in (Mamlook et al,
2016) for Saudi Arabia.
Fig. 1. I-V characteristics for the two cases of the PV modules.
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Fig. 2. Hourly global solar radiation comparison.
Figure 3. Power (Maximum) of PV panels mounted on moving and tracking surfaces
Comparison is made between advanced tracking and fixed surfaces based on percentage gain in
daily radiation and power output as shown in Table 1. It can be noted that the gains are
considerable and reach 45.9% and 48.7%, respectively, which can be used in solar distillation system
[6 - 7], and we are working on new tracking method installed on new innovative approach of water
distillation taking advantage of high possible concentration of parabolic trough collector [12] to
reach a new level of daily harvest per square meter. Water distillation yield is predicted to score high
percentage output of distillate due to the high temperature average about 40 degrees as maximum
and 30 degrees as minimum. Also the high sunny hours about 9-12 hours per day. By keeping good
temperature difference between vapor and condensation surface the output is increased and the
capacity of temperature is reduced. The mechanical design is convenient to Sultanate Oman and
Oman climate conditions and is running, smoothly and safe.
TABLE 1. MEASURED DAILY TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION IN MJ/M2
.
Date 2-axis tracking Fixed @ 32 latitude % Gain
12/06/2017 41.3 27.7 48.7%
11/06/2017 27.5 20.7 32.6%
10/06/2017 34.5 23.6 45.9%
8/06/2017 36.1 26.1 38.1%
Average 34.8 24.6 41.3%
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Hour of the da y
Hourlyglobalradiation,MJ/m2
Tracking
Fixed
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Conclusions
An electro-mechanical two-axis PV advanced tracker (azimuth and altitude) is designed and built. Two
advanced tracking motors were used. One for the joint rotated around the horizontal axis to control ,
and the other for the joint rotated around the vertical axis to control .  and  are controlled using
advanced fuzzy if-then rules model: a knowledge representation scheme for describing a functional
mapping or a logic formula that generalized an implication in two-valued logic.
The system uses two electrically powered motorized actuators to move the PV modules. The actuators
are controlled by an advanced programmable fuzzy logic controller (APFLC) device to control the motion
of the sun-tracking surface. A program is developed and entered to achieve the required positioning
based on solar geometry. A not advanced work has been done in (Mamlook and Nijmeh, 2005). And
similar advanced work has been done for Saudi Arabia (Mamlook et al, 2016).
An experimental test is conducted to monitor the performance of the system, and measure the values of
solar radiation and maximum power of the moving PV modules in Amman, Jordan. Measurements are
compared with those on a fixed surface tilted at 32° oriented towards the south. Preliminary results
indicate that the use of two-axis tracking will increase the daily power produced by more than 60 % in
summer.
The system is characterized by an advanced not complicated in set-up and controls. It operates
smoothly with precise positioning even in adverse weather conditions.
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Control Algorithm to Improve the Efficiency of Solar Tracking System in Sultanate Oman

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