![What Fieldbus Networks are currently on the market?
some of the Fieldbus technologies currently on the market
– RS-232
– RS-485
– CAN ( we will discuss in detail)
– ARCNET
– IEC 1158-2
– BITBUS (IEEE 1118)
– ModBus
– HART
– Conitel
– DF1
– Data Highway [+]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/controlareanetwork-250225044208-5fbe40a2/85/CONTROL-AREA-NETWORK-FOR-AUTOMOBILES-ppt-4-320.jpg)
CONTROL AREA NETWORK FOR AUTOMOBILES.ppt
- 1. ECGR 6185 Advanced Embedded Systems Controller Area Network University Of North Carolina Charlotte Bipin Suryadevara
- 2. Intra-vehicular communication • A typical vehicle has a large number of electronic control systems • Some of such control systems – Engine timing – Gearbox and carburetor throttle control – Anti-block systems (ABS) – Acceleration skid control (ASC) • The growth of automotive electronics is a result of: – Customers wish for better comfort and better safety. – Government requirements for improved emission control – Reduced fuel consumption
- 3. How do we connect these control devices? • With conventional systems, data is exchanged by means of dedicated signal lines. • But this is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive as control functions become ever more complex. • In case of complex control systems in particular, the number of connections cannot be increased much further. Solution: Use Fieldbus networks for connecting the control devices
- 4. What Fieldbus Networks are currently on the market? some of the Fieldbus technologies currently on the market – RS-232 – RS-485 – CAN ( we will discuss in detail) – ARCNET – IEC 1158-2 – BITBUS (IEEE 1118) – ModBus – HART – Conitel – DF1 – Data Highway [+]
- 5. Controller Area Network (CAN) Controller Area Network (CAN) is a fast serial bus that is designed to provide – an efficient, – Reliable and – Very economical link between sensors and actuators. CAN uses a twisted pair cable to communicate at speeds up to 1Mbit/s with up to 40 devices. Originally developed to simplify the wiring in automobiles. CAN fieldbuses are now used in machine and factory automation products as well.
- 6. CAN features • Any node can access the bus when the bus is quiet • Non-destructive bit-wise arbitration to allow 100% use of the bandwidth without loss of data • Variable message priority based on 11-bit (or 29 bit) packet identifier • Peer-to-peer and multi-cast reception • Automatic error detection, signaling and retries • Data packets are 8 bytes long
- 7. Tradeoff: CAN bus versus point-to-point connections • By introducing one single bus as the only means of communication as opposed to the point-to-point network, we traded off the channel access simplicity for the circuit simplicty • Since two devices might want to transmit simultaneously, we need to have a MAC protocol to handle the situation. • CAN manages MAC issues by using a unique identifier for each of the outgoing messages • Identifier of a message represents its priority.
- 9. CAN CAN BUS CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 CAN Station 1 CAN Station 5
- 10. CAN Protocol - Version 2.0 A(standard)/B(Extended) • A: Object, Transfer, and Physical Layers – Object Layer: handles messages - selects transmit/receive messages – Transfer Layer: assures messages adheres to protocol – Physical Layer: sends and receives messages • B: Data Link Layer and Physical Layer
- 12. Physical Layer • Topology - Terminated bus • Number of stations -In principle limited to 30 (depends on drivers) • Medium - Twisted pair, single wire • Range -Signaling speed and propagation speed dependent: 40m at 1Mbit/s -Drop length limited to 30 cm • Signaling and bit encoding -10 kbit/s to 1 Mbit/s, NRZ
- 13. Physical Layer • Synchronization - Uses signal edges (implies bit stuffing with NRZ) - After Five consecutive ones, a zero is inserted - After Five consecutive zeros, a one is inserted -This rules includes a possible stuffing bit inserted before • Signals - Recessive: logical “1” - Dominant: logical “0” - When two stations compete on a bit by bit basis, the station that emits dominant bit imposes this level on the bus
- 14. Medium Access Control Frame
- 16. Addressing • Single 11 or 29 bit identifier per frame – If used to identify a node • Source(data) or Destination(request) of the message – Normally used to identify the payload – A lower value gives higher value in contention,
- 17. Error Detection Several means • Bit error – When what is one the bus is different from what was emitted • Except when a recessive bit was emitted during arbitration or ack slot • Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) • Frame check (the frame structure is checked) • ACK errors (absence of a dominant bit during the ack slot) • Monitoring (each node which transmits also observes the bus level and thus detects differences between the bit sent and the bit received).
- 18. Error Detection • Bit stuffing (checking adherence to the stuffing rule.) • A frame is valid for – A transmitter if there is no error until the end of EOF – A receiver if there is no error until the next to last bit of EOF
- 19. Behavior in case of error • In case of stuff, bit, form or acknowledge errors – An error flag is started at the next bit • In case of CRC error – An error frame is send after the ack delimiter • Fault confinement – Each time an reception error occurs, REC is incremented – Each time a frame is received correctly, REC is decremented – Same for the emission errors with TEC – The values of TEC and REC may trigger mode changes
- 20. Connection Modes To enforce fault confinement, nodes may be in one of three modes • Error active – Normally takes part to the communication and may send an active error flag (six dominant consecutive bits) when an error has been detected. • Error passive – Takes part in communication but must not send an active error flag. Instead, it shall send a passive error flag (six recessive consecutive bits) – Some restrictions (silence between two tx).
- 21. Connection Modes • Bus off – Cannot send or receive any frame. – A node is in this state when it is switched of the bus due to a request from a fault confinement entity. May exit from this state only by a user command
- 22. Error Frame • Two fields: Error flag and Error delimiter • Error flag – Active: Six dominant bits – Passive: Six recessive bits – As all nodes monitor the bus and the flag violates stuffing rules, they will send error flags too • The error flag will last from 6 to 12 bits
- 23. Error Frame • Error delimiter (Eight recessive bits) – After sending an error flag, a node shall send recessive bits – As soon as it senses a recessive bit, it sends seven recessive bits
- 24. Error Recovery • Automatic retransmission – Of all frames that have lost arbitration – Of all frames have been disturbed by errors during transmission
- 25. Medium Access Control • All messages are sent in broadcast • Nodes filter according to their interest • All messages are acknowledged including by nodes that are not interested by the message – Acknowledge just means “message well received by all receivers” • It does not mean “intended receiver received it”
- 26. Medium Access Control • Node that does not receive message correctly sends an error bit sequence • Node that is too busy may send an overload bit seq. – MA_OVLD.request/indication/confirm – Same principle as an error
- 27. Logical Link Control • Two types of services (connectionless) – Send Data with no ack • L_DATA.request, L_DATA.indication, L_DATA.confirm • Uses a data frame – Request Data • L_REMOTE.request,L_REMOTE.indication,L_REMOTE.confirm • Uses a remote frame (same as a data frame but data field is empty) – Flow control using the overload bit sequence
- 28. Implicit collision handling in the CAN bus • If two messages are simultaneously sent over the CAN bus, the bus takes the “logical AND” of all them • Hence, the messages identifiers with the lowest binary number gets the highest priority • Every device listens on the channel and backs off as and when it notices a mismatch between the bus’s bit and its identifier’s bit
- 29. Implicit collision handling in the CAN bus: example Node B’s message-ID 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Node A’s message-ID BUS 0 0 0 1 1 Node B notices a mismatch in bit # 3 on the bus. Therefore, it stops transmitting thereafter Unlike the MAC protocols we learnt, in CAN a collision does not result in wastage of bandwidth. Hence, CAN achieves 100% bandwidth utilization