Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlinear load in radial distribution system

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 6, December 2021, pp. 4610~4621
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp4610-4621  4610
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering
the use of nonlinear load in radial distribution system
Muhira Dzar Faraby1
, Ontoseno Penangsang2
, Rony Seto Wibowo3
, Andi Fitriati4
1,2,3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia
1,4
Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Polytechnic of Bosowa, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 4, 2020
Revised Apr 28, 2021
Accepted May 11, 2021
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy.
The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce
the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of
coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement,
capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize
active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation
as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This
optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form
33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the
proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of
simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed
method.
Keywords:
Capacitor
Coordinated planning
Distributed generation
Particle swarm optimization
Reconfiguration This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ontoseno Penangsang
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember
ITS Highway, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60117, Indonesia
Email: zenno_379@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The economic and technological improvement followed by increasing the use of electricity is a
major challenge that carries complex problems especially in the case of power quality. The smarter
distribution system is expected to drive the good power quality in the distribution system. Nowadays, non-
linear load on control devices and power switching apparatus increase rapidly due to the high efficiency and
easy operation and control [1]. The harmonic problems are mainly due to the substantial increase of non-
linear load because of technological advances such as the use of power electronic circuit and devices and
AC/DC transmission links or the control of power system using power electronics or microprocessor
controllers. Increase in harmonic spread will result in additional heating losses, shorter insulation lifetime,
higher temperature and insulation stress, reduced power factor, and error on measurement [2], [3]. Modern
appliances are increasingly adopting power electronic devices faced nowadays due to energy efficiency
considerations. This trend has generated the increased harmonic distortion in the power residential
distribution system now that harmonic distortion by residential load has apparently become an increasing
concern due to the extensive adoption of power electronic-based home appliances [4]. The harmonic source
produces a non-sinusoidal current which flaws where each periodic wave is not a sinus form containing
harmonic. Reviewing the consequences arising from the distribution of harmonics, harmonic load flow
method is used to determine and analyze the spread and magnitude of harmonic in the distribution system
[5]-[8]. Backward-forward method for a power flow analysis is applied to obtain a voltage profile on each

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlinear .... (Muhira Dzar Faraby)
4611
bus and the real power losses at fundamental frequencies, and harmonic load flow is practiced obtaining the
distortion voltage profile on each bus and the harmonic losses caused by the use of non-linear loads [9]-[11].
The use and development of small-scale electric power plants integrated into radial distribution
systems is a new breakthrough known as distributed generation (DG). The DG operation process is relatively
simple, and DG is able to improve power quality and easily obtain environmentally friendly and primary
energy sources [12], [13]. The placement of DG can comply with the harmonic limits discussed in [14]-[16].
Harmonic resonance problems have been minimized by the use of the smart DG in distribution systems [17].
The distorted current injected by the DG based renewable source can make a harmonic problem more severe
if the placement of DGs is applied with the non-optimal size [18], [19]. The capacitors are reactive power
compensators. However, the similar ones can magnify the effect of harmonics of the load due to the existence
of resonance with the inductive elements. The effects of capacitor integration on voltage largely depend on
their size and placement. However, they can increase or reduce the spread of harmonics in the distribution
system [20], [21]. Distribution network reconfiguration is a technique that has been identified as an
effectively helpful method for improving the performance of systems by minimizing active power losses,
balancing load, improving service, and increasing the voltage profile on each bus in radial distribution
systems [22]. Distribution system reconfiguration primarily proposed for the loss minimization has been
recently considered an effective solution for many power quality problems in the grids. New reconfiguration
solution strategies for the harmonic minimization are proposed [23]. Distributed energy resources (DERs) are
some energy sources that can enhance the performance system and can be operated in on and off grid modes.
DERs are usually connected at the distribution system due to their power and voltage range. DERs provide an
additional opportunity for mitigation of harmonics spreads in distribution systems [24].
The spread of harmonics in distribution systems requires a special attention to the planning and
design of distribution system expansion. Inadequate planning and operation can worsen the condition of the
system and result in the damage to the equipment due to the spread of harmonics. An intelligent planning is
able to maintain and improve the performance summarized in a coordinated planning. Coordinated planning
is a planning activity that coordinates several optimization techniques to achieve the stated objective
function. Several previous studies on the combination of optimization techniques overcome the spread of
harmonics in the distribution system. A combination of network reconfiguration and DG placement uses the
branch exchange technique method. Reconfiguration is less effective after DERs are placed, and the
combination of optimization techniques had better be simultaneously carried out [22]. Evaluation of network
reconfiguration for several types of loads uses the non-iterative harmonic load flow method by forward
backward sweep. The reconfiguration result is influenced by the load model in the system tested by IEEE 69-
bus standard test system. [25]. Capacitor placement and network reconfiguration done simultaneously using
the New-PSO, ACO, and HS methods generate a better numerical result better than those done sequentially
with multi objective functions such as minimum PLoss and % THDv [26]. Optimization of placement of DERs
(DG and Capacitor) uses the BBO, PSO, ABC, and DE Method. Investigation of the uses of metaheuristic
methods results in different performances tested in the IEEE 33-bus test standard system. The DG placement
done with and without capacitors installed in the system significantly influences power quality on each used
method. Power factor value consideration on the capacitors impacts the effect of harmonic distortion, and the
simultaneous application of two optimization techniques is highly recommended [27] and teaching learning
based optimization method needs applying to optimize the power injection of the DERs on the particular
places in the distribution system considering nonlinear loads for the power quality improvement [28].
A smarter distribution system is expected to control good power quality to the system. However, this
case is a complicated demand to maintain according to the needs and increase the existing load. Especially
with the use of semiconductor equipment or the switching process which is increasing rapidly due to high
efficiency and ease of operation and control [29]. Coordinated planning in the form of planning activities to
coordinate optimization techniques from DG placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration on
a radial distribution system to produce the best strategy in finding solutions to combinatory optimization
problems that have a single or multiple objective function according to the constraints determined by
sequentially or simultaneously [30]. The combination of three optimization techniques namely DG
placement, Capacitor placement and network reconfiguration using the genetic algorithm method which is
summarized in a coordinated plan to maximize optimal power flow that obtains a better result than two
techniques [31], [32]. In order to obtain the best benefit regarding power quality considering the harmonic
spread, the combination of three optimization techniques is implemented. A few studies have confirmed that
the use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods is considered capable of the best solution. Particle swarm
optimization (PSO) is one of the AI types considered being able to offer the best solution in solving issues on
the optimization technique used [33]. This research will discuss the development of previous research related
to the optimization of a combination of three optimization techniques that aim to improve power quality to
the distribution of harmonics by considering the use of non-linear loads in a radial distribution system using

 ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 6, December 2021 : 4610 - 4621
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the particle swarm optimization method with a harmonic load flow method by forward backward sweep
method.
2. METHOD
2.1. Objective function
Objective function used to optimize the optimization technique performed in coordinated planning
in this study is in the form of a multi objective function, i.e.
1) Minimum active power losses (𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)
The fundamental active power losses component and the harmonic component are defined.
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
(1)
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 + ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
(ℎ)
ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
ℎ=ℎ0
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 (1)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)1 = min 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (2)
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = Total active power losses
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
(1)
= Fundamental active power losses
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
(ℎ)
= Harmonic component active power losses
ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = the maximum harmonic orders
ℎ0 = the minimum harmonic orders
2) Minimum total harmonic distortion (THD)
THD of voltage is one of principal indexes of distortion considered by IEEE519-1992 Standard.
Reducing THD enhances power quality standards and allows the finding of solution with lower
distortion indexes.
%𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,𝑖𝑖 =
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑,𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟,𝑖𝑖
∗ 100% (3)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)2 = min %𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖
(4)
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,𝑖𝑖 = total harmonic distortion voltage
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑,𝑖𝑖 = absolute voltage on fundamental frequency
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟,𝑖𝑖 = total rms voltage
3) Minimum voltage deviation (∆𝑉𝑉)
Voltage deviation is defined as a difference between the maximum (swing bus) and other voltage bus on
each bus. By reducing voltage deviation, the optimization process can improve the voltage condition in
all system nodes and for all the load level.
∆𝑉𝑉 = �
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖−𝑉𝑉1
𝑉𝑉1
� (5)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)3 = min ∆𝑉𝑉 (6)
∆𝑉𝑉 = Voltage deviation
𝑉𝑉1 = Swing bus voltage
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 = Voltage bus on each bus
The next step is to calculate the objective function. So, the equation of the multi objective function is,
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)1 + 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑥𝑥)3 (7)
where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑐𝑐 are penalty factors that determine the sizing of the priority scale and find the objective
function based on statistical information on losses, total harmonic distortion, and voltage deviation.

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2.2. Constrain
1) Bus voltage limit
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and 𝑉𝑉
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 represent the lower and the upper limits of the voltage at each bus 𝑖𝑖.
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(0.95 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) ≤ 𝑉𝑉
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖
≤ 𝑉𝑉
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(1.05 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) (8)
2) Total harmonic distortion limit
The THD on each bus of the system should not exceed its maximum permissible value according to
IEEE 519-1992 standard.
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖(%) ≤ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (9)
3) Number and sizing of DG
The number of DGs to be placed is 4 and the size are.
0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ≤ 200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 for IEEE 33-bus test system (10)
0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ≤ 250 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 for IEEE 69-bus test system (11)
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = Active power injected by DG
4) Number and sizing of capacitor
The number of capacitors to be placed is 4 and the size are.
0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ≤ 50 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 for IEEE 33-bus test system (12)
0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ≤ 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 for IEEE 69-bus test system (13)
𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = Reactive power injected by capacitor
5) The new distribution network topology remains in a radial condition after activating tie switch and
opening sectional switch.
2.3. Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
In PSO, each particle that is roaming through the D-dimensional problem hyperspace represents the
potential solution for a specific problem. For each of I two vectors 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 is position vector and 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 is velocity
vector. In addition, each particle 𝑖𝑖 can memorise its personal best experience ever encountered, represented
by personal best position vector 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖. The position attained by the best particle in the society is represented as
𝑃𝑃
𝑔𝑔. Mathematically, at iteration (𝑡𝑡 + 1) of the searching process, the 𝑑𝑑th dimention of particle 𝑖𝑖’s velocity,
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡 + 1) and position 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖,𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡 + 1) are updated as follows [34].
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡 + 1) = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) + 𝑐𝑐1𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟1(𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) − 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)) + 𝑐𝑐2𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟2�𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡) − 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)� (14)
𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡 + 1) = 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) + 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡 + 1) (15)
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = Particle speed
𝑐𝑐1, 𝑐𝑐2 = Coefficient of acceleration
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟1, 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟2 = Random particle position
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = Local best position
𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = Particle position
𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = Global best position
Parameter PSO used is the population=100, iteration=100, 𝑎𝑎=0.5, 𝑏𝑏=0.5, 𝑐𝑐=0.5, 𝑐𝑐1=2 and
𝑐𝑐2=2. The stages of the research carried out is shown in Figure 1. In this study, the sizing 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and c is made
equivalent in finding multi objective function on the constrain determined.

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Start
Stop
Radial Distribution System Data
Generate initial population
Implement Planning According to the Scenario
DG Placement, Capacitor Placement
Network Reconfiguration
Run
Forward/Backward Sweep
Harmonic Load Flow
Constrain ?
Calculate Objective Function
Run PSO-Method
Generate New Population
Condition is met ?
Yes
No
Figure 1. Flowchart of research stages
2.4. Object data and study case
2.4.1. Harmonic source
The harmonic sources from nonlinear load will be given to load bus which aims to generate the
distribution of harmonics in radial distribution system which is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Injection of harmonic source in load bus [35]
Orde Magnitude (%) Angle
5 98 140
7 39.86 113
11 18.85 -158
13 9.79 -178
17 2.5 -94
2.4.2. IEEE 33-bus
In IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system, the main feeder originates from the substation and passes
through different costumer load. There are 32 sectional switches and 5 tie switches that is shown in
Figure 2. Harmonic source will be injected on bus 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 20, 24, 27, 29, 31 and 33. The total peak
demand of system is 4.37 MVA, and power factor is 0.85. All data on this system is in per-unit (pu) form
where the best values of power and voltage are 100 MVA and 12.66 kV.
Slack
Bus
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22
23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
TieSwitch
TieSwitch
TieSwitch
TieSwitch
TieSwitch
Figure 2. IEEE-33 bus test system
2.4.3. IEEE 69-bus
On IEEE-69 bus, there are 47 sectional switches and 5 tie switches that is shown in Figure 3.
Harmonic source will be injected on bus 6, 9, 14, 17, 22, 27, 33, 37, 40, 43, 49, 55, 61, and 69. On the IEEE
69-bus test system, the total peak demand of system is 4.66 MVA, and the power factor is 0.81. All data on
this system are in per-unit (pu) form where the best values of power and voltage are 100 MVA and 12.66 kV.

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Slack
Bus
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26
25 27
47 48 49 50 65 66
51 52 68 69
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Tie Switch
Tie Switch
Tie Switch
Tie
Switch
Tie
Switch
Figure 3. IEEE-69 bus test system
2.4.4. Study case
This research conducted a simulation of several study cases to determine the effect of optimization
techniques on coordinated planning in finding the objective function. To test the effectiveness of the
optimization technique proposed in this study, a simulation of combination of optimization techniques that
has been proposed by previous studies is carried out using the PSO method.
1. Scenario 1 (S-1). Normal case
2. Scenario 2 (S-2). Network reconfiguration
3. Scenario 3 (S-3). DG placement
4. Scenario 4 (S-4). Capacitor Placement
5. Scenario 5 (S-5). DG placement and capacitor placement
6. Scenario 6 (S-6). DG placement and network reconfiguration
7. Scenario 7 (S-7). Capacitor placement and network reconfiguration
8. Scenario 8 (S-8). DG placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Harmonic current injection on load bus by placing harmonic source will generate harmonics spread
on the system. The searching results of the optimization techniques carried out in coordinated planning based
on a predetermined scenario use the particle swarm optimization method.
3.1. IEEE 33-bus test system
The result of the optimization technique performed is shown in Table 2, Figure 4, Figure 5, and
Figure 6. Table 2 shows the simulation results for all scenarios for the IEEE 33-bus test system. The use of
PSO Algorithm is able to provide the best solution for the planning carried out. Simulation results for all
scenarios vary based on the ability of the optimization techniques used in finding desired solutions that are
seen by decreasing the value of fitness. Scenario 8 provides the best solution in this plan that can reduce total
active power losses by 67.89% or 82.85 kW both in terms of fundamental and each order of harmonic
distortion.
Reviewing the spread of harmonic distortion also improved with a decrease in the THDv value (%)
on each bus that does not pass IEEE Standard 519-1992 as shown in Figure 4. Each scenario has its own
performance in reducing the spread of harmonic distortion to the use or combination of optimization
techniques used. Figure 5 shows that all the techniques used are able to improve the voltage profile better
than the baseline condition (Scenario 1) without exceeding the allowable limit so that the voltage deviation
value in each load bus decreases as shown in Figure 6.

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Table 2. Result of study case IEEE 33-bus test system
Parameter S.1 S.2 S.3 S.4 S.5 S.6 S.7 S.8
Fitness - 38.722 41.508 66.208 38,193 37.670 40.219 25.456
DG
(kW)
Loc - -
7, 9, 17,
31
-
13, 17, 29,
31
9, 12, 10,
20
-
7, 16, 29,
31,
Sizing - -
200, 200,
200,200
-
200, 200,
200, 200
200, 200,
70.21, 200
-
200, 200,
200, 200
Cap
(kVar)
Loc - - -
8, 15, 17,
26
3, 17, 25,
29
-
6, 7, 14,
32
5, 8, 31,
33
Sizing - - -
50, 50,
50, 50
50, 50, 50,
50
-
50, 50,
50, 50
50, 50,
50, 50
Active Tie - 8-21 - - - 12-22 12-22 8-21
Sec Tie Open - 6-7 - - - 10-11 8-9 7-8
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (kW) 122.03 64.16 68.75 114.81 63.08 65.43 71.60 39.18
𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (kVAr) 87.86 55.19 38.63 82.7 35.54 46.99 50.77 27.39
THD max 5.116 3.368 2.568 4..793 2.161 3.363 3.632 2.636
THD min 0.456 0.300 0.272 0.451 0.295 0.011 0.007 0.197
Figure 4. THDv value on each bus for all scenarios for IEEE 33-bus test system
Figure 5. Level of voltage bus on each bus for all scenario for IEEE 33-bus test system
Figure 6. Voltage deviation value on each bus for all scenario for IEEE 33-bus test system
0
2
4
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
THDv
(%)
Number of Bus
THDv to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8
0,955
0,965
0,975
0,985
0,995
1,005
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Voltage
Level
(pu)
Number of Bus
Voltage Level to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Voltage
Deviation
Number of Bus
Voltage Deviation to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8

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The use of optimization techniques that are single from the three optimization techniques that
provide the best solution is reconfiguration network (S-2). Network reconfiguration is able to change the
value of network impedance that can change the electric current flowing and repair voltage levels followed
by reduced active power losses. The magnitude of the spread of Harmonic distortion in the system is very
dependent on the current flowing on the load and the voltage level on each bus so that the spread of harmonic
distortion can be reduced by network reconfiguration techniques as in research [22], [36], [37]. The size of
DG placement and capacitor placement resulting in the use of the PSO algorithm are at the maximum limit.
Thus, the performance of the system will be better in improving the quality of power with a size of DG
>200 kWatt and capacitors >50 kVAr. The combination of three optimization techniques can simultaneously
provide the best performance to improve power quality in reducing the spread of harmonic distortion.
3.2. IEEE 69-bus test system
The result of the optimization technique performed is shown in Table 3, Figure 7, Figure 8, and
Figure 9. Table 3 shows the simulation results for all scenarios for the IEEE 69-bus test system. In contrast to
the IEEE 33-bus test system, with almost the same total load, the IEEE 69-bus test system has a larger
number of load buses so that the network impedance is greater that makes the spread of harmonic distortion
in the form of THDv exceed the allowable limit of up to 7.673% on bus 65. In addition, the reactive power
losses value in the 5th order is 128.41 kVar, which is greater than its fundamental value. The use of the PSO
method from all existing scenarios can increase power quality where there is a decrease in active power
losses by 39.62% or 107.01 kWatt in scenario 8 and 37.54% or 101.39 kWatt in scenario 2.
Table 3. Result of study case IEEE 69-bus test system
Parameter S.1 S.2 S.3 S.4 S.5 S.6 S.7 S.8
Fitness - 77.5693 99.6067 113.6014 93,2101 79.3485 83.6948 76.1402
DG
(kW)
Loc - -
23, 51,
61, 63
-
27, 36, 59,
65
2, 20, 24,
45
-
10, 11,
37, 56
Sizing - -
231, 193,
241, 214
-
192, 95,
219, 232
163, 157,
190, 122
-
29, 120,
170, 87
Cap
(kVar)
Loc - - -
14, 17,
21, 27
9, 32, 36,
65
-
5, 43, 50,
66
29, 47,
60, 69
Sizing - - -
65, 62,
93, 77
47, 26, 87,
81
-
60, 25,
76, 38
6, 71, 6,
91
Active Tie - 50-59 - - - 11-43 11-43 50-59
Sec Tie Open - 58-59 - - - 8-9 8-9 55-56
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (kW) 270.05 168.66 208.30 255.16 214.59 192.32 202.46 163.04
𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (kVAr) 248.32 258.26 199.41 235.79 212.59 177.75 180.85 251.21
THD max 7.673 7.663 6.827 7.561 7.384 6.414 6.372 7.539
THD min 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.005
Figure 7. THDv value on each bus for all scenarios for IEEE 69-bus test system
The reduction in the spread of harmonic distortion occurs in every scenario that is shown in Figure 7
but still exceeds the allowed limit. The improvement of the voltage level on each bus and the reduced voltage
deviation that is shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9. The use of optimization techniques, both single and plural,
has been said to improve the performance of the system in terms of improving the quality of power against
the spread of harmonic distortion but not yet maximized.
0
2
4
6
8
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
THDv
(%)
Number of Bus
THDv to Each Bus Ratio in Each Scenario
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8

 ISSN: 2088-8708
4618
Figure 8. Level of voltage bus on each bus for all scenario for IEEE 69-bus test system
Figure 9. Voltage deviation value on each bus for all scenario for IEEE 69-bus test system
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the use of the PSO algorithm is able to provide solutions to all scenarios carried out in
finding the objective function in increasing power quality to the spread of harmonics. The simulation results
verify that the effectiveness of the proposed method and also the solution to all scenarios carried out.
Planning that gives maximum result is in scenario 8 in the form of a combination of three simultaneous
optimization techniques between DG placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration of the two
objects used. Taking into account harmonic distortion resulting from the use of non-linear loads in the radial
distribution system as a multi-objective function provides the appropriate criteria in carrying out this
planning. Further planning is needed regarding the handling of harmonics distribution in a larger distribution
system and real distribution systems in Indonesia which will be discussed in the next paper with other
method.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you very much for my lovely mother and father for their encouragement and financial
support to my doctoral study at ITS-Surabaya and Doctoral Dissertation Research Fund (Hibah-PDD) from
Ministry of Higher Education, and thank you to my big family on Department of Mechatronic Engineering,
Polytechnic of Bosowa, Thank you very much.
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0,95
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Muhira Dzar Faraby received the S.T degree in 2012 and M.T degree in 2014 from department
of Electrical Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. Currently he is a doctoral student
of Electrical Engineering, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya,
Indonesia. His research interest includes power quality, power system optimization, power
electronics, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy resources.
Email : muhira16@mhs.ee.its.ac.id
Ontoseno Penangsang received the Ir. degree in 1974 from the department of Electrical
Engineering ITS-Surabaya, Indonesia, the M.Sc. in 1976 and Ph.D. degree in 1983 from the
department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. Currently, he is a
lecturer and professor in Electrical Engineering, ITS-Surabaya, Indonesia. His research interest
includes GIS for Power System, power quality, power distribution system, power system
optimization, and renewable energy resources.
Email : zenno_379@yahoo.com

4621
Rony Seto Wibowo received the S.T degree in 1999 from the department of Electrical
Engineering ITS-Surabaya Indonesia, the M.T degree in 2006 at ITB-Bandung Indonesia and the
D.Eng. degree in 2011 from Electrical Engineering of Hiroshima University, Japan. Currently,
he is a lecturer and head of Power System Simulation Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, ITS-
Surabaya, Indonesia. His research interest includes stability power system, power quality,
FACTS Devices, and renewable energy resources.
Email : ronyseto@ee.its.ac.id
Andi Fitriati received the S.T degree in 2004 from the department of Electrical Engineering and
the M.T degree in 2012 from Informatic Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia.
Currently, she is a lecturer of Mechatronic Engineering, Polytechnic of Bosowa, Indonesia. Her
research interest includes artificial intelligence, big data, machine learning, and digital system.
Email : andi.fitriati@bosowa.co.id

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