Review on Optimal Allocation of Capacitor in Radial Distribution System
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This document discusses optimizing the allocation of capacitors in a radial distribution system to minimize power losses and improve voltage profiles. It first reviews previous work on using techniques like loss sensitivity factor (LSF) analysis and algorithms like particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to determine the optimal location and sizing of capacitors. It then outlines the objectives of applying these methods simultaneously to the test 69-bus radial distribution system, noting it leads to better optimization results than separate solutions. The conclusion reaffirms the proposed approach will minimize losses and test on the 69-bus system to develop an intelligent model for accurate capacitor placement.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1463
REVIEW ON OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF CAPACITOR IN RADIAL
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Radhika G. Thakare1, Kunal M. Raut2, Seema M. Amune3, Prof. A. B. Nagdewate4
1,2,3 UG Students, Electrical Engineering, DES’sCOET, Dhamangaon Rly, Maharashtra (India)
4Assitant Professor, Electrical Engineering, DES’sCOET, Dhamangaon Rly, Maharashtra (India)
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - In recent years, optimal allocation and sizing of
shunt capacitor in Radial Distribution Network (RDN) for
minimizing the real power loss and total cost of the system.
Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF) approach is utilized to identify
sensitive buses for capacitor placement and optimal size of
shunt capacitor is determined by using Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) and GeneticAlgorithm(GA)andminimizes
the total real power loss objective function. As a result it is
observed that net saving is increased, enhance the voltage
profile and improve power factor after capacitor placement.
The proposed approaches have been demonstrated on 69 bus
radial distribution systems. The obtained numerical results of
the proposed approach have been compared to the other
intelligent techniques.
Key words: Capacitor Allocation, Capacitor Sizing, LSF,
PSO, Power Loss, Voltage Profile.
1. INTRODUCTION
The major problem face by power system engineers is to
match the increasing load demand with present generating
capacities. Producing additionalgenerationcapacityincludes
large capital investments thus it is adequate to operate the
existing power system network withoptimalutilization.This
needs systematic methods of planning and should install
necessary control techniquesto lower the energylossesand
to increase the power quality (voltage profile) provided to
the end users.
The radial distribution system is generallyclassified
into Primary distribution network and Secondary
distribution network. A primary distribution network
provides power at larger than utilization voltages from the
substation to the point where the voltages are further
stepped down to the value at which the energy is utilized by
the consumers. The secondary distribution network
provides power to the consumer area at levels of utilization
voltages. Based on the scheme of connection the primary
distribution systems are classified as
1. Radial system
2. Ring main system
3. Interconnected system
Most of the distribution systems are radial, thus
radial distribution system is selected for test case. In this
system, separate feedersescape from a singlesubstationand
feed the distributors at one end only. capacitors are mostly
used for reactive power compensation in distribution
networks. They are also helpful for power lossreductionand
increment of voltage profiles. The benefit of this kind of
compensation depend on how and where to allocate the
capacitorsin the system. In recent years,accordingtoproper
results of optimal capacitor placement and optimal
distribution network reconfiguration for power losses
reduction, the concept of using these two methods
simultaneously hasbeen consideredtomaximizetheamount
of power loss reduction. The mix up of these approaches
makes the optimization process more complex. Effective
decisions optimization is required.
The modified distribution system is challenged by
an ever increasing demand in load which causes the high
stress and reduced voltage. The node voltage gets lower
when the network in distribution gets far away from
substation. This decrement of voltage is because of
deficiency of reactive power, even it also results in collision
of voltage. Hence compensation of reactive power is
important to restrict the collision of voltage and improving
voltage profile. Generally the losses in distribution system
are greater than the losses in transmission system. Thus it’s
a need to work on distribution system losses respectively.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
For this paper, literature survey has been studied
from various sources like journal, books, article and others.
Literature survey includes all important studies which have
been done previously by other research work. It is
importance to do the literature survey before doing the
project. The review of the work as per the follows:
Benvindo R. Pereira work for the simultaneous allocation of
capacitor banks and distributed generation,whichtakesinto
account the stochastic nature of distributed generation. To
solve the model presented, it proposes an efficient hybrid
method based on Tabu search and genetic algorithms. The
hybrid method is applied to a well-known system in
literature [1].
Chang in his paper ‘Optimum Allocation of Shunt Capacitors
and Voltage Regulation on Primary Feeders’ assumes a](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v5i1317-180321110058/85/Review-on-Optimal-Allocation-of-Capacitor-in-Radial-Distribution-System-1-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1464
feeder with a uniform load and a concentrated end load.
Accounting for both peak power lossesand energy losses,he
determines the optimal location of a fixed capacitors and
results saving, given the capacitorssize.Theoptimalsolution
is determined by considering each of the available capacitor
sizes [2-3].
Cook in paper ‘Analysis of Capacitors ApplicationasAffected
by load Cycle’ also addresses application of fixed capacitors
to a uniformly distributed load. However, instead of
considering reduction of peak power losses, savings are
based, on energy loos reduction considering a time-varying
load [4]. This analysis is extended in Cook ‘Optimizing the
Application of Shunt Capacitors for Reactive-Volt-Ampere
Control and Loss Reduction’ to include switched capacitors.
Savings are calculated on the basis of reduction of both peak
losses and energy losses [5].
3. OBJECTIVE OF PAPER
The main problem in front of the power system engineer is
to fulfill the increasing demand of power with the existing
generating capacities. To become the optimal utilization of
power it is required to lower the power lossand increasethe
voltage profile which is obtained by simultaneouslyapplying
optimal capacitor allocation and optimal distribution
network reconfiguration. To make the better decisions
optimization is mandatory. Recently created PSO algorithm
is applied for optimization. Load flow technique for radial
distribution using Newton- Raphson has been used.
This paper will held towards optimizing power loss and
increasing bus voltage profile in distribution system. Since,
an modifying method like Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) has been used to meet at the results optimization is
best to traditional methods.
The simultaneous solving of these two problemswill lead to
better results than their separated solution. It will alsoshow
PSO will give better results compared to other previous
similar studies using other intelligent methods and
simulations and comparison results show that optimal
reconfiguration and capacitor placement simultaneously
result in the most optimum condition of radial distribution
system.
3. CONCLUSION
A simple method of minimizing the loss associated with the
reactive component by placing capacitors in a radial
distribution system has been proposed in this paper. The
proposed method will be tested on 69 bus system whichwill
use to develop a model for any artificial intelligence
technique which can accurately predict the location andsize
of capacitor for any load conditions which gives a great
promise for practical implementationofproposedtechnique.
REFERENCES
[1] Benvindo R. Pereira Jr., Geraldo R. Martins da Costa,
“Optimal Distributed Generation and Reactive Power
Allocation in Electrical Distribution Systems”, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy pp. 950, Vol. 7, No.
3, July 2016.
[2] Negale N.M. and Samson D. R., “Loss Reduction form
capacitors Installed on Primary Feeders”, AIEE
Transactions, Vol.75, pt. III, 1956, pp. 950-959.
[3] Cook R. F., “Analysis of Capacitors Application as
Affected by load Cycle”, AIEE Transactions, Vol.78,pt.III,
Oct. 1956, -957.
[4] Cook R. F., “Optimizing the Application of Shunt
Capacitors for Reactive-Volt-Ampere Control and Loss
Reduction”, AIEE Transactions ( Power Apparatus and
Systems), Aug. 1961, pp. 430-444.
[5] Cook R. F., “calculating Loss Reduction Afforded by
shunt capacitor Application”, IEEETran. PAS, Dec.1964,
pp. 1227-1230.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v5i1317-180321110058/85/Review-on-Optimal-Allocation-of-Capacitor-in-Radial-Distribution-System-2-320.jpg)
Review on Optimal Allocation of Capacitor in Radial Distribution System
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1463 REVIEW ON OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF CAPACITOR IN RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Radhika G. Thakare1, Kunal M. Raut2, Seema M. Amune3, Prof. A. B. Nagdewate4 1,2,3 UG Students, Electrical Engineering, DES’sCOET, Dhamangaon Rly, Maharashtra (India) 4Assitant Professor, Electrical Engineering, DES’sCOET, Dhamangaon Rly, Maharashtra (India) ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - In recent years, optimal allocation and sizing of shunt capacitor in Radial Distribution Network (RDN) for minimizing the real power loss and total cost of the system. Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF) approach is utilized to identify sensitive buses for capacitor placement and optimal size of shunt capacitor is determined by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and GeneticAlgorithm(GA)andminimizes the total real power loss objective function. As a result it is observed that net saving is increased, enhance the voltage profile and improve power factor after capacitor placement. The proposed approaches have been demonstrated on 69 bus radial distribution systems. The obtained numerical results of the proposed approach have been compared to the other intelligent techniques. Key words: Capacitor Allocation, Capacitor Sizing, LSF, PSO, Power Loss, Voltage Profile. 1. INTRODUCTION The major problem face by power system engineers is to match the increasing load demand with present generating capacities. Producing additionalgenerationcapacityincludes large capital investments thus it is adequate to operate the existing power system network withoptimalutilization.This needs systematic methods of planning and should install necessary control techniquesto lower the energylossesand to increase the power quality (voltage profile) provided to the end users. The radial distribution system is generallyclassified into Primary distribution network and Secondary distribution network. A primary distribution network provides power at larger than utilization voltages from the substation to the point where the voltages are further stepped down to the value at which the energy is utilized by the consumers. The secondary distribution network provides power to the consumer area at levels of utilization voltages. Based on the scheme of connection the primary distribution systems are classified as 1. Radial system 2. Ring main system 3. Interconnected system Most of the distribution systems are radial, thus radial distribution system is selected for test case. In this system, separate feedersescape from a singlesubstationand feed the distributors at one end only. capacitors are mostly used for reactive power compensation in distribution networks. They are also helpful for power lossreductionand increment of voltage profiles. The benefit of this kind of compensation depend on how and where to allocate the capacitorsin the system. In recent years,accordingtoproper results of optimal capacitor placement and optimal distribution network reconfiguration for power losses reduction, the concept of using these two methods simultaneously hasbeen consideredtomaximizetheamount of power loss reduction. The mix up of these approaches makes the optimization process more complex. Effective decisions optimization is required. The modified distribution system is challenged by an ever increasing demand in load which causes the high stress and reduced voltage. The node voltage gets lower when the network in distribution gets far away from substation. This decrement of voltage is because of deficiency of reactive power, even it also results in collision of voltage. Hence compensation of reactive power is important to restrict the collision of voltage and improving voltage profile. Generally the losses in distribution system are greater than the losses in transmission system. Thus it’s a need to work on distribution system losses respectively. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY For this paper, literature survey has been studied from various sources like journal, books, article and others. Literature survey includes all important studies which have been done previously by other research work. It is importance to do the literature survey before doing the project. The review of the work as per the follows: Benvindo R. Pereira work for the simultaneous allocation of capacitor banks and distributed generation,whichtakesinto account the stochastic nature of distributed generation. To solve the model presented, it proposes an efficient hybrid method based on Tabu search and genetic algorithms. The hybrid method is applied to a well-known system in literature [1]. Chang in his paper ‘Optimum Allocation of Shunt Capacitors and Voltage Regulation on Primary Feeders’ assumes a
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1464 feeder with a uniform load and a concentrated end load. Accounting for both peak power lossesand energy losses,he determines the optimal location of a fixed capacitors and results saving, given the capacitorssize.Theoptimalsolution is determined by considering each of the available capacitor sizes [2-3]. Cook in paper ‘Analysis of Capacitors ApplicationasAffected by load Cycle’ also addresses application of fixed capacitors to a uniformly distributed load. However, instead of considering reduction of peak power losses, savings are based, on energy loos reduction considering a time-varying load [4]. This analysis is extended in Cook ‘Optimizing the Application of Shunt Capacitors for Reactive-Volt-Ampere Control and Loss Reduction’ to include switched capacitors. Savings are calculated on the basis of reduction of both peak losses and energy losses [5]. 3. OBJECTIVE OF PAPER The main problem in front of the power system engineer is to fulfill the increasing demand of power with the existing generating capacities. To become the optimal utilization of power it is required to lower the power lossand increasethe voltage profile which is obtained by simultaneouslyapplying optimal capacitor allocation and optimal distribution network reconfiguration. To make the better decisions optimization is mandatory. Recently created PSO algorithm is applied for optimization. Load flow technique for radial distribution using Newton- Raphson has been used. This paper will held towards optimizing power loss and increasing bus voltage profile in distribution system. Since, an modifying method like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been used to meet at the results optimization is best to traditional methods. The simultaneous solving of these two problemswill lead to better results than their separated solution. It will alsoshow PSO will give better results compared to other previous similar studies using other intelligent methods and simulations and comparison results show that optimal reconfiguration and capacitor placement simultaneously result in the most optimum condition of radial distribution system. 3. CONCLUSION A simple method of minimizing the loss associated with the reactive component by placing capacitors in a radial distribution system has been proposed in this paper. The proposed method will be tested on 69 bus system whichwill use to develop a model for any artificial intelligence technique which can accurately predict the location andsize of capacitor for any load conditions which gives a great promise for practical implementationofproposedtechnique. REFERENCES [1] Benvindo R. Pereira Jr., Geraldo R. Martins da Costa, “Optimal Distributed Generation and Reactive Power Allocation in Electrical Distribution Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy pp. 950, Vol. 7, No. 3, July 2016. [2] Negale N.M. and Samson D. R., “Loss Reduction form capacitors Installed on Primary Feeders”, AIEE Transactions, Vol.75, pt. III, 1956, pp. 950-959. [3] Cook R. F., “Analysis of Capacitors Application as Affected by load Cycle”, AIEE Transactions, Vol.78,pt.III, Oct. 1956, -957. [4] Cook R. F., “Optimizing the Application of Shunt Capacitors for Reactive-Volt-Ampere Control and Loss Reduction”, AIEE Transactions ( Power Apparatus and Systems), Aug. 1961, pp. 430-444. [5] Cook R. F., “calculating Loss Reduction Afforded by shunt capacitor Application”, IEEETran. PAS, Dec.1964, pp. 1227-1230.