Got Logic? Critical Thinking, Logical Structures and Logical Fallacies
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The document discusses the application of logic through biblical texts, emphasizing reasoning as a critical tool in understanding truth and morality. It outlines various logical structures, including syllogism and types of fallacies, and explores the interplay between human reasoning and divine truth as articulated in the Bible. Furthermore, it encourages evaluating worldviews and ideas based on scriptural commands and logical principles.
Got Logic? Critical Thinking, Logical Structures and Logical Fallacies
- 1. Spencer Field Fall 2013
- 3. Starting Point Logic is a large drawer, containing some useful instruments, and many more that are superfluous. A wise man will look into it for two purposes, to avail himself of those instruments that are really useful, and to admire the ingenuity with which those that are not so, are assorted and arranged. ~Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon
- 5. Action Step
- 6. Why Biblical Use Biblical Command Ultimate Truth Cost
- 7. As was his custom, Paul went into the synagogue, and on three Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures, ~ Acts 17:2 Biblical Use
- 8. As was his custom, Paul went into the synagogue, and on three Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures, ~ Acts 17:2 Biblical Use
- 9. Every Sabbath he reasoned in the synagogue, trying to persuade Jews and Greeks. ~ Acts 18:4 Biblical Use
- 10. Every Sabbath he reasoned in the synagogue, trying to persuade Jews and Greeks. ~ Acts 18:4 Biblical Use
- 11. In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. John 1:1In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. ~ John 1:1 What was “The word” In the original Greek? Biblical Use
- 12. Logos The English word "logic" is derived from the Greek “logos "used in this verse. Biblical Use
- 13. “Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD: though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.” ~ Isaiah 1:18 Biblical Command
- 14. “Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD: though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.” ~ Isaiah1:18 Biblical Command
- 15. “For God is not a God of confusion but of peace. As in all the churches of the saints” ~ 1 Corinthians 14:33 Biblical Command
- 16. Humans have been given the ability to see what arguments flow but not what facts are true. Ultimate Truth
- 17. Why? 1) Truth statement 2) Defend without the Bible 3) Moral statement 4) Defend without the Bible Ultimate Truth
- 18. When we accept the laws of logic, we are not accepting laws external to God to which he must be subject, but we are accepting laws of truth which are derived from God’s holy character ... The Bible as a book written in human language claims to speak the truth. If the word truth is not meaningless, it implies the laws of truth, that is, the laws of logic. ~ James O. Buswell says, Ultimate Truth
- 19. Where do ideas and worldviews come from? Cost
- 20. Idea and worldviews come from: Me (created) Them (adopted) God (adopted) Cost
- 21. What are some ways that we can react to the presented worldviews and ideas? Cost
- 22. We can react by: Excepting (default) Rejecting Questions Cost
- 23. We are by default listening to and agreeing with people who seem smarter than us or sound good. Give control away Cost
- 25. Syllogism - Definition Definition of a Syllogism
- 27. Example MP: All humans are mortal. mP: All Greeks are humans. Conclusion : All Greeks are mortal A + B = c
- 28. Major premise- Minor Premise – Conclusion o - Major premise: All humans are mortal. o - Minor premise: All Greeks are humans. o - Conclusion: All Greeks are mortal. Con.mPMP
- 29. Question it. God would not create something and then reject it God created people as homosexuals. Thus He do not reject homosexuality.
- 30. Hidden “if then” statements.
- 31. 2 Corinthians 5:17 Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, the new creation has come: The old has gone, the new is here!
- 32. My name is Spencer. If I am me, then my name is Spencer
- 33. Anyone who tall has a natural advantage at frisbee. If anyone is a tall , then they have a natural advantage at frisbee.
- 34. True Valid True If Both = If One= Sound Unsound
- 35. True Definition of a Truth
- 40. True
- 41. True
- 42. True
- 43. Valid Producing the desired results ~ AH Dictionary 2013
- 44. Valid A. Assumes all facts are true. B. Looks just at the structure.
- 45. Valid All politicians are liars. Congressmen Walberg is a politician. Congressman Walberg is a liar.
- 46. Valid I own a computer. Only geeks own a computer. I am a geek.
- 47. Valid Brown is better then black. My hair is brown. Thus my hair is better then a black bears,
- 48. X or Y Not X Thus Y
- 49. Unsaved or Save By Grace – I am saved by grace thus I am not unsaved.
- 50. 1. Claim 2. Data 3. Warrant 4. Backing 5. Qualification
- 52. "The SS cannot add to the national deficit significantly"
- 53. Claim Relates to: Foundational Claim Example: "The SS cannot add to the national deficit significantly“ This is the: Road way
- 54. Claim
- 55. Data Relates to: Evidence Example: "Social Security cannot deficit-spend and cannot borrow, so it is obvious that Social Security cannot add a penny to the federal deficit.” This is the: Supporting Columns
- 56. Data
- 57. Warrant Relates to: Logic Example: This statement is talking directly about the foundational statement. Connection points are: - Social security - National Debt - Ability to add - Spending - Barrowing - Amount This is the: Connection to the columns
- 58. Warrant
- 59. Backing Relates to: Credentials/Explanation of study Example: “Nancy J. Altman has a thirty-five year background in the areas of Social Security and private pensions. From 1983 to 1989, Ms. Altman was on the faculty of Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and taught courses on private pensions and Social Security at the Harvard Law School. In 1982, she was Alan Greenspan's assistant in his position as chairman of the bipartisan commission that developed the 1983 Social Security amendments. From 1977 to 1981, she was a legislative assistant to Senator John C. Danforth (R-MO), and advised the Senator with respect to Social Security issues. From 1974 to 1977, she was a tax lawyer with Covington & Burling, where she handled a variety of private pension matters.” This is the: Concrete piling
- 60. Backing
- 61. Qualification Relates to: Exceptions Example: "The SS cannot add to the national deficit significantly.“ This is the: Weight limit sign
- 62. Qualification s
- 63. Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former. - Albert Einstein
- 64. Inductive o Particular to universal o No absolutes o Polls o Statistics o Studies
- 65. Deductive o Not Many o Universal Truths o Everything was created. Rocks are. Rocks were created.
- 66. Is the logic that Sherlock Homes used Inductive or Deductive?
- 67. Principles/Patterns - Not Titles
- 68. “A” can not be “A” and the opposite of “A” in the same time, in the same place and in the same sense.
- 69. Fallacy of Composition (part to whole fallacy) = Move from part to whole. If true about on part of X then true about all parts of X The branch is rotting on the tree so the whole tree is rotting.
- 70. Fallacy of Division = Move from whole to part Since the budget is balanced all parts of the budget are balanced.
- 71. A causes B. B causes C. C causes the end of the world.
- 72. Fallacy of the Slippery Slope = A causes B. B causes C. C causes the end of the world. “If we paint Christmas trees purple, then there will be less green Christmas trees. If there are less green Christmas trees, we will diminish the Christmas spirit. Diminishing the Christmas spirit will lead to fewer sales at Christmas. Fewer sales at Christmas means less tax money collected. By decreasing taxes, government revenue is diminished! Diminishing government revenue will force our national defense to be cut! Cutting national defense will lead to a decline in our military power! A decline in military power will lead to the United States resigning as the world’s superpower! The elimination of a superpower will lead to international instability! Instability will lead to nuclear war. Nuclear war will create a world-wide Armageddon!! And a world-wide Armageddon will lead to the end of the world as we know it!!!”
- 73. Fallacy of Hasty Generalization = All of something, not using qualifications You are all guys. Everyone is so nice. All Republicans are pro-life.
- 74. Fallacy of Circular Reasoning = Cause causes the cause I win Monopoly because I am good at it. I am good at it because I win monopoly.
- 75. Fallacy of Equivocation = Change argument in the middle of an argument Definitions and their use
- 76. Aff: Are you keeping OASDI. Neg: No. Aff: So OASDI is going to be cut. Neg: No.
- 77. Abbott: Well Costello, I'm going to New York with you. You know Bucky Harris, the Yankee's manager, gave me a job as coach for as long as you're on the team. Costello: Well then who's on first? Abbott: Yes. Costello: I mean the fellow's name. Abbott: Who. Costello: The guy on first. Abbott: Who. Costello: The first baseman. Abbott: Who. Costello: That's who? Abbott: Yes.
- 78. Fallacy of Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc = B happened because of A with no connection after this, therefore because of this Our economy is falling because of Bush. I fell asleep because your music was too loud. I stubbed my toe because we had chicken for dinner.
- 79. Taken too far. The mayor cut the ribbon to the new town hall with the scissors. The bees did not die because of the poison in their food.
- 80. False Dilemma = Turning into an “either or” situation,” similar to a Disjunctive Syllogism You are either eating lemons or limes. I either go to college and get debt or I do not go to college and do not acquire debt.
- 81. Fallacy of Tertium Quid = Putting in a “maybe” where there is none. Do I have to pay taxes? Maybe. Are you alive? Maybe.
- 82. Fallacy of AD Homin = Attack of the man and not the argument You are wrong because your tie does not match your shoes. You are wrong because you have bad grades. You are wrong because you a dumb.
- 83. Fallacy of Non Sequitur = Latin for “I do not follow” pinching hurts so let’s pinch ourselves. They have a big house so they must be rich. He dresses nicely, He must be smart.
- 84. Fallacy of Straw Man = Setting up a false argument and attacking it. Professor Windell does not want to invest federal tax dollars into the solar energy project. I simply cannot understand why he wants to turn our country into a desert wasteland. Any professor who wants to do that is not qualified to teach.
- 85. Fallacy of Guilt by Association = guilty of action, or wrong because connection with others You are guilty of stealing this car because you are friends with the person who did it. The author of your evidence was part of a group that was indicted for embezzlement.
- 86. Ad Ignorantiam = Not true because we do not know that is false It is true that none of you exist and this is all a dream because you can't prove me wrong. This is the best trading card because you do not know of a better one. “Prove it.”
- 87. Fallacy of Argument from final Consequences = B/C Good end the way we get there does not matter (Deontological). We can cover up this quarters loss because we will make it up in the next quarter and the investor will never know. If we do not, then we will go bankrupt and have to lay off all of our employees.
- 88. False Analogy = Analogy works which means the plan will too. The national debt is like a rock dragging the American economy down to the ocean floor. Thus, to fix the national debt all we need are some pic axes.
- 89. Genetic Fallacy, Bulverism = Designed to do something thus cannot do something else. Social Security cards were not designed to be a means of government issued identification thus they cannot be.
- 90. Fallacy to Appeal to o People = everyone else is doing it o Pity = self-explanatory o Tradition = self-explanatory o Ignorance = something cannot be true because he has not heard of it o Authority = self-explanatory
- 91. Fallacy of the False Continuum = Because there is no defined line or the line is gray, they are the same thing. The government does has some responsibility to protect it’s citizens from terrorist attacks and that comes at the cost of privacy. There is not a defined line between searching through garbage and tapping every American’s phone line. Defeated with principles
- 92. Justification o Biblical Use o Biblical Command o Ultimate Truth o Cost
- 93. Structures Syllogism o Major premise- Minor Premise – Conclusion o Valid + True + Sound Toulmin Model o Claim o Data o Warrant o Backing o Qualification
- 95. Ad Ignorantiam Genetic Fallacy, Bulverism Fallacy of the False Continuum
- 96. Reference sheet Newspapers Points from examples o Reviewed by panel Restate sections Doodle but summarizes main section or whole Number of points o Top reviewed by panel
Editor's Notes
- #9: Custom = Used often Went = Actively sought out From = Had a foundation
- #11: Trying = Not looking at end but action And = Not just to one group
- #15: Together = No individuals Lord = Direct Command Though= There is a vail that sins creates
- #38: Truth only look at facet
- #52: Edinburgh Forth Bridge
- #55: Edinburgh Forth Bridge
- #57: Edinburgh Forth Bridge
- #59: Edinburgh Forth Bridge
- #61: Edinburgh Forth Bridge
- #63: Edinburgh Forth Bridge