![Cycloaddition reactions can be discussed under
three important class of reactions
[2+2] Cycloaddition
[4+2] Cycloaddition [Diels-Alder reaction]
[1,3]-Dipolar cycloaddition.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-3-320.jpg)
![Thermally, [2 + 2] cycloaddition is geometrically
forbidden, as the HOMO and LUMO of the
participating olefins would not be able to
achieve the orbital overlap required for σ-bond
formation.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-4-320.jpg)
![On the other hand, the photochemical [2 + 2]
cycloaddition is allowed and leads to
stereospecific cyclobutane formation.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-5-320.jpg)
![If a closer look is taken about the thermal [2+2]
cycloaddition, as it is geometrically forbidden, but not
orbital symmetry forbidden.
It can be explained on the basis of two new concepts,
suprafaciality and antarafaciality, The consequence of
suprafaciality and antarafaciality is that many
processes that are Woodward-Hoffmann allowed can
be forbidden to occur because of geometrical
constraints on the system
Suprafaciality- when, in a
pericyclic reaction, the bond
forming interaction occurs on
the same face of a π-system,
Antarafaciality- when, in a
pericyclic reaction, the bond
forming interactions occur on
opposite faces of a π-system.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-6-320.jpg)
![Removal of steric bulk (H-
atoms) around the π-system
(as in the ketene) allows
antarafacial bond formation
that is geometrically
forbidden in the ethylene [2
+ 2].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-7-320.jpg)
![Reactions of Enones with Alkenes: The first step in Corey’s
synthesis of caryophyllene involved addition of cyclohexenone
to isobutene to give predominantly the trans-cyclobutane (head-
to-tail) derivative
Major Product
O
H
H
Cycloaddition of an enone with a cyclic alkene (A) [cyclobut-1-
ene-1-carbonitrile], can occur with good stereoselectivity in
favour of the thermodynamically more stable exo
diastereoisomer O
NC
O
H
CNH
hv
DCM
+
(A)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-10-320.jpg)
![Addition of C=C and C=O [Paterno-Buchi Reaction]
If an aldehyde or ketone -system replaces one of the alkene
units, then photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition is termed the
Paterno–Buchi reaction and an oxetane product is produced.
Typically a mixture of stereo- and regioisomers of the oxetane
is formed in intermolecular cycloadditions of this type,
although the use of small-ring alkenes favours the cis-fused
ring products.
Reactions are REGIOSELECTIVE](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-15-320.jpg)
![Addition of C=C and C=O [Paterno-Buchi Reaction]
Synthesis of the antifungal agent (+)-preussin, cycloaddition
of benzaldehyde with the dihydropyrrole led to the cis-fused
products [A] and [B]. Hydrogenolysis of the benzylic C–O
bond and reduction of the carbamate of the diastereomer [A]
gave the target compound preussin.
Preussin
[A] [B]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-16-320.jpg)
![Addition of C=C and C=O [Paterno-Buchi Reaction]
Photocycloaddition of furan with nonanal gave the exo
product [C], which was converted to the antifungal
metabolite avenaciolide.
3,4-Dimethylfuran and (3-Benzyloxy)-propanal undergoes
Paterno-Buchi reaction to give oxetane derivative [D].
3,4-Dimethylfuran (3-Benzyloxy)-propanal [D]
Avenaciolide
[A]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-17-320.jpg)
![Miscellaneous Reactions
bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cycloadditionreactions22-200514145354/85/Cycloaddition-reactions-2-2-18-320.jpg)
Cycloaddition reactions [2+2]
- 1. Dr. Harish Chopra Professor Department of Chemistry SLIET, LONGOWAL
- 2. Cycloaddition reactions are intermolecular pericyclic processes involving the formation of a ring from two independent conjugated systems through the formation of two new -bonds at the termini of the -systems. The reverse process is called cycloreversion or is referred to as a retro-reaction.
- 3. Cycloaddition reactions can be discussed under three important class of reactions [2+2] Cycloaddition [4+2] Cycloaddition [Diels-Alder reaction] [1,3]-Dipolar cycloaddition.
- 4. Thermally, [2 + 2] cycloaddition is geometrically forbidden, as the HOMO and LUMO of the participating olefins would not be able to achieve the orbital overlap required for σ-bond formation.
- 5. On the other hand, the photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition is allowed and leads to stereospecific cyclobutane formation.
- 6. If a closer look is taken about the thermal [2+2] cycloaddition, as it is geometrically forbidden, but not orbital symmetry forbidden. It can be explained on the basis of two new concepts, suprafaciality and antarafaciality, The consequence of suprafaciality and antarafaciality is that many processes that are Woodward-Hoffmann allowed can be forbidden to occur because of geometrical constraints on the system Suprafaciality- when, in a pericyclic reaction, the bond forming interaction occurs on the same face of a π-system, Antarafaciality- when, in a pericyclic reaction, the bond forming interactions occur on opposite faces of a π-system.
- 7. Removal of steric bulk (H- atoms) around the π-system (as in the ketene) allows antarafacial bond formation that is geometrically forbidden in the ethylene [2 + 2].
- 8. In the suprafacial-suprafacial cases, the cycloadditions are symmetry allowed and geometrically allowed. In the suprafacial-antarafacial cases, the cycloadditions are symmetry allowed and generally geometrically disallowed.
- 9. Reaction is stereo-specific. Least hindered transition state is observed Reactions of Enones with Alkenes
- 10. Reactions of Enones with Alkenes: The first step in Corey’s synthesis of caryophyllene involved addition of cyclohexenone to isobutene to give predominantly the trans-cyclobutane (head- to-tail) derivative Major Product O H H Cycloaddition of an enone with a cyclic alkene (A) [cyclobut-1- ene-1-carbonitrile], can occur with good stereoselectivity in favour of the thermodynamically more stable exo diastereoisomer O NC O H CNH hv DCM + (A)
- 11. Reactions of Enones with Alkenes:
- 12. Reactions of Enones with Alkenes
- 13. Reactions of Enones with Alkenes Reactions of Enones with Allenes
- 14. Reactions of Enones with Alkynes Reactions of Enols with Alkenes (DeMayo Reaction)
- 15. Addition of C=C and C=O [Paterno-Buchi Reaction] If an aldehyde or ketone -system replaces one of the alkene units, then photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition is termed the Paterno–Buchi reaction and an oxetane product is produced. Typically a mixture of stereo- and regioisomers of the oxetane is formed in intermolecular cycloadditions of this type, although the use of small-ring alkenes favours the cis-fused ring products. Reactions are REGIOSELECTIVE
- 16. Addition of C=C and C=O [Paterno-Buchi Reaction] Synthesis of the antifungal agent (+)-preussin, cycloaddition of benzaldehyde with the dihydropyrrole led to the cis-fused products [A] and [B]. Hydrogenolysis of the benzylic C–O bond and reduction of the carbamate of the diastereomer [A] gave the target compound preussin. Preussin [A] [B]
- 17. Addition of C=C and C=O [Paterno-Buchi Reaction] Photocycloaddition of furan with nonanal gave the exo product [C], which was converted to the antifungal metabolite avenaciolide. 3,4-Dimethylfuran and (3-Benzyloxy)-propanal undergoes Paterno-Buchi reaction to give oxetane derivative [D]. 3,4-Dimethylfuran (3-Benzyloxy)-propanal [D] Avenaciolide [A]
- 19. HOMO/LUMO combination is anti-bonding at one end. However, if LUMO is rotated at an angle of 90° and HOMO & LUMO approaches perpendicular to each other than 2πs+2πa interaction is possible which allows the thermal reaction to take place
- 20. Reactions Alkenes with Ketenes and Isocyanates
- 21. Reactions with Ketene Analogues and Equivalents
- 23. Reactions of Ketenes with enamines Staudinger reaction (Synthesis of b-lactams)
- 24. Sources Used: 1. Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, W. Carruthers; Cambridge 2. Pericyclic Reactions, Ian Fleming, Oxford University Press, UK 3. NPTEL Lectures and Videos 4. Internet Sources are also Acknowledged
- 25. Thank You