D046041925

Mr. Jayesh S Arya Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 4), June 2014, pp.19-25
www.ijera.com 19 | P a g e
Design and Performance Analysis of Water Chiller – A Research
Mr. Jayesh S Arya
, Dr. Neeraj K. Chavda.

PG Student, coordinate author 
Asso.Prof, Mechanical Engineering Department, ADIT Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
A chiller is a device which cools a fluid by removing heat from it, either through a vapour – compression or
absorption refrigeration cycle; with the key components being the compressor, condenser, evaporator and
expansion device.. This paper emphasizes on studying the design procedure followed in the industries and
performance evaluation of two different configruatons of 5 ton based chilling plant.The two such configurations
studied are scroll compressor and plate heat evaporator and scroll compressor and shell and tube evaporator
with R404A refrigerant.the results on basis of this experiment shows that the configruation scroll compressor
and plate heat evaporator can give better results as compared to the configruation scroll compressor and shell
and tube evaporator.
keywords: cop, work done,
I. INTRODUCTION
Water chiller is a broad term describing an
overall package which includes refrigeration plant,
water chiller and air or water cooled condenser. This
name infers that the compressor, condenser and
chiller with internal piping and controls are combined
into a single unit. Water chiller plant may range in
size from small capacity reciprocating compressor
units with air or water cooled condensers up to large
units incorporating centrifugal or screw
compressorsr. Although the entire chiller package is
more complex, the basic components required for
mechanical refrigeration are the compressor,
evaporator, condenser and thermostatic expansion
valve. This so called chillers are largely used for air
conditioning, which includes comfort and controlled
process applications.Typical comfort air conditioning
applications are in larger buildings where the
capacities are bigger such as office buildings,
shopping centres, hospitals, universities and schools
says. Wisdom.Process air conditioning is where
close control of temperature andhumidity is
required. These sometimes require simultaneous
cooling and reheat; and include laboratories,
computer rooms, operating theatres and critical
manufacturing environments. Process cooling
applications also include any manufacturing process
where heat generated needs to be rejected. These
typically include plastics, food and many other
manufacturing processes For Chilling Plant
applications, we calculate the required capacity of the
chilling plant by using the following formula:
Q = M x Cp x ΔT/3024
Where
Q = Quantity of heat exchanged (TR/Hr)
W = Flow rate of fluid (LPH)
C = Specific heat of fluid (°C)
ΔT = Temperature change of fluid (°C)
M= mass of the product per hr.
COP=Q/W
Q= heat exchanged in condenser (condenser)
W= net work done by the system (compressor)
When selecting water chillers it is essential that the
following be carefully considered
> Performance characteristics at both maximum and
part load operation. To achieve efficient operation it
is necessary that the water chiller be able to reduce
the refrigeration capacity as the cooling load of the
building decreases.
> Selection of the type of water chiller must also take
into account the minimum load that the chiller may
be required to operate down to. As an example,
reciprocating compressors can unload to between 12–
15%, centrifugal chillers down to 20–25% and screw
compressors down to 10–15%. Should this turn down
ratio be insufficient to meet the minimum cooling
requirement on the building, then multiple chillers
will be necessary in order to achieve energy efficient
operation.The chilled water temperature should be
maintained as high as possible to reduce the energy
consumption of the compressor. Typically, a 1°C
increase in chilled water temperature can reduce the
compressor energy input by approximately 2%.
> The temperature differentials across both the
condenser and chiller heat exchangers should
optimized to be as high as possible. High temperature
differentials will result in lower water flow rate with
a consequential reduction of pumping energy.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
details of literature review are as under
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

2.1 M.W Browne etal.2000 : This paper presents an
overview of various simulation techniques that may
be useful for predicting the in-situ (dynamic)
performance of vapour-compression liquid chillers
over a wide range of operating conditions. Four
models were considered namely steady-state and
transient physical models, and steady-state and
transient neural network models. It was found that
the steady-state models can give excellent results (to
within ±5%) during quasi-static operation. However
under more dynamic conditions discrepancies of up
to ±20% can occur. They also have the obvious
limitations during the shutdown process where they
will either drastically overestimate the work input or
underpredict the cooling capacity depending on the
choice of the convergence variable[1]
2.2 PK.Bansal etal. 2000: presents a steady-state
moel or predicting the performance of vapour-
compression liquid chillers over a wide range of
operating conditions.. In particular, it employs an
elemental NTU-e methodology to model both the
shell-and-tube condenser and evaporator. The
approach allows the change in heat transfer
coefficients throughout the heat exchangers to be
accounted for, thereby improving both physical
realism and the accuracy of the simulation model. The
model predicts the electrical work input to the
compressor, and the coefficient of performance
(COP), and the condenser capacity to within ±10%
for the majority of operating conditions for both
chillers. The model is also able to predict the
refrigerant temperatures in the condenser and the
evaporator to within ±1% for the majority of
operating conditions.[2]
2.3 K.T Chan etal.2001:This paper reports how the
coefficient of performance (COP) of air-cooled
chillers can be improved by adopting variable
condensing setpoint temperature control and using
mist evaporation to pre-cool ambient air entering the
condensers to trigger a lower condensing
temperature. Chiller models without and with water
mist system were established, and the former was
validated by using measured operating data of an
installed screw chiller. The baseline refers to an air-
cooled chiller operated under HPC with variable
speed fans. The chiller COP could increase by -0.29-
12.2% and 3.1-71.9% from the baseline when the
chillers operated under the traditional HPC but
adding water mist and under the new CTC, When
the chiller operated under CTC with water mist, the
energy performance could be further improved, and
the chiller COP could increase by 7.1-72.9% from
the baseline.[3]
2.4 K.A Manske, 2001 :This paper is a result of a
research project, which focused on optimization of
an existing industrial refrigeration system for a large
two-temperature level cold storage distribution
facility located near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This
system utilized a combination of single-screw and
reciprocating compressors (each operating under
single-stage compression), an evaporative
condenser, and a combination of liquid overfeed and
direct expansion evaporators., Simulation results for
the annual performance of the refrigeration system
investigated in this project show a reduction in
annual energy consumption by 11% as a result of the
recommended design and control change.[4]
2.5 J.D Tedford ,2001 : This paper presents a
system simulation model of an oil-injected screw
chiller. The refrigerant (shell and tube) heat
exchangers are modeled, using a three-zone
approach, to study the effects of the operational
parameters on the fractional area allocated to each
phase within the heat exchangers. With a PLR
greater than 0.5, the subcooled region in the
condenser accounts for less than 2%, the two-phase
region accounts for up to 73% and the superheated
region occupies about 25% of the total area of the
condenser.[5]
2.6 Rhett david graves 2003: This paper presents
a thermodynamic model for a screw chiller and
cooling tower system for the purpose of developing
an optimized control algorithm for the chiller plant.
The thermodynamic chiller model is drawn from the
thermodynamic models developed by Gordon and Ng
(1996).. The models are coupled to form a chiller
plant model which can be used to determine the
optimal performance. Two correlations are then
required to optimize the system: a wet-bulb/setpoint
correlation and a fan speed/pump speed correlation.
Using these correlations, a “quasi-optimal” operation
can be achieved which will save 17% of the energy
consumed by the chiller plant.[6]
2.7 Fu wing U etal. 2005.This paper describes how
the COP of these chillers can be improved by a new
condenser design, using evaporative pre-coolers and
variable-speed fans. A thermodynamic model for an
air-cooled screw-chiller was developed.It is found that
the chiller COP can be maximized by adjusting the set
point based on any given chiller load and wet-bulb
temperature of the outdoor air. A 5.6–113.4%
increase in chiller COP can be achieved from the new
condenser design and condenser fan operation.[6]
2.7HoYinchun2006: This paper presents a simulation
study on how to increase the coefficient of
performance (COP) of an air-cooled screw chiller
equipped with high static condenser fans. A
thermodynamic chiller model was developed and
validated using the operating data and specifications

of the chiller. The simulation results show that
reducing the condensing temperature as low as
possible is incapable of maximizing the chiller COP
when the rated condenser fan power is high by up to
77 W per kW cooling capacity. Depending on the
load conditions, the chiller COP could increase by
1.7–84.8% when variable speed condenser fans and
the optimum set point of condensing temperature are
applied to existing air-cooled screw chillers.[7]
2.8 Zhang Xiosong etal. 2006 novel method was put
forward for improving the energy efficiency of air-
cooled water chiller plant operating on part load
conditions. The conventional multiple-chiller plant
was proposed to be integrated into one refrigeration
cycle, by connecting those separate compressors,
Both the simulative and experimental results
indicated that applying this novel energy-saving
method, the air-cooled chiller plant could get a
significant performance improvement on various part
load ratio (PLR) conditions, due to the apparent
decrease of condensing temperature and some
increase of evaporating temperature. Under the same
outdoor temperature of 35 °C, when the PLR
decreased from 100% to 50%, the COP increased by
about 16.2% in simulation and 9.5% in experiment.[8]
2.9 RAHMAN SAIDUR 2009 In this paper, energy
consumption by chillers has been estimated using data
collected by walkthrough energy audit for Malaysian
office buildings. It has been found that chillers use
about 42,285MWh and 84,569MWh of electric energy
for 50% and 100% loadings in an institutional
buildings.so this study shows that It has been found
that 90MWh-896MWh of energy can be saved for
using energy efficient chillers for different percentage
of loadings. Along with energy savings, US$57,314 as
a bill savings can be achieved for high efficient
chillers for 50% chillers loading.this study also shows
suggest that 35,975 MWh energy and US$2,302,431
bill can be saved for 60% of speed reductions using
VSD.
2.10 Madhur behl, 2012: This paper presents a green
scheduling approach with chilling plants to reduce their
peak power demands. A green scheduling approach means
the use of thermal energy storage with vcr system,this
thermal energy storage stores the energy in peak hours and
uses that power in the time of need.whem main system is
shut off for any reason. Using this system it is found that a
green scheduling approach has a potential to save average
monthly electricit. bill by 17 % as compared to system
without thermal energy storage.
2.11 Sheng KaiWang: In condensers of large air-
cooled chillers chillers, VV-shaped finned-tube
condenser coils are usually configured with the
upper fan, often resulting in unevenly distributed
flow and varying wind speed. This first part of
the study attempted to investigate the effects of
various configurations of condensing coils, three
types of variant fin configuration (VFC) and four
types of variant row configuration (VRC). Using
CFD airflow simulation and heat transfer
analysis, the results of this study showed that
VRC-designed condensers improve airflow
distribution and enhance heat transfer
performance
2.12 Jin chang jiang etal.2012: The second part of
this study (Part II) used full-scale
experimentation to investigate the manner in
which how two condenser coil configurations
(VRC and CRC) influence the performance
(energy efficiency) of the system and individual
components of air-cooled chillers. The results
showed that, for both DX and FL evaporator
configurations, the chillers with VRC condensers
had a greater cooling capacity (an increase of
4.5% and 4.0%, respectively), refrigeration
capacity (an increase of 6.5% and 5.6%,
respectively), and COP (an increase of 7.3% and
6.7%, respectively), compared to chillers using
CRC condensers. This demonstrates that VRC-
designed condensers can effectively improve heat
transfer performance and enhance the energy
efficiency of refrigeration systems without
increasing material costs or the number of tubes
and fans. The
2.13 Gregor p henze 2013 : This article describes a
field study conducted on two university campuses in
Massachusetts and Colorado during the cooling
season of 2011. The purpose of this experimental
study was to alleviate AT degradation problems on
both campuses through the use of intelligent
pressure-independent control valves, and to quantify
the improvements achieved. The MA field results
revealed that the intelligent control valves when
coupled with a AT management strategy have
allowed the campus to serve additional cooling load
on its campus with the same distribution and central
plant system.
2.14 Oucome of the literature riview:Depending on
the load conditions, the chiller COP could increase
by 1.7–84.8% when variable speed condenser fans
and the optimum set point of condensing temperature
are applied to existing air-cooled screw chillers. also
the chiller's COP can be maximized by adjusting the
set point based on any given chiller load and wet-bulb
temperature of the outdoor air. A 5.6–113.4%
increase in chiller COP can be achieved from the new
condenser design and condenser fan.operation. Out of
the three VFC designs were unable to improve the
airflow distribution in the VV-shaped configuration,

the four VRC innovative designs all effectively
improved the airflow distribution problem in VV-
shaped configurations, increasing the average air
velocity and heat transfer rate in the coils. The
results showed that, for both DX and FL
evaporator configurations, the chillers with VRC
condensers had a greater cooling capacity (an
increase of 4.5% and 4.0%, respectively),
refrigeration capacity (an increase of 6.5% and
5.6%, respectively), and COP (an increase of
7.3% and 6.7%, respectively), compared to
chillers using CRC condensers
2.16 :Objective of the present work :
1. to study the basics of water chiller used in
industries
2.To study the design procedure followed in the
industries.
3. to find out the best configuration for 5 ton based
chilling plant from the two configuration using
R404A refrigerant.
III. Design Procedure
The design procedure followed in the industries
includes customer probing for temperature difference
(Temperature required ) to be maintained in the
evaporator or for water and flow rate of water.
Referegerant to be used is generally decided by the
company but in rare cases it is considered according
to the customer. Then capacity of chilling plant is
calculated then capacity of compressor ,capacity of
condenser and and capacity of evaporator is
calculated. After deciding the capacities of all
equipments, all the equipments are either designed at
home industries or import from other industries .In
medium scale and small scale industries 5 ton based
chilling plant equipments are import from other
wendors and are assembled .After assembling the
machine, the machine is tested for performance
check ,.5-10ºc temperature is maintained and then it
is dispatched to customer. if any problem is detacted
the machine is send to production department for
solution.
3.1 Design calculation[1.4]
: Analysis of vcr cycle
In this design R-404A is used as a refrigerant
For design purpose considering condenser
temperature 40 o
C and evaporator temperature 5 o
C
and. The VCR cycle is dry saturated
From P-h chart for R-404A following values are
obtained:
h1 = 361 KJ/Kg , h2
’
= 380 KJ/Kg,
h3 = 264 KJ/Kg= h4 ,S2
’
=1.65 KJ/KgK,
S2= 1.59 KJ/KgK,
S2 = S2
’
+ 2.3 ×CP ×log (T2/ T2
’
) ,
1.65=1.59 + 2.3×1.5 ×log (T2/ 313)=318.49K
h2= h2
’
+ CP (T2 ̶ T2
’
),
h2=380+ 1.5 (318.49 ̶ 313)= h2=388.8 KJ/Kg
Work Done by Compressor, WC :
Wc = h2 - h1
= 388.23-361= 27.2 KJ/Kg
Mass Flow rate of refrigerant, M:
M=
= 16.7 /(h1 – h4)
= 16.7/ (361-260)
= .165kg/s
Compressor Capacity, P:
P = M (h2 - h1)
= 0.165 x (388.2-361)
=4.44KW
Condenser capacity, CC:
CC = M (h2 –h3)
= 0.165 x (388.2-260)=21.1KW
Refrigeration Effect, Q41:
Q41 = h1 - h4
= 361-260
=101KJ/Kg
Evaporator Capacity, CE:
CE = M Q41
= 0.165 x 15
= 16.66KW
Coefficient of Performance, COP:
COP = (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)
= 101/27.1=3.72
IV.EQUIPMENT SELECTION
selection of equipment consist of mainly four
parts, selection of compressor, condenser ,evaporator
and expansion valve.based on the compressor
capacity calculated compressor is selected on the
basis of performance data sheet available to the
industries.two types of compressors used for 5 ton
based chilling plant according to the data provided
from the industries are scroll and hermetic
compresors. Same selection is apllied to condenser
selection and evaporator selection.evaporator used
for 5 ton based chilling plant is a heat exchanger
which is sometimes selected according to customer
information, two types of evaporators are mostly
used which are
Shell and tube type type and plate heat exchanger. for
5 ton based air cooled condenser there is no change
in types,the same type condenser is used in all cases
of 5 ton chilling plant.expansion valve used is TEX -
2 which depends upon the nominal cooling capacity
required,and the difference of pressure required to be
maintained.Which is selected on basis of
performance data sheet available to the industries.
V. Experimental Testing
The testing procedure and testing setup of how 5 ton
air cooled chiller is explained. For the analysis
purpose same water is circulated in the chiller, after
attaching the temperature sensor through tape at
required points performance is conducted and

readings are noted at every 5 min interval .based on
this performance theoretical work done, theorectical
COP and actual COP and actual work done is
calculated for all the readings of each configuration
of 5 ton air cooled chiller .for the analysis purpose
two different compressors, hermetic and scroll
compressor is used. Two different evaporator, shell
and tube and plate heat exchanger are used. The
condenser used for all the configuration is same and
the expansion valve too (TEX-2)
5.1 TESTING SETUP
1 Digital temp Sensor of range -50 TO 99
2 Digital thermometer of range -50º c to 99 º c
3 pressure range : Think and mica pressure gauge
Suction range 0-250psi
Discharge range (-30)-350psi
5.2 PROCEDURE FOR TESTING
1 temperature sensor are attatched through tape at
liquid line, evaporator outlet, expansion valve
and one sensor is permanently installed in the
tank
2 Pressure guages are connected to suction and
discharge line.
3 Temp and pressure readings are note down for
every 5 min interval.
4 In the above experiment same water is circulated
from the tank without the addition of application
water, which is added or subtracted continuously
at constant rate depending upon the type of
application.
5 Two different combination are tested which
includes.
1 scroll compressor and shell and plate heat
exchanger as evaporator R404A as refrigerant
2: scroll compressor and shell and tube heat
exchanger as evaporator r 404a as refrigerant
5.3 Performance Calculation: performance
calculation of 5 ton based air cooled chiller is shown.
Work done and COP calculation for every
configuration is shown with the result table and
charts, and are shown below for all the
configurations.
Two different configurations which are tested are as
under with r400A refrigerant
5.4 Result and discussion :
Result table 5.1: For the configuration scroll
compressor and plate heat evaporator R404A
refrigerant.
FIG 5.1: this fig shows the variation in theoretical
cop, actul cop and carnot cop for the configruation
scroll comressor and shell and tube evaporator with r
404a refrigerant
FIG 5.1:cop comparison chart for the configuration
scroll compressor and plate heat exchanger as
evaporator with r 404A refrigerant.
FIG5.2:This fig shows the variation in
theoretical work done and actual work done for the
configruation scroll comressor and shell and tube
evaporator with R404A refrigerant.
FIG 5.2: Work done comparison chart for the
configuration scroll compressor and plate heat
exchanger with R404A refrigerant.
No of
readings
COPT
H
COPA
CT
COPCAR WDTH
(KW)
WDAC
T (KW)
1 4.003 1.11 6.09 4.39 8.85
2 4.23 1.092 6.21 4.1 8.93
3 4.32 1.07 6.36 3.99 8.7
4 4.18 1.06 5.6 4.05 8.42
5 4.2 1.01 5.31 4.035 7.57

Result table 5.2: Result table for the configuration
scroll compressor and shell and tube evaporator with
R404A refrigerant.
FIG 5.3:This fig shows the variation in theoretical
cop, actul cop and carnot cop for the configruation
R404A refrigerant
FIG 5.3:Cop comparison chart for the configruation
R404A refrigerant
FIG 5.4:This fig shows the variation in
theoretical work done and actual work done for the
configruation scroll compressor and shell and tube
evaporator with R404A refrigerant.
FIG 5.4:Theoretical work done comparison chart the
configruation scroll compressor and shell and tube
evaporator with R404a refrigerant.
FIG5.5: The fig shows the variation between
theoretical work done and actual work done between
the configurations scroll comnpressor and plate heat
evaporator and scroll compressor and shell and tube
heat evaporator with R404A refrigerant.
FIG5.5:Work done comparison chart between the
configurations scroll compressor and plate heat
evaporator with R404 refrigerant.
FIG 5.6 :This fig shows the variation of cop
between the configurations scroll compressor and
plate heat evaporator and scroll compressor and shell
and tube evaporator with R404 refrigerant.
FIG5.6:Cop comparison chart between the
configurations scroll compressor and plate heat
evaporator with R404 refrigerant.
VI.CONCLUSSSION
1. The chart in the fig 5.5 shows that the actual
and theoretical work done in the configruation
scroll compressor and shell and tube heat
evaporator is more than the configruation scroll
compressor and plate heat evaporator.
2. The chart in the fig 5.6 shows that the actual
cop for the configruaton scroll compressor and
plate heat evaporator is less than the
configruation scroll compressor and shell and
tube evaporator. and theoretical cop for the
configruation is more than the confogruation
scroll compressor and shell an tube evaporator.
3. Also the in the plate heat configruation actual
cop decreased gradually as compared to shell
and tube configruation in which actual cop
decreased drastically in initiall phase . so the
S.R NO
of
readings
COP
TH
COP
ACT
COP
CAR
WDTH
(KW)
WDACT
(KW)
1 4.48 1.32
4
4.5 3.9 7.55
2 4.77 1.12 5.01 3.70 7.5
3 4.70 1.10 4.8 3.66 7.75
4 4.4 1.06 4.5 3.60 7.6
5 4.48 1.03 4.61 3.9 7.45
6 4.42 1.02
5
4.75 3.68 7.4
7 3.7 1.03 4.75 3.5 7.3

plate heat configruation could give the better
results on based of above comparison.
References
Journal papers:
[1] M.W. Browne and P.K Bansal, Modelling
of In-Situ Liquidchiller. International
refrigeration and air conditioning. 2000
[2] M.W. Browne,2000 , An elemental NTU-s
model for vapour-compression liquid
chiller. International journal refrigeration.
24 ,2001 612-627
[3] K.T Chan, 2001 ,Energy performance of
chillers with water mist assisted air cooled
condensers.International building
performance association 12th
conference.
[4] K.A Manske ,2001, Evaporative cooling
control in industrial refrigeration
systems.International journal of refrigeration
vol 4 ,no 7,pp 676-691-
[5] C.V Le P.k Bansal, J.D Tedford ,Three
zone system simulation model of a multiple
chiller plant. Applied thermal energy vol 24
2004, 1995-2015.
[6] Rhett David Graves.2003, Thermodynamic
modelling and optimization screw
compressor chiller and cooling tower
system.
[7] FuWin YU 2006,Efficiency improvement of
air cooled chillers equipped with Static
conditions. International refrigeration and
air condition conference.
[8] Zhang Xiasong, A novel energy saving
method for air cooled chilling plant by
parallel connection.Applied thermal energy
vol 26 , p 2012-2019,2006
[9] Raheman sidur ,2010,,Energy economics
and environmental analysis for chillers used
in offfice building. Energy science and
research vol 25 1-16,,2010
[10] Madhur Behl,. Green scheduling for energy
efficient operation of multiple chillers.
School of engineering and applied science.
2012
[11] Sheng Kai Wang, Improved energy
performance of air cooled chillers with
innovative condenser coil configuration.
Part I: CFD simulation. International
journal of refrigeration vol 35, 2199-
3125,2012
[12] Wu Chien Wu, Improved energy
performance of air cooled chillers with
innovative condenser coil configuration.
Part ΙΙ: experimental validation.
International journal of refrigeration. vol
35 2212-2222,2012
[13] Gregor P. Henze, Improving Campus
chilled water systems using a intelligent
control valves.Environmental and
agricultural enginnering.2012
[14] Ezenva Alfred ,2012., Design and adaption
of a commercial cold storage for umudike
community.IOSR journal of engineering vol
25, pp 1234-1250

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