DAILY TOOL BOX TALKS MODULES (1).docx

What is a Confined Space?
A confined space does not necessarily mean a small, enclosed space. It could be rather large, such as
a ship's hold, a fuel tank or a pit.
One of the first defining features of a confined space is it's large enough to allow an employee to
enter and perform work. The second defining feature is it has limited means of entry or exit. Entry
may be obtained through small or large openings and usually there is only one way in and out. The
third defining feature is that confined spaces are not used for continuous or routine work.
Permit or not
All confined spaces are categorized into two main groups: non-permit and permit-required. Permit-
required confined spaces must have signs posted outside stating that entry requires a permit. In
general, these spaces contain serious health and safety threats including:
 Oxygen-deficient atmospheres
 Flammable atmospheres
 Toxic atmospheres
 Mechanical or physical hazards
 Loose materials that can engulf or smother
Although the danger in a confined space is obvious, the type of danger often is not. For example, a
confined space with sufficient oxygen might become an oxygen-deficient space once a worker begins
welding or performing other tasks.
These are some of the reasons confined spaces are hazardous:
 Lack of adequate ventilation can cause the atmosphere to become life threatening because of
harmful gases.
 The oxygen content of the air can drop below the level required for human life.
 Sometimes a confined space is deliberately filled with nitrogen as a fire prevention technique.
Nitrogen cannot sustain human life, so you must use respiratory protection.
 Many gases are explosive and can be set off by a spark.
 Even dust is an explosion hazard in a confined space. Finely-ground materials such as grain,
fibers and plastics can explode upon ignition.
 Confined spaces often have physical hazards, such as moving equipment and machinery.
 Tanks and other enclosed confined spaces can be filled with materials unless the flow process
for filling it is controlled.
Before entering any confined space you must test the atmosphere to determine if any harmful gases
are present. There must also be radio contact with an attendant outside the confined space and a
rescue team at the ready in case of an emergency.
What confined spaces do we have around our workplace? Which are permitted? Can any of them be
reclassified?

Electrical Shock
An electric shock is the tingling sensation or muscular contraction that a person experiences when an
electrical current passes through the body. An electric shock can severely burn or kill if the muscle
contraction is severe enough to stop the heart. This muscle contraction will in many cases cause the
victim to remain firmly gripped to the source of electrocution, particularly where power tools or leads
are being used.
The human body conducts electricity. Even low currents may cause severe health effects. Spasms,
burns, muscle paralysis, or death can result depending on the amount of the current flowing through
the body, the route it takes, and the duration of exposure.
Effects of Electrical Shock
Effect DC Current (mA)
Death 120+
Ventricular Fibrillation 50-120
Paralysis of Diaphragm 20-50
Makes hands "clamp-on" 16-20
Involuntary Reflexes 4-9
Perception 1-4
In the event of a worker receiving an electric shock it is vital that fellow workers act swiftly to attempt
to limit the damage caused to the victim. Call emergency services immediately so they are on the way
prior to trying to release the victim.
Releasing a Victim From Live Electric Current
When a person comes into contact with a live electrical circuit of sufficient voltage to cause an electric
shock you first priority is to eliminate the flow of current. This typically is not just turning off the
machine, equipment or tool . . . you must break the current at the source by switching off the circuit
or by removing the plug from the socket in the case of a power tool.
On some occasions this may not be possible to do quickly enough. At this point your only option is to
break the contact between the current and the person. This can be done by either moving the victim
or moving the electrical source (wire) so they are no longer in contact. To do this safely without harm
to yourself you must not be another conductor for the electric path to ground. Insulate yourself if you
must move a victim away from a live contact - wear electrical or dry gloves or cover your hands with
cloth and stand on dry insulating material like cardboard, wood or clothes. Ensure you have good
footing and will not slip or fall when trying to move the victim. Utilize something non-conductive to
release the victim or move the source from the victim. The following are some common items:
 Professional non-conductive release hook (best option and relatively inexpensive)
 Long piece of lumber (2x4, etc)
 Broom Handle
 Leather belt (cut off buckle)
 Dry Rope
 Blanket, clothes or other dry non-conductive materials
Once the victim is released from the live current check the victims breathing and heart beat. If
breathing has stopped, but the victims pulse is present, commence mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. If
heartbeat has stopped, commence cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). If both breathing and

heartbeat have stopped, alternate between mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and CPR. Use blankets to
keep the victim warm and raise the victims legs slightly above the level of the head to lessen the
effects of shock.

Arc Flash Explosions
Every day in India 15 to 30 arc flash explosions occur in electrical equipment. Anyone exposed to
such explosions is at significant risk for death or serious injury.
Arc flash is described by the National Fire Protection Association as “a dangerous condition associated
with the release of energy caused by an electric arc.” A reduction of the insulation or isolation
distance between energized components is responsible for this condition.
For example, a tool that is inserted or accidentally dropped into a breaker or service area, or other
objects that are left behind, may compromise the distance between energized components.
Incidents may occur when a worker fails to ensure that equipment has been properly de-energized
prior to servicing or inspection. Arc flash incidents typically occur in applications exceeding 120 volts.
Serious damage to equipment is a likely outcome in an arc flash incident. Sometimes affected
equipment is so badly damaged that replacement is the only option. And, of course, the human body
is equally capable of being destroyed or irreversibly damaged, with no replacement option.
The following arc flash safety reminders from Square D Products, a well-known producer of electrical
equipment, can help company better protect their employees:
 Establish a written electrical safety program with clearly defined responsibilities covering all of
your company’s electrical safety policies, including lockout/tagout, internal safety policies and
responsibilities for electrical safety.
 Have an engineering firm conduct an electrical system analysis to determine the degree of arc
flash hazard present at your workplace. The analysis will define the type of personal protective
equipment (PPE) that your workers must use while performing any work when energized parts
are exposed.
 Conduct arc flash safety training for all employees. It should be specific to the hazards of arc
flash, arc blast, shock and electrocution. Ensure adequate personal protective clothing and
equipment is on hand.
 Ensure the proper tools are on hand for safe electrical work. This includes insulated voltage-
rated hand tools and insulated voltagesensing devices that are properly rated for the voltage
application of the equipment to be tested.
 Any electrical equipment that is likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing or
maintenance while energized must have arc flash warning labels posted in plain view. Such
equipment includes switchboards, panel boards, industrial control panels, meter socket
enclosures and motor control centers.
 Appoint an electrical safety program manager. This should be a well-organized, responsible
person who is familiar with electrical code requirements and other safety issues.
 Maintain all electrical distribution system components. Modern, properly adjusted over-current
protective devices that are properly maintained are able to detect an arcing condition almost
instantly and clear the fault quickly. This capability significantly reduces the amount of incident
energy that is released.
 Finally, maintain and update all electrical distribution documentation. This is especially critical
when expanding or revising facilities.

Extension Cord Safety
The FICCI estimates that each year, about 4,000 injuries associated with electric extension cords are
treated in hospital emergency rooms. About half of the injuries involve fractures, lacerations,
contusions or sprains from people tripping over extension cords. The FICCI also estimates that about
3,300 residential fires originate in extension cords each year, killing 50 people and injuring about 270
others. The most frequent causes of such fires are short circuits, overloading, damage and/or misuse
of extension cords.
Today we'll look at some tips for use of extension cords
 Use extension cords only when necessary and only on a temporary basis. Do not use extension
cords in place of permanent wiring.
 Do not remove the prongs of an electrical plug. If plug prongs are missing, loose, or bent,
replace the entire plug.
 Do not use an adapter or extension cord to defeat a standard grounding device. (e.g., Only
place three-prong plugs in three-prong outlets; do not alter them to fit in a two-prong outlet.)
 Use extension cords that are the correct size or rating for the equipment in use. The diameter of
the extension cord should be the same or greater than the cord of the equipment in use.
 Only use cords rated for outdoor use when using a cord outside.
 Do not run cords above ceiling tiles or through walls.
 Keep electrical cords away from areas where they may be pinched and areas where they may
pose a tripping or fire hazard (e.g., doorways, walkways, under carpet, etc.).
 Always inspect the cord prior to use to ensure the insulation isn't cut or damaged. Discard
damaged cords, cords that become hot, or cords with exposed wiring.
 Never unplug an extension cord by pulling on the cord; pull on the plug.
 In locations where equipment be pushed against an extension cord where the cord joins the
plug, use a special "angle extension cord" specifically designed for use in these instances.

Forklift Safety Rules
Forklifts are excellent labour-saving devices. They save time and reduce the likelihood of injury
associated with manual material handling activities. However, forklifts can become very dangerous if
operated by a reckless or untrained operator. All operators should receive safety training prior to
being allowed to operate a forklift.
Forklift accidents tend to be very serious, involving both personal injury and damage to property.
These accidents can be avoided if operators use some common sense and follow safe operating
procedures. Do not operate a forklift until you have been properly trained and authorized to do so.
Basic Forklift Safety Practices
Here are a few common safety rules to follow during forklift operation:
1. Use the seat belt. It will keep you secured in the seat in the unplanned event of a tip over.
2. A parked forklift should have the forks flat on the floor with the controls set to neutral and with
the parking brake set.
3. A forklift is considered to be "unattended" if the operator is more than 25 feet away or if the
forklift is out of the direct vision of the operator. Unattended forklifts should be parked with the
power turned off.
4. When operating the forklift on inclines, the load should always be on the uphill side of the
incline. Drive forward going up the incline. Drive backward going down the incline.
5. When traveling without a load on the forks, keep the forks approximately four to six inches off
the floor.
6. Never allow anyone to walk underneath a raised load.
7. Stop at all blind corners to check for other traffic in the area. This includes other forklifts and
pedestrians. Honk your horn and look before you proceed.
8. If carrying a tall load that blocks your forward vision, drive in reverse and turn your head so you
can see where you are going.
9. If operating around other forklifts maintain a three-forklift length distance between forklifts and
never attempt passing.
10. Never drive a forklift up to the back of a person who is unaware that the forklift is behind them.
FORKLIFT SAFETY IS FOR EVERYONE'S BENEFIT

Blind Spots
When pedestrians for forklifts meet unexpectedly, it can have deadly consequences. Blind spots are
one of the major causes for this unexpected meeting to take place. They include corner,s, doorways
that open out to an aisle and other areas with limited visibiloperatorsboth oth pedestrian and forklift
operator.
It is important that forklift operator's utilize their horn and take it slow when driving in these areas. It
is also important that pedestrians are aware of the traffic in these areas and look before they leap.
Each year there are fatalities caused by pedestrian forklift collisions. I'm confident that many of you
over your career have gone out into an aisle without looking only to find a forklift in slamming on
their brakes.
It is important to take a moment when in these blind spots. Be aware of the traffic and don't go out
into the aisle without first stopping and looking both ways to ensure the path is clear.
In most cases pedestrians are in a hurry or focused on something other than their travel and simply
dart out in front of the forklifts. Take the time . . . it can impact your life.

Changing Forklift Batteries
Changing the battery in a forklift may seem like a pretty straight forward task, but there are many
hazards associated with it.
Before you attempt to remove the battery from a forklift, ensure you don’t have any jewelry on. Keep
tools and other metal objects away from the top of the battery to prevent an arc or explosion due to
short circuited terminals. This included the cable connector. We had a near miss recently where a
split in the connector cable insulation allowed the metal wire to come in contact with the top of a
battery cell causing it to explode.
Never stack batteries on top of one another. Several times in the past couple of weeks we have found
batteries stacked on top of one another . . . this is very dangerous. Also ensure you are not setting
the battery down ON the connector cable.
You should also wear OSHA – approved PPE including a face shield, rubber gloves and a rubber
chemical apron when changing a battery. Smoking and open flames or sparks are prohibited in this
area.
Ensure your forklift is lined up with the hoist appropriately. Hoists are designed to pull straight up and
down. Adjust your forklift position if you have to as a swinging battery can be dangerous and may fall
off the carrier. Ensure the hooks in the carrier are firmly secured into the lifting holes on the battery.
Over the years we’ve had a couple near misses where the hooks were not secured properly causing
the battery to drop.
Inspect the connector cables to ensure there are no cracks in the insulation. Utilize the connector to
pull the cable from the forklift or charger. Using the cable itself can cause stress on the insulation and
if there is a hairline crack you’ll find it the hard way.

Excavation Safety
Almost every month somewhere in the news you can read about a working being injured or
killedwhen a trench they were working in collapses. These injuries and fatalities are preventable with
planning and proper execution of safety precautions.
Trench collapses can occur without warning, regardless of the depth. The vast majority of trenching
fatalities occurs in trenches 5- to 15-feet deep. These depths invite taking chances, and often times it
is the good, safe-looking material that turns out to be the unsuspecting killer. But trench cave-ins
don't have to happen. The following information can help you avoid these potentially deadly
accidents.
Make sure you know and follow the requirements:
General Requirements
 Before beginning excavation, establish the locations of underground and overhead utilities and
services. Contact utility companies and advise them prior to the start of excavation.
 Remove or support all surface encumbrances, as necessary, to safeguard employees.
 Employees working in trenches 4 feet deep or more should have an adequate and safe means of
exit, such as ladders, steps or ramps available at no more than 25 feet of lateral travel.
 Employees exposed to public vehicular traffic must wear suitable garments marked with or
made of reflectorized or high-visibility material.
 Do not permit employees to go underneath the loads of lifting or digging equipment.
 When hazardous atmospheric conditions exist or you can reasonably expect them to exist, test
and control the atmosphere to prevent exposure to harmful levels.
 Removable-type steel casings, and individually manned lifelines and harnesses are needed to
protect employees in bell-bottom pier holes. Follow confined-space entry procedures.
 Employees must not work in excavations in which there is accumulated water unless they follow
necessary safety precautions.
 Additional underpinning, shoring or bracing may be required when adjoining utility lines,
foundations, walks and footings are endangered.
 Store spoils, equipment and other materials that can pose a hazard at least 2 feet away, or use
effective retaining devices.
 Superimposed loads, such as mobile equipment working close to excavation edges, require extra
sheet piling, shoring or bracing. The use of mobile equipment near excavations also requires
substantial barricades or stop logs.
 Have a competent person on-site who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards
and has the authority to take prompt corrective action.
 A competent person should be able to identify soil classifications and the protective systems to
use in accordance with the OSHA Excavation standard, Subpart P.
 A competent person must make ongoing daily inspections of excavations, adjacent areas and
protective systems, including after every rainfall or other hazard-producing occurrence.
 Walkways or bridges are needed for crossing over excavations. Walkways or bridges over
excavations greater than 4 feet deep require standard guardrails.
 Erect standard guardrailing or solid sheeting no less than 42 inches above ground level around
all tunnel shafts and bore pits.
 Barricade or cover all wells, pits or shafts.
 Back fill excavations upon completion.
Requirements For Protective Systems:
 When employees work in trenches more than 5 feet deep, the employer must protect them from
cave-ins by using an adequate protective system. In hazardous soil, employers must provide an
adequate protective system in trenches less than 5 feet deep.

 Determine maximum allowable slopes for soil or rock deposits in accordance from Table B-1,
Appendix A, of the OSHA standard.
 Have a registered professional engineer design sloping or benching for excavations greater than
20 feet deep.
 Qualified personnel must design and install piling, sheeting, shoring, shields and support
systems. The shoring system must be capable of withstanding all loads imposed upon it.
 Make sure material and equipment used for sheeting, sheet piling, bracing, shoring and
underpinning is in good serviceable condition. Use timbers that are sound and free of defects.
 Place members of support systems in true horizontal position, spaced vertically and secured to
prevent sliding, falling or kick outs.
 Progress from the bottom of the trench when removing support-system members. Slowly
release jacks and supports.
 Remove support systems as you backfill the trench.
 Extend trench boxes and shields to the bottom of the trench and no less than 18 inches above
the vertical part of the trench face, except in certain cases.
 Do not allow employees in shields during their installation, removal or relocation.
 When portable trench boxes are stacked,provide attaching means to prevent them from
separating.
 Do not work outside of trench shields or shoring protection in unprotected trenches.

Hand & Power Tools
HAND & POWER TOOLS – AMPUTATION HAZARDS
What are the sources of amputations in the workplace?
Amputations are some of the most serious and debilitating workplace injuries. They are widespread
and involve a variety of activities and equipment. Amputations occur most often when workers
operate unguarded or inadequately safeguarded mechanical power presses, power press brakes,
powered and non-powered conveyors, printing presses, roll-forming and roll-bending machines, food
slicers, meat grinders, meat-cutting band saws, drill presses, and milling machines as well as shears,
grinders, and slitters. These injuries also happen during materials handling activities and when using
forklifts and doors as well as trash compactors and powered and non-powered hand tools. Besides
normal operation, the following activities involving stationary machines also expose workers to
potential amputation hazards: setting up, threading, preparing, adjusting, cleaning, lubricating, and
maintaining machines as well as clearing jams.
What types of machine components are hazardous?
The following types of mechanical components present amputation hazards:
 Point of operation—the area of a machine where it performs work on material.
 Power-transmission apparatuses—flywheels, pulleys, belts, chains, couplings, spindles,
cams, and gears in addition to connecting rods and other machine components that transmit
energy.
 Other moving parts—machine components that move during machine operation such as
reciprocating, rotating, and transverse moving parts as well as auxiliary machine parts.
What kinds of mechanical motion are hazardous?
All mechanical motion is potentially hazardous. In addition to in-running nip points (“pinch points”)—
which occur when two parts move together and at least one moves in a rotary or circular motion that
gears, rollers, belt drives, and pulleys generate—the following are the most common types of
hazardous mechanical motion:
 Rotating—circular movement of couplings, cams, clutches, flywheels, and spindles as well as
shaft ends and rotating collars that may grip clothing or otherwise force a body part into a
dangerous location.
 Reciprocating—back-and-forth or up-and down action that may strike or entrap a worker
between a moving part and a fixed object.
 Transversing—movement in a straight, continuous line that may strike or catch a worker in a
pinch or shear point created between the moving part and a fixed object.
 Cutting—action generated during sawing, boring, drilling, milling, slicing, and slitting.
 Punching—motion resulting when a machine moves a slide (ram) to stamp or blank metal
orother material.
 Shearing—movement of a powered slide or knife during metal trimming or shearing.
 Bending—action occurring when power is applied to a slide to draw or form metal or other
materials.
Work practices, employee training, and administrative controls can help prevent and control
amputation hazards. Machine safeguarding with the following equipment is the best way to control
amputations caused by stationary machinery:
 Guards provide physical barriers that prevent access to hazardous areas. They should be
secure and strong, and workers should not be able to bypass, remove, or tamper with
them. Guards should not obstruct the operator’s view or prevent employees from working.

 Devices help prevent contact with points of operation and may replace or supplement guards.
Devices can interrupt the normal cycle of the machine when the operator’s hands are at the
point of operation, prevent the operator from reaching into the point of operation, or withdraw
the operator’s hands if they approach the point of operation when the machine cycles. They
must allow safe lubrication and maintenance and not create hazards or interfere with normal
machine operation. In addition, they should be secure, tamper resistant, and durable.

Caught In/On/Between
Each year, workers suffer approximately 125,000 caught or crushed injuries that occur when body
parts get caught between two objects or entangled with machinery. These hazards are also referred
to as "pinch points". The physical forces applied to a body part caught in a pinch point can vary and
cause injuries ranging from bruises, cuts, amputated body parts, and even death.
Here is some training to learn about the caught/crush hazards and pinch points specific to your tasks,
tools, and equipment so you can take precautions.
Dress appropriately for work with pants and sleeves that are not too long or too loose. Shirts should
be fitted or tucked in. Do not wear any kind of jewelry. Tie back long hair and tuck braids and
ponytails behind you or into your clothing. Wear the appropriate, well-fitting gloves for your job.
Look for possible pinch points before you start a task. Take the time to plan out your actions and
decide on the necessary steps to work safely. Give your work your full attention. Don't joke around,
daydream, or try to multi-task on the job-most accidents occur when workers are distracted. Read
and follow warning signs posted on equipment. If you value all that your hands can do, THINK before
you put them in a hazardous spot.
Machinery can pose a hazard with moving parts, conveyors, rollers and rotating shafts. Never reach
into a moving machine. Properly maintain and always use the machine and tool guards provided with
your equipment; they act as a barrier between the moving parts and your body. Don't reach around,
under or through a guard and always report missing of broken barriers to your supervisor. Turn
equipment off and use lockout/tagout procedures before adjusting, clearing a jam, repairing, or
servicing a machine.
Vehicles, powered doors, and forklifts can pose a crush hazard unless they have been blocked or
tagged out. Never place your body under or between powered equipment unless it is de-
energized. Doors, file drawers, and heavy crates can pinch fingers and toes. Take care where you
place your fingers. Test the weight before lifting, carrying, and placing boxes; an awkward or heavy
load can slip and pinch your hands or feet. Get help or use tools to move large and/or heavy items.
If you have ever slammed your finger in a door, you can appreciate the pain associated with this
common type of caught/crush injury. Take the time to learn about the caught/crush hazards in your
workplace so you don't learn about the consequences first hand.

Safety Tips for Hot Work
When you weld, cut or grind, the potential for accidents is significant. Eyes and skin can be burned,
hearing can be damaged and an electric shock can kill you. Among the hot metal, sparks and flying
chips, are compressed gases stored in high-pressure cylinders. Even the fumes and gases produced
during the welding process can damage your respiratory system or cause asphyxiation.
It's crucial to be cautious. Wear your personal protective equipment (PPE), maintain a safe workplace
and follow safety rules.
Your PPE should include:
 Eye protection to shield against sparks, molten metal and welder's flash
 Hearing protection
 Clothing made of heat-resistant materials, such as an apron made of leather
 Safety boots
 Gloves made of leather or other flameproof fabric
 Respiratory protection to protect against toxic chemicals and gases. Before you use a respirator,
get proper training and have it properly fitted.
Wearing the right PPE is just the first step. You must also keep your work area safe and follow these
safety rules:
 Try to weld only in well-ventilated areas.
 Work in confined spaces only if they’ve been atmosphere-tested. Follow all other confined space
procedures.
 Do not weld, cut or grind near flammable or combustible materials, liquids, vapors and dusts.
 Have the appropriate fire extinguisher close by.
 Use only approved equipment in good condition and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
 Inspect equipment for loose connections, bare wires or cables before operating. Make sure the
machinery is properly grounded.
 Handle compressed gas cylinders safely, following proper use and storage procedures.
 Keep aisles and stairways clear of cables and equipment.
 Keep other people a safe distance from welding and cutting operations.
 Learn first aid techniques for burns, poison inhalation, shock and eye injuries.
 Know where the safety showers and eyewash stations are and how to use them.
You should also watch for symptoms of metal fume fever, caused by breathing fumes formed while
welding. Symptoms may include a metallic taste in the mouth, dry nose and throat, weakness,
fatigue, joint and muscle pain, fever, chills and nausea. Notify your supervisor immediately if you
experience any of these symptoms.

Welding Safety
It's no surprise welding can cause damage to your eyes if you do not use the proper Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE). But what about the rest of your body? Your hearing, skin, neck, back,
head and your respiratory system are all at risk when performing welding operations. Here's how:
Skin: When you are welding, unprotected skin is exposed to hot metal, sparks and UV radiation (arc
welding). Hearing: Welding can generate noise at levels which cause hearing loss.
Respiratory: If you perform welding operations in a poorly ventilated area, you are at risk of inhaling
fumes, gas and dust present in the air as a result of welding. These elements enter your lungs and
can cause flu-like symptoms known as metal fume fever. While metal-fume fever may clear up in a
day or two, it is possible for it to cause much more damage to your respiratory system.
Head: Sparks can burn your hair, causing painful damage to your scalp and skin.
Neck and Back: Standing for long periods of time bent over your work can cause stress to your back.
The traditional “nodding of the helmet” -- flicking your face shield down with your head and neck just
before the arc is struck -- can cause neck strain.
These, along with the many hazards to your eyes -- burns caused by sparks, heat, molten metal and
ultraviolet rays and cuts caused by flying spatter, and flash burns, commonly known as welder's flash
or arc eye -- point to the importance of wearing the right PPE when welding. Talk with your
supervisor about what PPE you need to protect you from the job you are doing.
Some of the most common PPE used when welding include: leather gauntlet type gloves, leather
jackets, long-sleeved shirts, high top boots, welder's helmet, welder's cap, special filtered eyewear,
face protection and hearing protection. Clothing should be made from leather, cotton or wool, and
treated with flame-retardant coatings. Keep clothing dry and free of oil, grease or solvents. Pants
with cuffs can collect sparks, so avoid them.
Respirators may be needed for some welding jobs. You must be properly trained in the use of the
respirator and be aware when you need one. Your supervisor will be able to tell you the requirements
needed when using a respirator.
Welding jobs are necessary, but there are many hazards involved with the task. Protect yourself from
these hazards, even when performing welding tasks off-the-job. The few minutes it takes to put on
the PPE can prevent injuries that will last a lifetime.

Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety
We use compressed gases for a variety of tasks at our facility. We use compressed gases and the
cylinders that store them for welding, powering industrial trucks and a variety of less common things.
Many of us use them at home for fueling a grill.
The convenience of compressed gas doesn't come without a price though . . . we need to store,
handle and use them properly or the consequences can be devastating.
Today we'll look at some tips for compressed gas cylinder storage.
 Store cylinders with their cylinder valves in the closed position;
 Securely attach cylinder valve caps;
 Separate cylinders according to their contents. Place oxygen cylinders at least 20 feet from any
flammable gas cylinders or combustible materials; or by a noncombustible barrier at least five-
feet high and with a fire-resistant rating of at least 30 minutes;
 Identify empty cylinders, and store empty cylinders separate from full cylinders;
 Secure all cylinders while in storage and in use;
 Ventilate all cylinder storage;
 Keep cylinder storage away from fire and potential electrical hazards;
 Ensure all cylinders are labeled to identify their contents. Do not trust the cylinder color code as
identification method for cylinder content (Medical gas cylinders are to be color coded, but
check the label to be certain.);
 Return any cylinder to the supplier if the label does not identify contents;
 Store acetylene cylinders upright;
 Avoid dropping or striking cylinders.
We use compressed gases for a variety of tasks at our facility. Yesterday we looked at storage of the
cylinders . . . today we'll look at some tips for compressed gas handling and use.
Handling and Transporting
 Transport cylinders securely on a cart designed for cylinder use;
 Secure all cylinders during transport;
 Turn all cylinder valves off;
 Attach protective caps securely;
 Prohibit cylinders' use as rollers or supports for other equipment;
 Roll cylinders on their bottom edge when moving them short distances.
Using Compressed Gas
 Inspect all cylinders, valves, regulators, hoses, torches and other equipment prior to use;
 Position the cylinder valve end up when in use;
 Place cylinders away from burning and cutting operations;
 Vent the cylinder by slightly opening (cracking) valve prior to attaching a regulator or any hoses
or piping. Avoid being in front of the valve opening when this is done;
 Use the proper regulator for the cylinder to reduce pressure;
 Ensure that all connectors are free of oil and grease;
 Ensure that fuel gas and oxygen hoses are easily distinguishable. All other lines are to be
identifiable;
 Disconnect hose couplings with a rotary motion and a pull;
 Open all valves slowly;
 Use a friction lighter to ignite any flame;
 Upon completion, close all valves;
 Close cylinder valves tightly;
 Close needle valves ‘finger tight’ to avoid damage to valve and/or valve stem;

 Vent all hoses;
 Use a diffuser regulated to less than 30 psi to blow away dust, dirt and debris.

Manually Handling Materials
The best way to handle boxes and cartons is to grasp the opposite top and bottom corners and draw
a corner between your legs before lifting. Long pieces of pipe, bar stock or lumber should be carried
over a padded shoulder with front end held high to avoid hitting other employees. Special caution
should be used at corners.
There are several areas in material handling that require considerable skill - the rolling of heavy round
objects and the handling of heavy barrels and drums. Special training and devices should be used
before attempting to handle these tough items manually.
Needless to say, you've probably already encountered your share of slivers, loose hardware or
anything else that could cause injuries. Again, good work gloves are helpful.
Regular inspection of tools and equipment is important. A dull or faulty tool can cause an injury to
you and a cracked handle could mean an injury for you or your neighbor. So, be sure to report
damaged equipment.
We can't mention too often the importance of using the right tool for the job. Don't attempt to use
your fingers as a pry, a wrench for a hammer, or a screwdriver for a chisel; you'll just be inviting a
painful injury.
Handling of materials does not necessarily mean we have to become engaged in hand-to-hand
combat with them, but the results may be the same if we don't use all available protection and
precautions.
You don't have to be involved in manual material handling very long to discover there's a hard way
and an easy way to do things. And maybe you've also discovered that the easy way isn't always the
safe way. Skinned knuckles or pinched fingers are instant reminders that something wasn't done
correctly. So for a few moments let's review some of the precautions to protect ourselves while
handling materials.
First, considerable hand protection can be gained by wearing work gloves. They can prevent many
cuts and scratches and many types also give a better grip. Most work gloves are ventilated for the
comfort of the wearer, so there's no good excuse for not wearing them when the occasion calls for
them.
Conservation of space is important but sometimes we tend to pile things too close to a wall or
column. Proper clearance at the top and on all sides of piles is necessary for safety. When material is
piled, it should be in stacks that will stand steady. Sometimes this means that the materials must be
criss-crossed or interleaved with corrugated board. Objects that roll should be chocked. When a pile
falls, serious injury and damage can result. Piling too high, or in a manner that will interfere with
lighting or circulation of air, should be avoided.
Don't be afraid of putting the cleaning crew out of a job by picking up things that you drop on the
floor. Tripping and slipping hazards could put both you and the cleaners out of work for a long time.
Keep tools and other articles in the right bin or drum and wipe up spills right away.
Injuries resulting from lifting are a continual problem both on and off the job. Most of us know we
should crouch close to the load and then use leg muscles to lift. However, after the lift has been
made, it's very important to turn correctly while carrying an object. Don't twist your body. Turn by
shifting your feet or with short steps. Before lifting, make sure there are no obstructions or slippery
spots on the route you intend to travel. If it's necessary for two or more workers to carry an object,
they should both be about the same weight and one should be position to watch and coach the other
en route.

Conveyor Safety
Find a way to cut down on the amount of materials you handle manually, and you've got a good thing
going. You lessen the chances of hurting your back and hands, which are two of the more common
types of on-the-job injuries. In addition, your capacity for work will increase and so will production.
That's why conveyors are widely used. They move materials efficiently and safely. Conveyors are one
of the earliest forms of automation. In fact, they've been around so long that we don't really look at
them as a form of automation but as basic machinery for getting the job done.
Like other things we work with, conveyors are safe when used correctly. They're not a means of
human transportation or a plaything. They come in many shapes and sizes, and each is designed to
do a specific job, so it's not easy to sum up conveyor safety in a few sentences. But needless to say,
you have to use the right conveyor for the job.
Certain safety precautions must be taken even though you don't work directly with conveyors. For
instance, don't crawl over or under them. This is pretty elementary safety advice, but there are still
many people who have tried it and get injured in the process.
Never ride a conveyor. We all find it's difficult enough going through life and avoiding injury without
trying some foolhardy stunt.
So unless your job requires it, stay away from conveyors. Don't attempt to operate a conveyor unless
you've been checked out on the procedures and are authorized to run it. Persons working on or about
a conveyor should know the location and operation of stopping devices. If they don't, they should
consult their supervisor.
Don't attempt to clean any belts or parts while the conveyor is running. If it's necessary to clean belts
or drums while the equipment is in motion, proper barrier guards should be provided at pinch points.
Most companies that manufacture conveyors try to make them safe. If the equipment isn't safe,
modifications have to be made. Pinch points and moving parts must be guarded. If a conveyor runs
overhead, precautions must be taken to prevent injuries from materials which might fall from above.
If a conveyor runs at head height or is the type that carries material hung from hooks, measures
should be taken to prevent persons from being struck, and employees in the area should remain alert
to possible danger.
Conveyors should be stopped and controls locked out when repairs are being made, and the
equipment shouldn't be started again until it is certain that all is clear.
When you place materials on a conveyor or take them off, pinch points are created because of the
movement of the machinery. So watch your hands and stay alert. When putting materials on a
conveyor, place them so that they will ride safely.
The fact that conveyors run steadily and smoothly may lull you into a false sense of security when
you're around them. Don't fall into this trap. Conveyors can be dangerous. Loose clothing and
jewelry, particularly rings, are dangerous to wear on the job. Combine them with the presence of a
conveyor and the hazard potential increases quickly.
Regardless of whether you're working with conveyors or any other type of machinery, you're
expected to observe basic safety rules. In addition, your help is needed in reporting unsafe conditions
or malfunctions to your supervisor. These steps will go a long way toward eliminating hazards and
protecting your ability to earn a living.
GENERAL SAFETY

Near Miss Reporting
Whether there is no injury, a small bruise or scratch, or an amputation, the consequences of unsafe
acts and conditions are left to chance. A ratio showing a relationship between the number of near-
miss incidents and injury incidents reported by researchers shows that for every 15 near-miss
incidents, there will be one injury. In other words, there are 15 missed opportunities to prevent an
injury.
Hundreds of near misses go unreported each month at our facility. Many of you may not think of an
incident as a near miss, but it is more often human nature that keeps these lessons from being
reported and improving the safety system. Reasons employees don’t report near misses include:
- They do not want to be blamed for problems or mistakes;
- They do not want to create more work;
- They do not want to be perceived as a troublemaker or careless.
It takes time to report a near miss and there are several reasons people don't do it. However, it is
truly important you report them. If not, what is lost is a free lesson in injury prevention. The few
minutes spent reporting and investigating near-miss incidents can help prevent similar incidents, and
even severe injuries. The difference between a near miss and an injury is typically a fraction of an
inch or a split second.

The Colors of Safety
As you drive down the road you'll see all sorts of signs and many different colors. We know that red
signs typically indicate a mandate such as STOP or YIELD and yellow signs typically indicate a
warning. Safety signs have a color scheme also.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has established rules that define what certain
colors mean. This standardization helps people to easily recognize and understand what message the
sign or equipment is communicating. Some colors are:
Red
• Fire protection equipment
• Danger, high risk of severe injury or death
• Emergency stops and alarms
Orange
• Hazard warnings
• Moderate risk of injury
• Guarding devices
Blue
• Notice of information
• No immediate hazard
Green
• Safety equipment or information
• First-aid equipment or location
Yellow
• Caution statements
• Minor risk of injury
• Material handling equipment
It's important to know the colors of safety when you're working around equipment.

Getting Caught
Have you ever tried to rip an old towel into rags and after straining without success, had to go
looking for scissors? You've just witnessed a safe demonstration of the strength of some of today's
fabrics.
But thousands of workers aren't so lucky. Those who have gotten clothing caught in moving parts of
a machine know that even if they had the strength to rip the material free, they never would have
had time to prevent injury to themselves. Your hand can be pulled around a pulley in a fraction of a
second.
Loose clothing, ties, jewelry and even human hair have become caught in machinery and caused
horrific, often fatal injuries like these:
 A worker adjusting a backhoe's brakes got his jacket caught in a driveshaft and broke his neck.
 In another instance a worker's dangling neck jewelry became entangled in moving gear. He had
strung a piece of piano wire through his necklace so nobody could rip it off his neck. When the
necklace became tangled, the worker was decapitated.
According to the International Lavour Organization, more than 1000 workers die in a year worldwide
after becoming caught in running equipment. The greatest toll occurred in the manufacturing
industry.
Here are some tips for those working around equipment capable of entrapping parts of their bodies:
 Jewelry, especially dangling pieces such as neck chains or bracelets, should never be worn
around moving equipment. There's not only a danger of being drawn into moving parts, but also
of electrocution.
 Stuffing long hair under a collar or cap isn't good enough. It can work free and become
entangled in equipment. Wear a hair net, or get your hair cut short.
 Report all moving parts that are exposed and pose a danger.
 Focus on the job and always be aware of the possibility of becoming entangled in moving
machinery. Follow lockout/tagout procedures before performing any maintenance, adjustments
or attempting to free jammed materials. Machine guards must always be replaced.
 Good housekeeping is a must. Imagine tripping over something you've left on the floor and
rushing headlong into disaster.
 Is there enough light so people can see danger lurking?
 Never reach or step across moving equipment.
Anyone working around machinery needs to be properly trained about the potential hazards and what
to do if a safeguard is missing, damaged or doesn't provide enough protection. They must also wear
personal protective equipment such as goggles to prevent injuries from items such as flying wood and
metal fragments or splashed fluids.

Four Seconds To Safety
Perhaps the best tool to come along in industrial construction (at least as far as safety is concerned)
is the Field Level Risk Assessment or Job Hazard Analysis. Whatever you call it, this is a tool that
makes everyone stop and think about the different risks associated with the task. Crews normally
gather and write out the JHA or FLRA before doing a job. This exercise greatly reduced the number
and severity of injuries where this was done.
The same principle of these risk assessments can be done in our shops. Simply take a four-second
“reset”. Take four seconds before starting some new familiar task. This act of refocusing has been
shown to reduce the probability of an injury incident by more than 90% versus not taking the four
seconds. How hard is that? You may have done the task you are about to perform thousands of times
before. In your mind, you know that you could do it with your eyes closed. It is usually not the task
itself but some small thing you did not anticipate that causes the incident. You did not notice the
debris in front of the tool you were going to pick up. You did not notice somebody placed something
on the part you were about to pick up. You did not realize how heavy a piece is that you were asked
to help carry.
It is easy to imagine the different activities we do every day and how this applies. For example,
getting in a forklift and having a quick look around. We change our thinking from where we are going
to focusing on the area, road conditions, other vehicles and so on. This is the “reset” we are talking
about.
Believe it or not, four seconds is all it takes. Get in this habit of taking four seconds and you
significantly reduce your chance of injury. If you get into the habit of taking chances or simply
cruising from job to job, you will eventually be injured.
This four second reset was first instituted on CN Rail. This was part of a strategy to reduce the
number of very serious incidents they were having including many amputation injuries. What they
found was that their employee knew the rule or procedure to do the job without getting injured but
were simply not focused. Even well rested employees were getting caught up in the routine of the
day and found themselves daydreaming or thinking about other things. Losing an arm or leg is a very
rude awakening.
We highly recommend this four second “reset” as an excellent way to refocus on the job at hand. And
we believe that this is one very effective method to prevent injury on and off the job.

Heavy Equipment
The primary sources of injury to operators and other personnel working around heavy equipment are:
1. Repairing and servicing equipment in dangerous positions.
2. Striking individuals or other vehicles with the equipment, particularly its blade.
3. Unexpected violent tipping of the equipment.
4. Uncontrolled traffic within or through the work area.
5. Unexpected violent shocks or jars to the machine.
6. Sudden movement of a power unit while it is being attached to earth moving equipment.
7. Limbs of trees or overhead obstructions
8. Leaving earth moving or other equipment in dangerous positions while unattended.
9. Failure of lifting mechanisms.
General Operating Precautions:
1. Machines should be maintained in good working order. All vital parts such as motors, chassis,
blades, bladeholders, tracks, drives, hydraulic and pneumatic mechanisms, and transmissions
should be thoroughly inspected each day.
2. Before starting a job, the operator should be given instructions regarding the work to be done.
3. Before using the starting motor, the operator should check to make sure that all operating controls
are in the neutral position.
4. Machines should be operated at speeds and in a manner consistent with conditions on the
particular job.
5. At no time should a piece of equipment be left unattended while the motor is running, especially if
the machine is on an inclined surface or on loose material.
6. If possible, equipment should be driven entirely off the road at night. When any portion of the
machine projects into the road, it should be adequately marked with red lights or flares. Red flags
should be used in daytime.
7. Personnel should stop motors and refrain from smoking during refueling operations.
8. The operator should keep deck plates or steps on equipment free from grease, oil, ice and
mud. Corded soles shoes are recommended.
9. Employees, other than operator, should not ride on equipment.
10. Operators should not wear loose clothing, which can get caught in moving parts of equipment.

Compressed Air Safety
Compressed air is often misjudged and not recognized as a hazard because people often think of air
as harmless. CAUTION: SERIOUS INJURY MAY OCCUR!
Did you know…
 Air forced into body tissues through the skin can cause an air embolism (air bubbles in the blood
stream) which can be fatal if it reaches the heart, lungs, or brain.
 Inflation injuries of the intestine can be caused by air being directed at private body areas. A
worker in the U.K. died of injures sustained through horseplay with a compressed air hose. This
act of horseplay can be deadly!
 Air blown into the mouth at only 5 PSI can rupture the esophagus or the lungs.
 Eye and ear injuries can occur from a blast of air or flying particles. These types of eye and ear
injures can cause partial or total loss of sight or hearing.
 The sound from a compressed air hose can reach 120-130 dB which is well above OSHA’s 90
dB permissible exposure limit.
 40 PSI can blow out an ear drum from 4 inches away and possibly cause brain damage.
 As little as 12 PSI can blow an eye out of its socket!
 Flying particles can cause cuts and bruises to any part of the body.
REMEMBER –
 Hoses and lines should be rated to meet the maximum operating pressure of the equipment
 Always wear proper Personal Protective Equipment:
o Safety glasses with side shields and a face shield if needed
o Hearing protection
o Respiratory protection, depending on the material(s) being worked with
 Normal work clothing is not protection against compressed air
 If you must clean with compressed air, do not use air that is set above 30 PSI. You must also
have effective chip guarding and proper PPE (OSHA standard 1910.242(b))
 NEVER USE COMPRESSED AIR TO CLEAN CLOTHING OR HAIR!
 NEVER POINT COMPRESSED AIR AT YOURSELF OR ANOTHER PERSON!
Compressed air is a very useful thing however it can be dangerous and must be used in a safe
manner. Here are some tips when using a compressed air.
General Use
 Keep air hose off the floor where it is a trip hazard and subject to damage by trucks, doors, and
dropped tools. During a recent audit of our facility we found many unused air hoses laying
across the floor, many attached to a self-retracting reel.
 Prevent sharp objects from rubbing against the hose. Be especially careful if the hose gets
wedged in a corner or hung around a machine. Always go to the point where the hose is stuck
and guide it. Don’t pull on the hose trying to free it.
 Prior to use, ensure the quick-connect is properly seated and there is no apparent damage to
the hose or fittings. Weak points may swell like a balloon and burst, throwing pieces of hose in
every direction. This may also cause the hose to thrash about dangerously.
 If your area doesn’t have a self-retracting reel, always coil the hose—without kinks—and hang it
over a broad support, not over a hook, nail, or angle iron, when not in use.
When using it to blow dust and debris:
 Ensure you are wearing goggles or a face shield to protect your face and eyes. Air in excess of
30 lbs. can blow an eye from its socket, and/or rupture an eardrum.
 Always utilize a OSHA approved air nozzle that reduces our 90 lb. air down to a safe level for
such use.

 Never aim the hose at yourself or someone else.
 Never use compressed air to clean off your body. Air pressure against the skin may penetrate
deeply to cause internal hemorrhage and intense pain.
 Keep air hose off the floor where it is a trip hazard and subject to damage by trucks, doors, and
dropped tools.

Seven Common Accident Causes
Consider this statistic: 80 out of every 100 accidents are the fault of the person involved in the
incident. Unsafe acts cause four times as many accidents and injuries as unsafe conditions.
Accidents occur for many reasons. In most industries people tend to look for "things" to blame when
an accident happens, because it's easier than looking for "root causes," such as those listed below.
Consider the underlying accident causes described. Have you been guilty of any of these attitudes or
behaviors? If so, you may have not been injured…but next time you may not be so lucky.
1. Taking Shortcuts: Every day we make decisions we hope will make the job faster and more
efficient. But do time savers ever risk your own safety, or that of other crew members? Short
cuts that reduce your safety on the job are not shortcuts but an increased chance for injury.
2. Being Over-Confident: Confidence is a good thing. Overconfidence is too much of a good
thing. "It'll never happen to me" is an attitude that can lead to improper procedures, tools, or
methods in your work. Any of these can lead to an injury.
3. Starting a Task with Incomplete Instructions: To do the job safely and right the first time you
need complete information. Have you ever seen a worker sent to do a job, having been given
only a part of the job's instructions? Don't be shy about asking for explanations about work
procedures and safety precautions. It isn't dumb to ask questions; it's dumb not to.
4. Poor Housekeeping: When clients, managers or safety professionals walk through your work
site, housekeeping is an accurate indicator of everyone's attitude about quality, production and
safety. Poor housekeeping creates hazards of all types. A well maintained area sets a standard
for others to follow. Good housekeeping involves both pride and safety.
5. Ignoring Safety Procedures: Purposely failing to observe safety procedures can endanger you
and your co-workers. You are being paid to follow the company safety policies-not to make your
own rules. Being "casual" about safety can lead to a casualty!
6. Mental Distractions from Work: Having a bad day at home and worrying about it at work is a
hazardous combination. Dropping your 'mental' guard can pull your focus away from safe work
procedures. You can also be distracted when you're busy working and a friend comes by to talk
while you are trying to work. Don't become a statistic because you took your eyes off the
machine "just for a minute."
7. Failure to Pre-Plan the Work: There is a lot of talk today about Job Hazard Analysis. JHA's are
an effective way to figure out the smartest ways to work safely and effectively. Being hasty in
starting a task, or not thinking through the process can put you in harms way. Instead, Plan Your
Work and then Work Your Plan.
"It is better to be careful 100 times than to get killed once." Mark Twain

Safety in the Absence of Unreasonable Risk
Safety is the absence of unreasonable risk. While this is one of the best definitions of “safety” out
there, “safety” is actually an outcome or result. The statement might better be: “Safety is an outcome
of the absence unreasonable risk”. Regardless of how you state it the focus on keeping workers safe
and healthy has greater financial and reputational incentives than ever before.
The irony of this focus is that in spite of companies supplying better PPE, writing better safe work
procedures, and focusing on emergency preparation, injuries and even fatalities continue. In fact,
workplace fatalities have been increasing and tend to increase in step with how busy the economy is.
It is the increase of unsafe acts that is driving these statistics.
Unsafe acts account for 80 to 90 per cent of all injuries. To be fair, many unsafe acts take place
because a worker is new and does not know better. Essentially this is an unsafe condition because a
company is required by law to inform and train workers about the hazards of their job. We know
better in our shops.
Most injuries here that are the result of an unsafe act, the worker knows better. Usually, someone is
taking a short cut because they think this is saving time. This calculation is always flawed. If you
rationally step back and look at the situation, you quickly see that you never save time taking so
called short cuts. A classic example is jumping down from about one meter (39 inches for the
metrically impaired). You can jump down without injury quite a number of times. However, if you do
not see the wet spot on the floor that is extremely slippery, if you slip just before you jump, if
someone placed something on your landing spot, you can sustain a significant injury. For the sake of
argument, say you tweaked your ankle and had to do Modified Duties for a week. How many
thousand times do you have to jump down one meter instead of sitting down and swinging your legs
over the side? And what if you had injured yourself more severely? What if you broke your back and
ended your working career?
There is no short cut that is worthwhile. There are set ways of doing things that are proven over time
(our work procedures). If you think that what you are doing might be risky, it probably is. It pays to
stop several times a day and give yourself that four second check to see what hazards there might be
around you. You might find an easier and safer way to move something. You might discover that
conditions have changed. In the end, the vast majority of unreasonable risk is from our own risk
taking. If we truly think about what we are doing, we are less likely to sustain an injury.

SAFETY AT FINISHING & WARE HOUSE

Pallet Safety
We utilize pallets in this facility each and everyday. From shipping product out the door to moving
items internally . . . pallets are part of our daily life. However, over the past couple weeks we've had
several near misses involving pallets and it might be time to review a few safety tips when working
with pallets.
- When handling wood pallets, always use cut resistant gloves. This helps to prevent cuts and slivers.
- Look at a wood pallet before you pick it up to ensure there are no nails sticking out. Rusty nails that
are typically found in wood pallets can puncture the skin causing Tetanus which can be fatal.
- Never walk over a wood pallet as there may be nails sticking up out of it. Additionally, you never
know what shape a single deckboard may be in as you put your weight on it.
- When handling plastic pallets, be sure to have good posture. They are close to 100 lbs each and
proper posture during moving them can prevent strains and pulls.
- Never stand a pallet up on its side. Always lay pallets flat on the ground as intended. A falling pallet,
especially the plastic pallets can hurt someone walking or working by it.
- Because they are heavy and awkward to carry, move a pallet by standing on its edge and sliding it.
- Don't throw pallets because you can injure yourself and damage the pallet.- Don't manually stack
pallets more than 7 or 8 high; use forklifts to make stacks higher.
- To properly stack pallets, slide the pallet to one side of the stack. Using proper lifting motion, slide
the pallet up the side of the stack and onto the top.
- Broken pallets should be taken to the recycle area where they won't get used.
Each month we get near misses about slipping on pieces of wood from pallets that have broken off
during use. If you see a piece of pallet on the floor, don't just kick it away, pick it up and throw it in a
garbage can to prevent the next person from slipping on it

Warehouse Safety
Whether in a free-standing facility or an adjunct to a manufacturing operation, you should be aware
of the hazards affecting warehousing employees.
Safety concerns for production facilities with warehouses include conveyors, manual material
handling, fire safety, chemical exposure, lockout/tagout, powered industrial trucks, housekeeping, air
emissions, noise and ergonomics. Additional hazards found in warehousing include loading docks,
material storage, fire safety and charging stations.
Several problems exist that affect the safe storage of materials. These include bad pallets,damaged
racks, irregular dimensions, inadequate space, load limits of racks and mezzanines,lack of spacing
between back-to-back racks and insufficient guarding on mezzanine.
Powered industrial trucks are vital to most warehouse operations. They pose great risk for
endangering associates, property and products if operated improperly. That’s why only those
employees who are trained and authorized by the employer may become operators.
In addition, potential causes exist that can lead to injuries from manual handling of materials. These
include lifting, back sprains and strains, and hand injuries. The personal protective equipment (PPE)
you wear will vary depending on what hazards are present. Proper PPE may include hard hats, safety
shoes, gloves, aprons, eye and face protection, and hearing protection.
In addition, slips, trips and falls are a major source of injuries throughout any warehouse. Things that
can cause a slip, trip or fall include:
 Cords, hoses and banding material;
 Carrying material with blocked vision;
 Leaking containers, spilled liquids or slippery material;
 Rain, snow or ice;
 Paper;
 Broken pallets;
 Unguarded openings on elevated work platforms or levels;
 Lack of safety harness when working in overhead racks;
 Uneven floors, lack of handrails, floor holes;
 Insufficient lighting.

Hand Injuries
Each year in the US over 16 million people suffer hand injuries; over 250,000 of those are serious and
disabling. The hand is one of the most complex parts of your body - the movement of the tendons,
bones, tissues and nerves allows you to grip and do a wide variety of complex jobs.
Without your hands it would be extremely difficult to do routine simple tasks, such as opening doors,
using a fork, or tying your shoes. Tuck your thumb into your palm and imagine trying to tie your
shoes. It would be extremely difficult.
Hand injuries are difficult to repair because of the complexity of the hand. After a hand injury, the
hand may not function as it did before the injury due to loss of motion, dexterity and grip.
Over 25% of all industrial injuries involve the hand, wrist and fingers. Typical injuries include:
 Puncture wounds
 Lacerations
 Broken fingers
 Contusions
 Thermal Burns
 Chemical Burns
These injuries occur when:
 Cutting or using a sharp tool
 Using hand tools
 Reaching into moving parts
 Working with chemicals
 Touching something hazardous (electrical or thermal)

Lacerations
In a recent study of hand injuries the leading cause of injury was contact with cutting or piercing
objects, most often pieces of metal, razors and knives, power tools and nails. Fingers and hands were
the most-injured body parts among the construction workers in this study, accounting for one-third of
emergency room visits. About 15 percent of these injuries were amputations, partial amputations,
crushes and fractures. About 63 per cent involved a laceration.
So how can we reduce hand injuries? A recent study found that wearing gloves reduced the relative
risk of injury by 60 percent. We have seen here in our own facility and through the corporation that
the wearing of cut-resistant gloves and cut-resistant sleeves when handling or working around cut
hazards had dramatically reduced lacerations.
The study also showed that workers reported that they had worn gloves only 27 percent of the work
time, and only 19 percent reported wearing gloves at the time of the injury. Gloves are only effective
when you wear them.
To reduce the chance of injury when working around cut hazards it is important that you wear the
cut-resistant gloves and sleeves. They are made of Kevlar or Dyneema and offer cut resistance to
sharp objects. Understand, they are certainly not cut-proof, however they afford you much protection
when working with and around sharp items such as:
 Utility knives
 Saw blades
 Dies
 Knives
 Sheet Metal
 Glass
 And similar cut hazards

Hand Tools
Here are some facts about hand injuries and hand tools:
 Some 30,000 persons are injured annually using hammers.
 25,000 using standard blade screwdrivers & crescent wrenches.
 Each year, more than 115,000 people end up in the emergency room as a result of hand-tool-
related injuries.
The improper use of hand tools causes many injuries everyday throughout the world. Tools are not
used as intended, they are used improperly or they are in poor condition. It is very important to
inspect any hand tool prior to its use. Ensure the tool is not worn, broken and is in good working
condition.
Here are some other tips:
Hammers
 Never use a hammer with a splintered, cracked, or loose handle
 Don’t use hammers with rounded striking faces
 Don’t strike a hammer face with another hammer
 Don’t use nail hammer claws as a pry bar
Wrenches
 Use the correct sized wrench for the job
 Don’t use pliers or crescent wrenches on bolt and nuts, use the proper wrench.
 Pull on wrenches rather than pushing them
 Never use a cheater bar on a wrench
Screwdrivers
 When using screwdrivers, place the object on a flat surface or in a vise, don’t hold it in your
hand!
 Don’t use screwdrivers as chisels or pry bars
 Use the correct size driver for the screw
 Don’t use screwdrivers with chipped tips

Exposure to Chemicals through skin
One way chemicals can enter our bodies is through absorption through the skin. More often than not,
this occurs through the hands as we handle various chemicals. It’s important to read the label and to
know the chemicals you are working with and to utilize protective gloves when handling chemicals.
Chemicals can cause irritations to your skin. Most of the time this isn’t acute and doesn’t occur with
just one unprotected handling of the chemical, but it’s with repeated unprotected handling of the
chemical. Detergents and solvents can dry out your skin and dissolve the oils in your hands. Your
hands may develop a rash that is further irritated as you use your hands to work on various tasks.
Continued abrasion of the tender skin can cause you further irritation and discomfort.
Also some chemicals such as caustic Sodium Hydroxide can cause a burn to your hands. Very acid or
caustic chemicals can immediately burn your skin from contact.
It’s important you protect your skin with gloves. More importantly, the right glove for the chemicals
you are handling. Not all gloves are made the same. Neoprene gloves work great for many workplace
chemicals such as solvents and detergents. However they are not effective for some chemicals such
as Benzene. Latex gloves don’t work well with many solvents. Cut-resistant gloves work well on sharp
objects, but won’t do a thing against chemicals.
Even after using gloves, you should wash your hands after handling chemicals and especially before
you eat, drink or smoke. Protect your hands from irritation and burns, utilize gloves whenever
handling chemicals.

Ten Rules to Preserve Ten Fingers
1. Beware of pinch points. Train yourself to recognize pinch pints and avoid placing your hands
and fingers in such hazardous spots.
2. Expect the expected. When using wrenches and other hand tools, with which you expect
resistance, anticipate that the tool might slip or the object to which pressure is being applied
may suddenly give way.
3. Inspect tools. Check to see if they are in good condition and safe to use.
4. Do not work on moving equipment. If the equipment can be stopped, do so. Working on moving
equipment presents a real threat to hands and fingers.
5. Replace machine guards following repairs that require removal of guards. The presence of
machine guards is an important factor in keeping hands and fingers out of dangerous areas.
6. Be mindful of equipment that starts automatically. Never work on such equipment without first
eliminating the possibility of automatic startup.
7. Deenergize electrical equipment prior to working on it. Flash burns caused by electrical
equipment shorting out is a threat to hands and fingers when work around such equipment is
being performed.
8. Be mindful when closing doors. Keep hands and fingers clear. Also, watch for children’s fingers
in the family car.
9. Avoid touching lines or equipment that is hot. Every hot line or hot piece of equipment is a
potential source of painful injury to any hand or finger that comes in contact with it.
10. If the work being performed requires gloves, use them. Gloves offer protection from sharp
objects, wood and metal splinters, acids, electrical burns, chemicals, and many other sources of
injury.

Lockout Tagout
Anyone who operates, cleans, services, adjusts, and repairs machinery or equipment should be aware
of the hazards associated with that machinery. Any powered machinery or electrical equipment that
can move in a way that would put people in danger is a hazard that can be prevented by following
locking or tagging procedures. Failure to lock out or tag power sources on equipment can result in
electrocutions, amputations, and other serious-sometimes fatal-accidents.
Just this past week there were 4 stories in the news about workers who died doing their job related
to not having control of hazardous energy. What are the most common causes of these accidents?
 The machine or piece of equipment was not completely shut off before a maintenance or repair
operation. Not only must the machine be turned off but also the power source that goes to it.
 The machine was turned on accidentally, either out of carelessness or because the person who
turned it on didn't realize that another worker was there and could get hurt.
 The machine wasn't working correctly but wasnt fixed, turned off, locked or tagged, and
someone who didn't know about the problem used it.
 Moving equipment wasn't blocked.
 Safety procedures were inadequate or hadn't been properly explained.
Remember the dangers and be on your guard around any machinery and moving equipment. Even if
you don't operate the machinery, you could get caught in it and injured if it isn’t properly
disconnected. So what can you do to prevent accidental injury from moving machinery?
 Ensure you know the hazardous energy associated with your equipment prior to doing any work
on it.
 Ensure you know all the energy that could affect the task (electric, gravity, water, pneumatic,
hydraulic, steam, etc)
 Ensure you control the accidental release of the energy prior to working on the equipment
through lockout, tagout or alternative measures identified for your specific equipment.
 Never reach into moving equipment. In even the blink of an eye you could have a life changing
injury.
 Test the energy after you believe it to be isolated. This is one of the most overlooked steps and
probably the most important. Employees think they have isolated the energy at the source, but
it isn't for one reason or another.
 Be aware of your personal safety and the safety of others when working with or around moving
equipment and machinery. Always follow proper lockout and tagout procedures, even for a
quick or minor repair!
Removing Guards
We recently had an incident at another facility where there was a jam on a machine and the operator
could not easily access some of the product jammed in the counter-ejector area through the movable
interlock guard. To reach that area they had to remove a fixed position guard.
During clearing of the jam and while working in the unguarded area, the machine started and his
little finger was caught by the belt pulling his arm into the machine. He pulled away and the result
was a dislocation to his shoulder.
A couple lessons to be learned here:
 Whenever you must remove a guard from a machine, the machine must be in full Lockout.
 Whenever you have a major jam, the machine must be in full Lockout.
 For minor jams and releases, the machine you must utilize the alternative measure of energy
safe position to ensure the machine isn’t activated when you are reaching in release the
product. This can happen by many ways including accidently tripping photo eyes or switches or
having someone else not aware of what you are doing and activate part of the machine.

Importance of Preparing for Lockout/Tagout
As with so many things we do, the preparation and planning can be some of the most important
things we do. It is no different with LOTO. Prior to placing a piece of equipment in a LOTO state, we
need to step back and look at the "big picture" if you will. We need to plan and prepare for the task.
Gather all information necessary. The more information exchanged by those involved in the job, the
less likely an accident will occur. These are just some of the questions you should be able to answer
before beginning lockout/tagout procedures:
 What equipment is needed?
 What are all the energy sources?
 What methods will be used to control energy sources?
 Are there hazardous substances that need to be drained?
 What protective equipment needs to be worn?
 Could energy re-accumulate while work is being performed?
 Does adjacent machinery need to be locked out as well?

LOTO - More Than a Lock
Lockout/Tagout is more than just putting a yellow lock on the main electrical disconnect to a machine
or part of a machine. There are 7 very important steps you must do when putting Lockout/Tagout in
place:
SEVEN STEPS FOR SHUTDOWN
1. NOTIFY – Notify all affected employees that you are going to be conducting a lockout/tagout.
2. PREPARE – Before you begin, be sure you know all the types of energy involved, hazards
presented by energy, and how to control the energy.
3. SHUTDOWN – Turn off machine or equipment.
4. ISOLATE - Isolate machine or equipment from its energy source(s). (For example, turn off main
circuit breaker.)
5. LOCKOUT – apply your lock. Be sure that it holds the isolating device in the “off” or “safe”
position.
6. RELEASE - Release stored energy. Relieve, disconnect, restrain, block, or otherwise ensure, that
all energy sources – electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, compressed, etc. – are de-energized.
7. VERIFY – Try the on-off switch or other controls to be sure the machine won’t start. Return the
switch to the “off” position.
YOUR LOCKOUT IS COMPLETE……
When you are done, there are 3 very important steps you must do when removing a machine from a
Lockout/Tagout state:
THREE STEPS FOR RESTART
1. INSPECT – inspect the equipment to be sure that –
a. All tools and other materials are remove.
b. Machine is fully reassembled
c. Guards and other safety devices are reinstalled
2. NOTIFY – Be sure that –
a. All employees are safely positioned.
b. All affected employees are notified of the restart
3. REMOVE – Remove lockout devices.
Remember that only the person who put the lock on my remove it.
Knowing what and where to lockout something is critical.
Prior to servicing that requires Lockout/Tagout you must evaluate the potential energy that could be
released while working in that area or on a specific device. There are several types of energy:
 Electrical energy to operate the device.
 Pnuematic energy or commonly known as air that controls various devices.
 Steam that heats various devices.
 Natural Gas that is used in compustion devices
 Water that may be used to cool devices
 Hydraulics that may be used to control devices
 Gravity that may play a part in something lifted off the ground.
 Thermal energy that may cause things to remain hot after the source has been turned off.
As OSHA states in their standard, the purpose of LOTO is to prevent the “unexpected" energization or
start up of the machines or equipment, or release of stored energy could cause injury to employees.

Depending on the task you are performing you need to evaluate and isolate the systems and sources
of energy that could cause injury
Various energy sources and devices have different methods for ensuring the energy is isolated.
For electrical cabinets, in most case it is just a matter of placing a lock on the built-in hasp to the
disconnect. However, other energy sources may require the use of additional lockout devices to
accomplish the task.
We have many devices available to lockout different types of valves and the like. For gate valves
similar to your home’s outside water hose valve, there are covers that encase the entire handle to
prevent anyone from turning it.
For ball valves that do not have a place for a lock, there are devices built that will hold it in the off
position (either parallel or perpendicular to the pipe) and can be locked in place.
For larger valves for large gas pipes we have lockable bags where the handle can be removed after
being shut off and placed inside the bag and locked in place.
For pneumatic (air) quick disconnect hoses there is a device we have that the male end of the
coupling goes into and gets locked into this device with a padlock.
There are numerous devices available for very specific needs and applications. If you are in a
situation where you are unsure how to lockout a specific energy source, just ask . . . we have a
device that can do it.

WORKING AT HEIGHT/ LADDER
SAFETY

Falls From Any Height
Who needs fall protection equipment? If you said workers building bridges or cleaning office tower
windows you would be right. But what about all the workers who work at lesser heights, just a few
feet off the ground? They should also be protected from falls - which can be every bit as fatal.
Consider your work area. Are there locations from which someone could fall? What sort of protection
is in place to prevent a fall? And is there equipment to stop a fall?
The situations to be considered are both:
 Permanent - such as a fixed ladder on a process tank or mezzanine floor where materials are
stored.
 Temporary - such as a scaffold or the top of a loaded truck.
Fall protection equipment is broadly divided into two categories:
 One is fall prevention equipment. Guardrails and coverings at floor openings and safety-interlock
gates on elevated platforms are designed to prevent falls. A body harness worn by the worker
can also be used to tether him to an area away from the fall hazard.
 Fall arrest equipment is designed to save the worker if he falls. He may wear Personal Protective
Equipment consisting of a body harness and lanyard attached to a lifeline or an anchor point. Or
a net slung below the work area may protect him.
The law in many areas says a worker must be protected if he is exposed to a fall hazard of 10 feet or
three meters. But a study has indicated 10 per cent of fatal falls occur at heights lower than that.
Imagine someone falling four feet from a loading dock and striking his head on the pavement. Such
an incident could very well be fatal.
Check these areas:
 Do employees ever have to climb on top of vehicles, to unload tankers, remove load strapping,
paint or do other maintenance?
 Does anyone ever go to the roof? Do maintenance workers service the air conditioner up there?
What is the potential for falls?
 Do you ever do painting of the facility during slow work periods? Are scaffolds built safely
according to regulations?
 Floor openings created by construction work must always be properly barricaded and securely
covered.
 Catwalks over machinery and process equipment must be regularly inspected and maintained.
Safety laws are in place to prevent falls from heights. Be sure to follow these rules to the letter. And
look beyond the law. You know a fall hazard when you see one, so report it to ensure it gets fixed

Ladder Inspections & Safety
There are a reported 136,118 ladder related injuries in the United States annually! During 2008,
work-related falls from ladders resulted in approximately 119 fatalities and an estimated 17,540
serious injuries.
Not all these incidents are due to defective ladders however that can certainly be one of the factors.
It is important that ladders are inspected regularily. OSHA requires it in several instances.
OSHA 1910.25(d)(1)(x) - Ladders shall be inspected frequently and those which have developed
defects shall bewithdrawn from service for repair or destruction and tagged or marked as
"Dangerous, Do Not Use."
OSHA 1910.26(c)(2)(vi) - Ladders are to be inspected:
(c)(2)(vi)(a) If ladders tip over or
(c)(2)(vi)(d) If ladders are exposed to oil and grease
OSHA 1910.27(f) – Fixed Ladders - All ladders shall be maintained in a safe condition. All ladders
shall be inspected regularly, with the intervals between inspections being determined by use and
exposure.
These required frequent inspections must be documented. Perhaps the easiest way is to have stickers
or tags directly on the ladder itself and to have a ladder log to ensure they are all inspected as
required.
Unfortunately frequently is a very subjective word. Truly each ladder must be evaluated on it's use
and exposure to damaging influences. You will want to inspect a ladder utilized daily that is in a high
exposure area much more often then the office step stool used every now and then.
There are also rules for use of all ladders:
 Maintain ladders free of oil, grease and other slipping hazards.
 Do not load ladders beyond their maximum intended load nor beyond their manufacturer's rated
capacity.
 Use ladders only for their designed purpose.
 Use ladders only on stable and level surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental movement.
 Do not use ladders on slippery surfaces unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet to
prevent accidental movement. Do not use slipresistant feet as a substitute for exercising care
when placing, lashing or holding a ladder upon slippery surfaces.
 Secure ladders placed in areas such as passageways, doorways or driveways, or where they can
be displaced by workplace activities or traffic to prevent accidental movement. Or use a
barricade to keep traffic or activity away from the ladder.
 Keep areas clear around the top and bottom of ladders.
 Do not move, shift or extend ladders while in use.
 Use ladders equipped with nonconductive side rails if the worker or the ladder could contact
exposed energized electrical equipment.
 Face the ladder when moving up or down.
 Use at least one hand to grasp the ladder when climbing.
 Do not carry objects or loads that could cause loss of balance and falling.
Although ladders are part of our everyday life at both work and home, it's important we don't take
them for granted. Ensure you inspect and utilize ladders appropriately.

Fall - Gravity Always Wins
Gravity never forgets. As soon as you set foot on the ladder’s first rung and pull your body off the
ground, gravity works to bring you back to earth. Therefore, it’s no surprise that ladder safety begins
from the ground up.
Start with a good foundation
Proper ladder setup will help prevent slips and falls. Place the base on a firm, solid surface. Avoid
slippery, wet or soft surfaces. If you must put the ladder on a soft surface, place a board under the
ladder’s feet to provide firm footing. Make sure the top of the ladder has firm support as well.
Never lean a ladder against a window pane or other unstable surface. If you’re using a straight or
extension ladder, the angle of the ladder is the next critical safety factor. A straight or extension
ladder should be placed 1 foot away from the surface it rests against for every 4 feet of ladder
height. For example, if the ladder is 4 feet high, the bottom of the ladder should be 1 foot away from
the support surface.
If you use a ladder to access a roof or platform, make sure the ladder extends at least 3 feet over the
roof or platform edge. Be sure to securely fasten straight and extension ladders to the upper support.
If you have angled the ladder properly and still have doubts about its stability, have someone hold
the ladder before climbing up.
If you’re using a step ladder, be sure to open it completely before you climb. If you have to use a
step ladder near a doorway, lock or barricade the door and post signs so no one will open it and
knock you off the ladder.
Climb with care
When you climb, always face the ladder and grip the rungs of the ladder to climb, not the side rails.
Never get on or off a ladder from the side unless it has been secured to prevent movement.
Never climb with equipment in your hands. Use your pockets, equipment belt, or a tool pouch and
raise heavy objects with a hand line. If you forget something, always climb down the ladder to
retrieve it yourself; don’t have someone toss it up to you. And never ask someone to climb up your
ladder to give you supplies. It is dangerous to exceed the weight limits that a specific ladder can
handle.
When you descend a ladder, practice the same safety rules. Face the ladder, keep your body square
and hold on to the rungs. Lastly, step off at the bottom rung of the ladder. Never jump off of a
ladder.
Think before you carry
Before you start to haul a ladder around, evaluate the area where you’ll be working. Ladders can be
heavy and unwieldy. You can strike another person or object, or hit electrical power lines. Make the
ladder as compact as possible before transporting it. Carry it horizontally while tilting it higher in front
and lower in back. If the ladder is particularly long and heavy, get a coworker to help you carry it.
Follow the rules
Ladder safety may seem simple, but injuries occur every year. Below are some ladder safety dos and
don’ts:
 Use the right ladder for the job.
 Inspect the ladder before and after a job.
 Read all warning labels carefully and follow directions before you climb.
 Clean the ladder after each use to prevent dirt buildup.
 Wear clean, dry, slip-resistant shoes and use ladders with slip resistant feet.
 Don’t stand any higher than the third rung from the top of the ladder.
 Don’t lean too far or overreach. Reposition the ladder closer to the work instead.
 Don’t use a ladder as a bridge or scaffold.
 Don’t put a ladder on a box, barrel or other object to gain additional height.
 Don’t use a damaged or unsafe ladder.

Experts also warn about ladder use in bad weather. Descend immediately if high winds, rain or other
inclement weather begins. Wind force can blow you off the ladder. Rain can make the rungs and the
ground slippery. Bitter cold can make metal ladders more brittle and can cause other structural
damage. If you encounter bad weather while on a ladder, do not speed up to finish the job and risk
injury. Wait to finish the job until conditions are once again safe.
Remember, don’t let gravity get you down. Practice ladder safety rules every time you climb to make
your work easier, faster and safer.

4 Rules for Ladder Safety
Four rules cover safe use of ladders. They are:
- Pick the right ladder for the job you are going to do.
- Make sure the ladder is in good condition.
- Set up the ladder correctly.
- Work safely on the ladder.
Let's examine these rules one at a time.
Pick the right ladder:
The ladder should be of the correct type and length. You will probably use an ordinary straight ladder
for most purposes. An extension ladder may be required for high work. A step ladder is used when
you need a free-standing ladder or one with a tool tray. Some situations may not require a ladder at
all. Instead, you may need a scaffold. Never use a metal ladder around any electrical installation.
Check the condition of the ladder:
Never use a damaged ladder. Make sure all parts of the ladder are in good working order, free from
corrosion, rust, rot, cracks and other defects. Check the rungs, side rails, braces, hinges, ropes and
pulleys. See that the rungs are free of slippery substances such as oil. Never use a painted ladder
because the paint can hide defects. To protect it, use a clear preservative instead of paint.
Make sure that the non-slip rubber feet are in good condition. Check overall for any signs of warping
or twisting.
Set up the ladder:
With a straight ladder, walk it into position hand over hand. Make sure the base is solid. Tie the top if
you can. A straight ladder should be placed against the wall at an angle so that the base of the ladder
is one foot away from the wall for every four feet of height. You can remember this formula as the
"four up, one out" rule. So a 16 foot extension ladder should be 4 feet out from the wall at the base.
A stepladder should be locked into a fully-open position before you attempt to use it.
Raising an extension ladder is a two-person job. There should be a considerable overlap between
each section.
If the ground is uneven, utilize boards or other methods to ensure the ladder has even ground to
stand on. For soft turf or other “mushy” surfaces, you can turn the feet up on the ladder to make
spikes so it will be stable on the ground.
When using a ladder to gain access to a roof, place the ladder so that it extends at least three feet
above the edge. Usually you can just count the rungs to estimate 3 feet.
Work safely on a ladder:
- When climbing or working on a ladder, maintain three-point contact. This means that two hands
and one foot, or one hand and two feet should be in contact with the ladder at all times.
- Keep centered on the ladder. Here's a way to remember to do so - your belt buckle should remain
between the two side rails at all times. Never lean away from the ladder because you can cause it to
topple.
- Do not carry tools or materials in your hands. Keep tools in a belt, or hoist objects up after you.
- Do not stand on the top few rungs of any ladder.
- Footwear should have clean soles made of a non-skid material. Leather is too slippery.
- Never move a ladder while you are on it.
- Move slowly and carefully on a ladder.
- Do not work on a ladder if you are ill, overly tired or possibly under the influence of alcohol or any
drug.
- Stay off outdoor ladders during bad weather such as rain, wind or lightning.

- Certain work situations may require the use of fall prevention equipment such as safety belts or
harnesses. Be sure to use this equipment as directed and keep it in good condition.

Ladder Safety Rung by Rung
A ladder is an essential workplace tool for anyone working above ground level. However, each year
more than half a million people are injured while using ladders.
Anyone who uses the wrong ladder for a job or uses it inappropriately is courting trouble. Don’t
become a statistic. Remember these ladder safety tips:
- Select the correct ladder. Why waver on the top rung of a stepladder when you can use an
extension ladder? Never use a metal ladder if there’s any chance of contacting electricity.
- Never assume a ladder is safe. Check it for unsafe footing, broken steps, bent legs, bent supports,
cracks, worn or slippery step treads, and worn or missing rubber feet. Don’t use it if there’s a
problem.
- Set the ladder up on flooring that is dry, even and clear of obstacles. Never lean the ladder against
anything unstable (such as a stack of boxes) or place it in front of an unguarded or unlocked door.
- Follow the belt buckle rule when using a stepladder, making sure your belt buckle goes no higher
than the top step of the ladder. Climb the ladder only after ensuring the frame is locked securely in
place.
- Follow the four-to-one rule when setting up an extension ladder. Place the ladder with its base one
foot away from the wall for every four feet in height. Secure the ladder to a stable object at the top
and then lock the extension securely in place. Never stand on the top two steps of an extension
ladder.
- Ask a spotter to hold the base of the ladder while you climb and be especially careful when climbing
a ladder on a windy day. Remember to fasten the top of the ladder securely to prevent it from
tipping.
- Ascend and descend the ladder facing the rungs with both hands on the edges. Hoist tools and
materials only after you have reached the top of the ladder.
- Take precautions to prevent a fall. Use both hands when climbing and lock a leg around a rung
when you need to have one hand free. Never climb onto a ladder that’s already supporting one
person.

Step Ladder Safety
If you use a ladder only occasionally, chances are it's a stepladder. Accidents happen just as easily
with stepladders as with other types of ladders and scaffolding, and the consequences can be just as
serious. In fact, a study of ladder accidents found 20 per cent of the injuries involved stepladders. Of
23 cases studied, 12 persons were injured in leisure time and 11 during working hours.
The most common type of accident was when the ladder tipped over sideways. These accidents were
caused by reaching out too far to one side, causing an unintentional movement of the ladder. Other
causes of stepladder accidents included placing the foot incorrectly, tripping and slipping, defective
ladders and makeshift repairs, or failing to fold out the ladder properly.
Here are some safety tips to follow when using a stepladder:
- Inspect the stepladder to see if it is in good condition before using it. Ensure the rungs are solid and
securely fitted in the stiles. Also check that the spreaders are in good shape and able to lock into
place. Look for any twisting or distortions in the shape of the ladder.
- Place the ladder on a solid, even surface. Don't place it on snow or ice. If you must position the
ladder in a doorway or another traffic area, make sure the route is adequately barricaded to prevent
collisions.
- Lock the spreaders into place before ascending the ladder, and make sure the stepladder legs are
fully open.
- A stepladder is designed to be used in the open position. Never lean it against a wall to use it as a
straight ladder.
- Never climb onto the top two rungs of a stepladder. If you need to climb higher, get a longer
ladder.
- Always face the ladder when climbing up or down, and keep both hands on the side rails while
climbing.
- Do not carry tools or materials up or down a ladder with your hands.. Instead, carry them on a tool
belt, or move them with rope or a basket. Never overload a ladder with heavy materials, and do not
allow more than one person on any ladder at one time.
- Do not reach out too far from the ladder in any direction. If you must reach away from the ladder to
work, climb down and move the ladder to a new position.

The Danger Zone - The Office
Compared to an industrial work environment, an office can seem like a safe place to work. However,
many serious accidents and injuries occur on a regular basis in offices everywhere. Slips, trips and
falls are one of the most common causes of workplace injuries. They can occur anywhere whether
you are in the production area or in the office.
Office workers are injured by falls, fires and electric shock. They receive cuts and bruises from office
tools and furniture. They develop long-term injuries from repetitive work such as keyboarding.
As you go through your day, use these safe work practices:
- Watch for obstructions which can cause tripping accidents. Cords and cables should not be placed
across traffic areas. Even cords going to a power bar located next to a work station can trip a person
getting up from the desk.
- Materials should be stored in designated storage areas, not in boxes on the floor.
- Briefcases, handbags and other personal items should be stored where no one will fall over them.
- Keep drawers of desks and cabinets closed.
- Clean up any spills, such as coffee or water, right way. If a spill cannot be taken care of
immediately, arrange a barricade and a sign to warn people. Floors which are wet from cleaning
should also be blocked off and marked by warning signs.
- Load file cabinets from the bottom up. Serious accidents have occurred when top-heavy filing
cabinets have fallen over.
- Use safe lifting techniques. It is just as easy to receive a back injury in the office as it is in the
warehouse. To pick up a heavy item, squat down beside it. Use the strength in your legs, not your
back, to raise it up. Bend your knees, not your back.
- Store sharp implements such as scissors, paper knives, and letter openers separately from other
items to prevent cuts and puncture wounds.
- Be alert to electrical hazards, which can cause fires and electrocution. Check for any frayed or
damaged cords or plugs. Electrical repairs should be made only by qualified personnel.
- Don't overload electrical circuits. Extension cords are meant to be used only temporarily, so make
sure the area is wired adequately for all of the electronic equipment such as computers, copiers and
printers. Breakers which trip frequently are a sign of overloaded circuits.
- Don't use makeshift scaffolds such as a chair balanced on a desk when you are reaching for
something overhead. Take the time to get a stepladder or stepstool.
- Repetitive strain injuries are increasingly common in offices. When doing work such as computer
keyboarding, keep your hands and wrists straight and relaxed. Frequently switch to other tasks to
give your hands a rest.

Computer Eye Strain
Today we’ll talk about a growing problem around the world as technology enters our lives at work
and at home . . . eye strain.
As more people use computers in the workplace and home, complaints of eye fatigue, difficulty
focusing and discomfort have become commonplace.
Computer video display terminals don't damage vision, but you might still experience eyestrain.
Fortunately, rearranging your computer workstation, taking more frequent rest breaks, or getting
proper glasses can often relieve these symptoms, says Academy spokesperson Ruth Williams, M.D.
To pinpoint the cause of your discomfort, first get an eye exam by your ophthalmologist, who can
rule out the possibility of eye disease as the cause of your symptoms. You may find you need glasses
when working at a computer, or that your prescription needs updating.
Next, take a look at your computer workstation:
 Screen distance: You should sit about 20 inches from the computer monitor, a little farther
away than reading distance, with the top of the screen at or below eye level.
 Equipment: Choose a monitor that tilts or swivels. Adjust them appropriately for the lighting in
the room. Use a glare reduction screen on the monitor if needed.
 Furniture: An adjustable chair is best. The top of the monitor should be at eye level. Place the
monitor on a stand if needed.
 Rest Breaks: Take periodic rest breaks, and try to blink often to keep your eyes from drying
out. Every 20 minutes, take a 20 second break, and look away 20 feet to give your eyes a rest.
Move them up, down and to both sides focusing on something at least 20 feet away.

Flying Objects
The One Eyed Carpenter
A carpenter asked his employer to pay for the damage done to his glass eye which was broken when
a nail he had been driving flew up and struck it. When he was asked how he lost the eye in the first
place he replied, "Oh, the same way, a flying nail." A dark world awaits this carpenter if the next nail
hits his other eye before he decides to use safety glasses. It may be difficult getting used to eye
protection, but have you tried getting used to a glass eye?
There are two kinds of foreign particles that can get in your eyes on job sites. The first type is wind-
carried material like:
• sawdust
• dirt
• rust, etc.
Although a bother, these aren't as serious as the other type: namely high-speed chips that go flying
when a hard material contacts another hard material. Some examples include:
• A jackhammer breaking rock or concrete
• Drilling, scaling, or reaming steel
• Cutting masonry products with a powered saw
• Demolishing walls or ceilings
• Striking a chisel or punch with a hammer
• Using a powder actuated gun into steel or concrete
• Cutting with a portable circular saw
And don’t forget working with molten materials:
• Soldering
• Socketing wire rope end connections
Eye Protection Can Be:
• safety glasses
• safety goggles
• face sheilds
• prescription glasses with safety lenses
Each has a different use depending on whatever conditions exist for your particular job site. It is very
important to make sure that your eye wear fits correctly. Remember that proper ventilation and
sprays can help reduce fogging.
Eye Protection Tips:
 To prevent scratching the lens, take care when setting your eye protection down or putting
them away for the day.
 Replace the lens or get new glasses when scratches on the lens become
noticeable
 Clean eye protection regularly at the eye protection cleaning station, if available. Or use water
and a soft absorbent towel such as a paper towel. Don’t use your shirt or a rag that collects and
holds dirt, it will scratch the lens.
Try This For Show And Tell!
Find a few old pairs of goggles (different kinds) that have nicks and scratches on them. Point the
marks out to the crew telling them that those are the places where debris would have gotten into
their eyes if they hadn't been wearing eye protection.
Questions You Can Use To Get Them Talking:
• What kind of jobs need eye protection?
• Where can you get eye protection?
• Has anyone heard of a serious accident involving someone who wasn't wearing eye protection?

Eye Injuries
Every day an estimated 1,0000 eye injuries occur in workplaces worldwide. No matter where we
work, flying particles, dusts, splashes or flying objects are apt to expose us to potential eye injury.
Fortunately, we can protect against these hazards by using the appropriate protective eyewear for
our jobs.
A survey by the Labor Department's Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of about 1,000 minor eye
injuries reveals how and why many on-the-job accidents occur:
 Not wearing eye protection. BLS reports that nearly three out of every five workers injured were
not wearing eye protection at the time of the accident.
 Wearing the wrong kind of eye protection for the job. About 40 of the injured workers were
wearing some form of eye protection when the accident occurred. These workers were most
likely to be wearing eyeglasses with no side shields, though injuries among employees wearing
full-cup or flat-fold side shields occurred, as well.
What Causes Eye Injuries?
 Flying particles. BLS found that almost 70% of the accidents studied resulted from flying or
falling objects or sparks striking the eye. Injured workers estimated that nearly three-fifths of
the objects were smaller than a pin head. Most of the particles were said to be traveling faster
than a hand-thrown object when the accident occurred.
 Contact with chemicals caused one-fifth of the injuries.
 Other accidents were caused by objects swinging from a fixed or attached position, like tree
limbs, ropes, chains, or tools which were pulled into the eye while the worker was using them.
That is how eye injuries occur.
The BLS reported that more than 50% of workers injured while wearing eye protection thought the
eyewear had minimized their injuries. But nearly half the workers also felt that another type of
protection could have better prevented or reduced the injuries they suffered. It is estimated that 90%
of eye injuries can be prevented through the use of proper protective eyewear. There are several
types of eye protection and it’s important you wear the right protection for the task.
Safety Glasses
We wear safety glasses anytime we’re in the production area. Safety glasses with side shields are a
good form of eye protection for general use to prevent flying debris and or objects from coming into
contact with your eyes.
Safety Goggles
When we’re using compressed air or handling harmful chemicals we need to wear safety goggles.
Goggles offer superior protection from small flying debris and particles as well as chemical splashes.
Face Shields
When grinding, changing propane or changing batteries we need to wear a face shield along with our
safety glasses or goggles. This gives additional protection to our face during these types of tasks.
Welding Helmets
When welding you have the risk of harmful rays impacting your eyes from a short distance. That is
why we have special tinted welding helmets. It not only protects your face from flying objects, but
your eyes from the rays.
What to do if you have an eye injury?
Eye contact with chemicals:
• Immediately flush the eye with water or any other drinkable liquid. There are eye wash stations
throughout the facility. Keep the eye open and as wide as possible while flushing. Continue flushing
for at least 15 minutes taking small breaks as needed.
• DO NOT use an eyecup.

• If a contact lens is in the eye, begin flushing over the lens immediately. This may wash away the
lens but the sooner you start the flushing, the better you are.
• The flushing may cause eye irritation itself and once flushed thoroughly you can use eye drops if
needed. However, eye drops are not a substitute for flushing the eye.
Specks in the Eye
• DO NOT rub the eye
• Try to let your natural tears wash the speck out. This is the best method.
• Try lifting the upper eyelid outward and down over the lower lid.
• Use an eye wash station or a bottled solution if your natural tears are not working effectively. Flush
the eye for at least 15 minutes taking breaks as needed.

Portable Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are considered first aid appliances. Operators must be trained in their classification
and use. When a fire is first detected, THINK SAFETY FIRST!
 Sound the alarm
 Immediately contact the local Fire Department by dialing 911 if possible.
 Provide any and all information requested.
Classification of types of fires and types of portable fire extinguishers:
 Class A fires involve ordinary materials such as paper, cloth wood, cardboard, foam, and other
rubbish and debris.
o Use a Class A or Class ABC fire extinguisher on this type of fire.
 Class B fires involve flammable and combustible liquids such as fuels, paints, solvents, and
grease.
o Use a Class B or Class ABC fire extinguisher!
o Do not use a Class A extinguisher on this type of fire. Possibility of spreading the flames.
 Class C fires are electrical fires.
o Use a Class C or Class ABC fire extinguisher on these types of fires.
o Do not use a Class A fire extinguisher on this type of fire. You must disconnect the power
source to eliminate these types of fires.
 Class D fires involve flammable metals such as magnesium, potassium, and other flammable
metals. Must utilize special extinguishing agents to extinguish these types of fires.
o Class A, Class B, or Class C fire extinguishers are not designed to extinguish these types
of fires.
o Class ABC fire extinguishers are designed to be used on all classes of fires except Class D
fires.
o Class BC fire extinguishers are designed to be used on flammable liquid and electrical fires
only.
Follow these operating procedures if/when attempting to extinguish a fire utilizing a fire extinguisher
listed above. Do not attempt to extinguish a fire if you are not trained and/or authorized to do
so. PASS method of using fire extinguishers:
 PULL the retaining pin on the handle of the fire extinguisher. Stand back 8-10 feet from the fire.
 AIM the nozzle of the extinguisher at the base of the fire.
 SQUEEZE the handle of the extinguisher.
 SWEEP the extinguishing agent at the base of the fire.

REACT to a fire
How would you "react" to a fire? It's truly hard to say until you are put in that position. We have an
emergency response plan, but chances are greater you'll be involved in a fire when you're not here at
work than when you are.
Many people find it's easier to remember the steps in a process when you make an acronym out of
them. So let's review how to "REACT" to a fire.
R - Remove persons from immediate danger!
E - Ensure doors and windows are closed (smoke/fire spread prevention)!
A - Activate the building alarm (inform the people)!
C - Call the fire department!
T - Treat all fires as dangerous!

Portable Fire Extinguisher Types and Use
Before you ever use a portable fire extinguisher, you better know the extinguisher to use for each fire
class:
 ( A ) for fires involving combustibles like wood or paper
 ( B ) for flammable liquids and gases
 ( C ) for fires where electricity may be present
 ( D ) for combustible metals like magnesium
Fire extinguishers are labelled for use on either a single class of fire (A) or (D), or for multiple classes
fires (BC), or (ABC). Only trained employees should use fire extinguishers.
Use the PASS method when using a fire extinguisher:
 P Pull the pin
 A Aim hose at the base of the fire
 S Squeeze the trigger
 S Sweep back and forth with the extinguisher. Move carefully toward the fire, keep the
extinguisher aimed at the base of the fire and sweep from side to side until the flames appear to
be out.
Watch the area. If the fire starts up again, repeat the PASS technique.
Remember these firefighting tips:
 Most fire extinguishers are emptied in less than a minute.
 Do not attempt to fight a large fire.
 Always leave yourself a way out--keep your back to an exit.

Elements of Combustion
Any program on fire prevention and safety is based on a clear understanding of how materials ignite.
In order for a fire to occur, three elements are required; Oxygen, Heat, and Fuel. These elements are
frequently shown as the "fire triangle."
The elements of combustion are very similar to the construction of a triangle: All sides must come
together before a fire can occur. Therefore, the goal of a fire safety program is to keep these
elements apart. Since oxygen is present in nearly all-industrial work situations we must separate or
control the heat and fuel sources to reduce the chances of fire.
Take a look around your work areas today and everyday where both heat and fuel sources may be
found. And remember . . . housekeeping is important. Keep your work areas clean and organized.

Handling Flammable Liquids
Flammable liquids like oil, gas, kerosene, and many solvents present unique fire hazards. They give
off invisible vapours that can travel long distances and catch fire quickly or explode when ignited by
something as small as a static discharge. Follow these tips when using flammable liquids:
 Keep away from ignition sources, such as cigarettes or hot machinery surfaces.
 Use only in areas with good ventilation.
 Store in approved metal containers.
 Ground and bond containers when transferring materials to safely discharge static electricity.
 Take only what you need for a job.
 Clean up spills and leaks quickly.
 Remove clothing that has absorbed liquids immediately.
 Never store near heat sources.
 Do not cut or weld on drums or containers that once contained gasoline or other flammable
liquids.

Fire Prevention - Vehicles
Between 2002-2005, highway-type vehicle fires accounted for 18% of reported fires and 13% of
worldwide deaths. On average, 140 highway vehicle fires were reported per hour. These fires killed
one person a day. Cars and other passenger vehicles account for the vast majority of highway vehicle
fires and associated losses. In 2002-2005, only 19% of highway vehicle fire actually occurred on
highways; 33% occurred on streets, roads or driveways, and 17% were in parking lots.
Most vehicle fires resulted from mechanical or electrical failures or malfunctions.
 Have your vehicles inspected at least annually by a trained, professional technician.
 Watch for fluid leaks under vehicles, cracked or blistered hoses, or wiring that is loose, has
exposed metal or has cracked insulation. Have any of these conditions inspected and repaired
as soon as possible.
 Be alert to changes in the way your vehicle sounds when running, or to a visible plume of
exhaust coming from the tailpipe. A louder than usual exhaust tone, smoke coming from the
tailpipe or a backfiring exhaust could mean problems or damage to the high-temperature
exhaust and emission control system on the vehicle. Have vehicles inspected and repaired as
soon as possible if exhaust or emission control problems are suspected.
If a vehicle fire occurs:
 Stop – If possible, pull to the side of the road and turn off the ignition.Turn off the ignition to
shut off the electric current and stop the flow of gasoline. Keep the hood closed because more
oxygen can make the fire larger.
 Get Out – Make sure everyone gets out of the vehicle. Then move at least 100 feet away.
 Call for Help – Call 9-1-1. Firefighters are specially trained to combat vehicle fires. Never return
to the vehicle to attempt to fight the fire yourself. Vehicle fires can be tricky, even for
firefighters.

Hot Work Permits
A Hot Work Permit is required for any temporary operation involving open flames or producing heat
and/or sparks. This includes, but is not limited to, welding, burning, cutting, brazing, grinding and
soldering. The Hot Work Permit is really nothing more than a formal checklist to ensure that potential
safety issues are addressed in the area you will be doing the work and that someone else agrees it is
safe to do the work.
Such work can create heat and sparks which could ignite nearby items unless they are protected.
Requirements of the hot permit include things like:
 Floors will be swept clean.
 Flammable liquids, dust, lint, and oily deposits will be removed.
 Ducts and conveyor systems will be protected or shut down to prevent sparks from being
carried to other combustibles.
 All combustibles will be removed where possible; otherwise, area will be protected with fire
resistive tarpaulins or metal shields.
 Portable fire extinguisher, suitable for the type of possible fire, will be readily available at the
work area.
Depending on the area and the work being done a firewatch person may be needed in the area
during and after the work is completed.
Some think of the Hot Work Permit as just another piece of paper to fill out while trying to get the job
done. However, enough fires have occurred during these types of operations that a formal checklist is
required. The hot work permit helps us all ensure that the area is safe for such operations so that we
have a place to return to work to tomorrow.

The Three-Point Rule . . . You Don't Have To Fall Off
A Truck
Falling while getting into or out of heavy equipment, a truck or tractor cab, hooking up air and
electrical lines, or mounting or dismounting trailers is a sure way to get seriously hurt. An insurance
industry study showed that falls from vehicles produced injuries that were almost 25% worse than
other types of injuries.
Even an ankle sprain can play havoc with your ability to use the clutch. Minor injuries can cost you
big in terms of lost income and downtime. The biggest single cause of falls from a vehicle is driver
error and failure to follow the THREE-POINT rule.
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO AVOID FALLS?
No matter what type of access system your vehicle has available, use the THREE-POINT system to
significantly reduce the chance of a slip or fall. The THREE-POINT system means three of your four
limbs are in contact with the vehicle at all times—two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand.
The THREE-POINT system allows a person to have maximum stability and support, thereby reducing
the likelihood of slipping and falling. Be a winner; use the THREE-POINT system.
DO’S:
 Wear shoes with good support -- not sandals, bare feet or high heels.
 Exit and enter facing the cab.
 Slow down and use extra caution in bad weather.
 Get a firm grip on rails or handles with your hands.
 Look for obstacles on the ground below before exiting.
DON’Ts:
 Don’t climb down with something in your free hand. Put it on the vehicle floor and reach up for
it when you get down on the ground.
 Don’t rush to climb out after a long run. Descend slowly, to avoid straining a muscle.
 Don’t ever jump out. You may land off balance or on an uneven surface, and fall.
 Don’t use tires or wheel hubs as a step surface.
 Don’t use the door frame or door edge as a handhold.
 Don’t become an injury statistic.
The professional driver or operator knows all the do’s and don’ts of getting in and out of vehicles and
practices the Three Point Rule every day.
The only person who can prevent a fall is you!

Three Point Rule: Avoid Falls
Falling while getting into or out of truck cabs or heavy equipment or when mounting or dismounting
truck bodies or trailers can cause serious injuries. Many knee, ankle and back injuries result from
jumping from equipment onto uneven ground or objects.
The biggest cause of falls from a vehicle is human error and failure to follow the “Three Point Rule”.
The Three Point Rule requires three of four points of contact to be maintained with the vehicle at all
times – two hands and one foot, or both feet and one hand. This system allows maximum stability and
support, reducing the likelihood of slipping and falling.
There are important steps that can be taking to prevent mounting/dismounting injuries with use of the
Three Point Rule being most important.
WHAT THE EMPLOYER CAN DO:
 Evaluate every truck and piece of equipment.
 Provide additional steps, non-slip surfaces and hand holds where necessary.
 Maintain steps, contact surfaces and handholds in useable condition. Inspect frequently.
 Instruct all workers in safely mounting and dismounting equipment, including the 3-point contact
method.
 Install warning decals or signs in the cab or on the door of trucks and heavy equipment
reminding workers to use 3-point contact.
WHAT THE EMPLOYEE CAN DO:
 Keep steps, ladders and standing surfaces free of snow, mud and debris. Report damage
immediately.
 Don’t use tires or wheel hubs as a step surface.
 Don’t use the doorframe or door edge as a handhold.
 Wear footwear with good support and slip resistance.
 Don’t climb down with something in your hand. Leave it on the vehicle floor and retrieve it after
getting safely on the ground.
 Don’t rush to climb out after a long shift.
 Descend slowly to avoid straining a muscle.
 Be extra careful when working in inclement weather.
 Exit and enter facing the cab.
 Get a firm grip on rails or handles.
 Never Jump! You may land on an uneven surface, off balance or on something. Look before
exiting.

Stay Alert - Avoid Slips, Trips, and Falls
Stay Alert - Avoid Slips, Trips, and Falls
Overview
Slips and falls occur every day. The extent of injuries and their recurrence can be minimized through
proper safety knowledge and attitudes. Practice safety--don't learn it through experience. There are
various ways to suffer slips and falls while working. You can slip and lose your balance, you can trip
over objects left in your walkway, or you can simply fall from an elevated position above the ground.
Slips
Slips can be caused by wet surfaces, spills, or weather hazards like ice or snow. Slips are more likely
to occur when you hurry or run, wear the wrong kind of shoes, or don’t pay attention to where you’re
walking. To avoid slips, be on the lookout for foreign substances on the floors. Watch for deposits of
water, food, grease, oil, sawdust, soap, or debris. Even small quantities are enough to make you fall.
When entering a building from the outdoors or from debris areas, clean your footwear thoroughly.
Snowy and rainy weather requires that you clean off the soles of your shoes. Don't go too fast, walk
safely, and avoid changing directions too sharply.
Trips
Trips occur whenever your foot hits an object and you are moving with enough momentum to be
thrown off balance. Trash, unused materials, any object left in the aisles or other areas designed for
pedestrian traffic invites falls. Extension cords, tools, carts, and other items should be removed or
properly barricaded off. Report any equipment or supplies that are left in walkways. Keep
passageways clear of debris. Walk where you're supposed to walk. Short cuts through machine areas
invite accidents. Concentrate on where you are going -- horseplay and inattention leaves you
vulnerable to unsafe conditions.
Falls
The worst falls are from elevated positions like ladders and scaffolding. They result in serious injuries
and death. Learn and practice ladder safety and the proper use of scaffolding. Hold on to handrails
when using stairs or ramps. They are there to protect you should a fall occur. If you're carrying a
heavy load which hampers your ability to properly ascend or descend stairs, use the elevator, or find
help! When climbing, use a ladder of proper length that is in good condition. Keep it placed on a firm
surface. Do not climb a ladder placed on machinery, crates, stock or boxes. Keep the ladder's base 1
foot away from the wall for every 4 feet of height. Don't over-reach. Always have control of your
balance when working from a ladder. Never climb a ladder with your hands full, and always carry
tools in proper carrying devices. When using a scaffold, be sure it is assembled according to the
manufacturer's specifications. Check carefully for defects. Standing and working planks should be
level and clean. Use toeboards to prevent tools from falling and workers from slipping. Work only with
people who practice scaffold safety.

Using Stairs
Most of us use stairways every day going up and down various levels either here at work or at home.
We have done it for years and the problem is . . . we no longer think about the real danger in doing
such. Falls on stairs is one of the most common incidents that occur both at work and at home.
With over 8 million people treated for fall-related injuries in 2004. Falls are the leading cause of
nonfatal unintentional injuries treated in hospital emergency rooms, according to the All Injury
Program, a cooperative program involving the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Recently we had incidents at two of our other plants where employees fell or tripped on steps and
had recordable cases. One employee fractured their fibula.
One of the most important things you can do when ascending or descending stairs is to utilize the
handrail. Holding on to the handrail give you a two points of contact and balance at all times. Here
are some other tips:
 Never run up or down stairs
 Never read papers while using stairs.
 Focus on the stairs, not conversations or other distractions that may be present.
 Always look straight ahead when using stairs.
 Only take one step at a time.
 Get help if you have to carry something up or down stairs.
 Ensure you always have at least 1 hand free when using stairs.
 If the steps are located outside, be extremely careful if it is raining or snowing.

Slips, Trip and Falls - Pay Attention
Slips, trips and falls is the number 1 reason for an industrial injury throughout world. Thousands of
disabling injuries—and even deaths—occur each year as a result of slips, trips, and falls:
• From heights, on stairs, and on level ground
• At work and at home
Pay Attention to Your Movements and Surroundings
 Focus on where you're going, what you're doing, and what lies ahead.
 Expect the unexpected.
 Take responsibility for fixing, removing, or avoiding hazards in your path.
 Wear sturdy shoes with nonskid soles and flat heels.
 Avoid baggy or loose pants you could trip over.
 Walk, don't run.
 Wipe your feet when you come in from rain or snow.
 Report or replace any burned out lights or inadequate lighting.
 Watch out for floors that are uneven, have holes, etc.
 Keep your hands at your sides, not in your pockets, for balance.
 Don't carry loads you can't see over.
 Walk slowly on slippery surfaces. —Slide your feet and avoid sharp turns.
 Sit in chairs with all four chair legs on the floor.
 Make sure all wheels or casters are on the floor.
 Be constantly alert for—and remove or go around—obstructions in your path.

The Danger of Hidden Openings
It has to be a terrible feeling. One moment your feet are on what seems to be a solid surface, the
next moment they're in mid-air as you begin a fall to a level far below.
That's how a floor opening fall typically happens. A worker in a plant or at a construction site falls
through an opening to a surface below or into industrial machinery on a lower level. Chutes for
moving materials, elevator shafts and mine shafts have also taken their toll in similar worker falls.
Openings in floors and roofs are often part of the work environment during construction, renovation
and demolition. They must be guarded and securely covered so no one can accidentally step in. Half
measures won't do it. Many have died in incidents such as these:
 A worker cleaning up after a roofing crew picks up a piece of plywood, not realizing it covers an
opening, into which he falls.
 A worker passing through a renovation site steps on a too-small covering placed over a hole and
not secured. The board breaks or one end tips into the hole. The worker falls down the opening.
 Skylights and other roof features not designed to bear weight also have been the route to death
for workers who stepped or climbed on them.
In industrial plants, workers have fallen from catwalks over machinery or process vessels. Holes in
the runway, unguarded sides and ends have allowed workers to fall. Tanks with unguarded openings
large enough for a worker to fall in have also taken many lives. Unguarded access points to fixed
vertical ladders have also been the scene of fatal falls.
There are safety laws requiring certain types of guards around openings including roof openings and
floor openings, smoke shafts, vehicle repair pits, loading dock edges and other openings on walking
and work surfaces. Prevention of falls into water or another liquid, or into a hazardous substance or
object is also regulated.
By law, temporary and emergency floor and wall openings must be guarded by rails and toeboards or
a cover.
The floor opening cover must be capable of supporting any load placed on it. It should be secured
positively so it cannot be easily removed, and it should be labeled. The cover should go over the
entire opening unless guardrails are installed.
Ladderway floor openings and platforms must be guarded by railings and toeboards on all sides
except the entrance. The entrance must be arranged so the person cannot walk directly into the
opening without encountering a gate or an offset area.
Guards are also required for hatchways and chute openings, skylight openings, pits and trap door
openings and manhole floor openings.
Besides guardrails and nets, fall prevention and fall arrest equipment might be required for you to
work safely. Learn to use the fall protection equipment and avoid hazards. Don't wait for an opening;
do it now.

Trips and Falls
Most injuries resulting from falls aren’t caused by falls from over head, as you might think. They are
from falls at ground or floor level where we walk and work.
HOUSEKEEPING
Housekeeping of a high standard is most important to maintain a safe work area.
 Don’t leave trip hazards in the work area.
 Keep containers on the job for studs and nuts.
 Equipment and spare parts should be kept neatly in one place.
 Remove rubbish and scrap constantly
 Have all surplus materials, rubbish etc. removed on completion of the work.
THE WORK SURFACE AREA
 Avoid walking or working on irregular rough ground surfaces.
 The area should be in a condition that you could get a good shore footing.
 Don’t short cut over rough areas.
A little thought on the job can avoid many types of leg, feet and toe injuries to yourself or your mates
in the area.

Slips and Falls
An unguarded wet floor is one of the many causes that accounted for over 10 million injuries last year
at work. In Michigan, 17.4 percent of all Workers' Compensation cases were due to injuries sustained
from falling or slipping on the job. It is important to spot unsafe conditions which may lead to slips
and falls and prevent them.
There are various ways to suffer slips and falls while working. You can slip and lose your balance, you
can trip over objects left improperly in your walkway, or you can simply fall from an elevated position
above the ground.
To avoid slips and falls, be on the lookout for foreign substances on the floors. Watch for deposits of
water, food, grease, oil, sawdust, soap, or debris. Even small quantities are enough to make you fall.
When entering a building from the outdoors or from debris areas, clean your footwear thoroughly.
Snowy and rainy weather requires a door mat at each entrance to allow for complete wiping of shoes.
Don't go too fast, walk safely and avoid changing directions too sharply.
Beware of tripping hazards. Any object left in the aisles or other areas designed for pedestrian traffic
invites falls. Extension cords, tools, carts, and other items should be removed or properly barricaded.
If equipment or supplies are left in walkways, report it. Let the proper personnel remove it. Keep
passageways clean of debris by using trash barrels. If you project trash into a can but missed, PICK
IT UP!
Walk where you're supposed to walk. Short cuts through machine areas invite accidents. Concentrate
on where you are going—horseplay and inattention leaves you vulnerable to unsafe conditions.
Hold on to handrails when using stairs or ramps. They are there to protect you should a fall occur. If
you're carrying a heavy load which hampers your ability to properly ascend or descend stairs, use the
elevator, or find help!
The worst falls are from elevated positions like ladders and scaffolding. They may result in serious
injuries and death.
Learn and practice ladder safety and the proper use of scaffolding.
When climbing, use a ladder of proper length that is in good condition. Keep it placed on a firm
surface. Do not climb a !adder placed on machinery, crates, stock or boxes. Keep the ladder's base
one foot away from the wall for every four feet of height. Don't over-reach. Always have control of
your balance when working from a ladder. Never climb a ladder with your hands full, and always
carry tools in proper carrying devices.
When using a scaffold, be sure it is properly assembled according to the manufacturer's
specifications. Check carefully for defects. Standing and working planks should be level and clean.
Use toe boards to prevent tools from falling and workers from slipping. Work only with people who
practice scaffold safety.
Slips and falls occur every day. The extent of injuries and their recurrence can be minimized through
proper safety knowledge and attitudes. Practice safety . . . don't learn it through "Accidental
Experience."

Danger - Hazardous Chemicals
Chemicals can present one or more serious hazards to your health and safety.
They can be:
 Reactive: may react with air, water, or itself and burn, explode, or release vapors.
 Flammable: they catch fire easily.
 Explosive: they explode under certain conditions.
 Corrosive: they burn the skin or eyes.
 Toxic: they’re poisonous
Know the routes of entry chemicals can take to get into your body:
 Skin and eye contact
 Inhaling
 Swallowing (ingestion)
You can block these routes of entry by using good safety practices and the right Personal Protective
Equipment: Safety glasses or goggles Gloves Protective clothing Respirators.
Remember—you can guard against chemical hazards. A good safety attitude protects everyone—you,
your family, and the company.

Chemical Safety Tips
Chemicals are a major part of our everyday life at home, work and play. Examples include toxics,
corrosives, solvents and numerous other substances. As long as we take proper precautions, these
substances can be handled safely.
Chemicals that you use at home include gasoline, paints, fertilizers, lawn chemicals, bug spray, paint
strippers, kerosene, bleach and other household cleaners. However, chemicals you may use at work
are facility-specific solvents, laboratory chemicals, fuels, paint, office copier chemicals, correction
fluid, lubricants and corrosives.
We are exposed to chemicals by these ways.
- Inhalation — Breathing in dusts, mists and vapors Example: Working with bags of concrete at home
without a respirator
- Ingestion — Eating contaminated food
Example: Having lunch in the work area where there are airborne contaminants
- Absorption — Skin contact with a chemical
Example: Contact dermatitis or an eye irritation
- Injection — Forcing an agent into the body through a needle or a high-pressure device
Example: Needle stick or misuse of a high-pressure washer
You can protect yourself against chemical hazards by:
- Reading container labels, material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and safe-work instructions before you
handle a chemical;
- Using specified personal protective equipment (PPE) that may include chemical-splash goggles, a
respirator, safety gloves, apron, steel-toed shoes, safety glasses with side shields, etc. Ensure the
PPE fits properly and you are trained in its use;
- Inspecting all PPE before you use them. Look for defects in the equipment such as cracks, missing
parts, rips, etc. Ensure your respirator has the proper chemical cartridge for the particular chemical
hazard. Change cartridges when it is necessary;
- Knowing the location of safety showers and eyewash stations and how to use them;
- Washing your hands before eating, especially after handling chemicals;
- Leaving your contaminated clothing at work. If you wear the clothes home, you can expose your
family to the hazards.

Emergency Eyewash Use
THE FIRST 10 SECONDS ARE CRITICAL:
Toxic Substances, when coming in contact with the eye, immediately begin to damage sensitive eye
tissue. The longer they remain in contact, the greater the damage to the eye. Besides tissue damage,
acids and alkali can change the pH in the eye itself. When the pH of the eye begins to get out of the
narrow tolerable range, severe eye damage, including blindness, may result. Therefore, it is
imperative to begin flushing as quickly as possible after the eye comes in contact with a harmful
substance.
When irritating or corrosive foreign substances get into the eye, the eyelids involuntarily clamp shut.
Therefore, the person requiring the use of an eyewash device frequently needs assistance to find
his/her way to the device.
This is best accomplished by two persons, each taking an arm of the injured person, and quickly
leading him/her to the nearest eyewash device. The helpers then activate the eyewash device and
position the water stream so that the injured person can flush the eye from the inside corner to the
outside corner.
It is important to remember this so that the harmful substance is not flushed into the other eye. As
mentioned before, since eyelids involuntary clamp shut when irritated, the victim can use his hands to
hold open the eyelids to allow emergency eye flushing. ANSI guidelines suggest a full 15 minutes of
flushing before seeking further medical help.
PREVENTION IS THE KEY TO EYE SAFETY -
It must be remembered that the first line of defense against toxic chemicals and eye irritants is
proper eye and face protection coupled with proper handling techniques. Ensure you are wearing
goggles when handling liquid chemicals that can splash up on you and a face shield when changing
batteries or propane for forklifts.

Working With Chemicals
Chemicals play an important role at home, work and play. They include corrosives, solvents,
flammables, combustible materials and other chemical substances. They all can be potentially
dangerous, but they needn’t be harmful when they are handled, stored and disposed of safely.
You can protect yourself against chemical hazards. Possible solutions include:
 Read container labels, material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and safe work instructions before
handling the chemical. They will list safe handling procedures;
 Always add acids to water to prevent boiling over or splashing;
 Use appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE) when working with chemicals;
 Make sure the PPE fits properly and that you know how to use it. Inspect all PPE prior to use;
 When using respirators, make sure you use the correct canister for the particular chemical and
replace it when necessary;
 Know the location of and how to use the eyewash station, safety showers and spillcontrol
stations/materials;
 Never put your bare hands into any chemical; use the proper glove;
 Always wash your hands before eating and after

Chemical Label Colors and Numbers
When your using the various chemicals we use, watch for special symbols—pictures with words, such
as flammable, poison, etc.
Labels also have special colors, which represent the following:
• Red means fire hazard
• Yellow means reactivity hazard
• Blue means health hazard.
Labels also have special number codes, which represent the following:
• 0 = means minimal hazard
• 1 = means slight hazard
• 2 = means moderate hazard
• 3 = means serious hazard
• 4 = means severe hazard
The white part of the label can show different types of information such as:
• On National Fire Protection Association labels, white shows special information such as acid,
corrosive, radioactive, etc.
• On Hazardous Material Identification System (HMIS) labels, the white part tells what kind of PPE to
use.
Read the labels first and then consult the MSDS if there are any more questions

Chemical Labels - Part 1
Labels on chemicals are your first line of defense to know what you are using and what, if any,
special precautions or PPE should be used.
Many chemicals and other substances are hazardous if not used properly. You can be safe if you
know which are hazardous, what the hazards are, and how to work with them safely. You can detect
many of these hazards by reading the labels.
Every container of hazardous material has a label—a good place to start. Label information usually
includes:
• What’s in the container
• What type of hazard might be present
• Special instructions
• How to protect yourself
• Basic first aid.
The label doesn’t tell everything, but it’s a good starting point—read it first!
Remember the following important guidelines:
• Every container should have a label. DON’T USE IT IF IT DOESN’T!
• Report missing or illegible labels.
• Even portable containers should have labels.
• Read labels before using.
• Always follow the instructions on labels.
• Ask your supervisor if you don’t understand the information.
In conclusion always remember to:
• Read the label first before starting to work with any chemical.
• Always refer to the MSDS for more detailed information.
• Ask a supervisor if you have any questions.
• Most important: use the information on labels and MSDSs to protect your health and safety.

Dermatitis
Dermatitis is a painful skin condition which can be prevented. It is caused by a reaction to a
substance on your skin. The symptoms include red, swollen and tender skin, hot and itchy patches or
in severe cases, blisters. Exposure over a long period of time can cause thickening of the skin. In
extreme cases it may eventually lead to skin cancer.
Contact dermatitis is caused by direct contact with the substances. There are two different kinds of
contact dermatitis. One is an irritant dermatitis - a simple case of irritation caused by contact with the
substance. The other type is allergic dermatitis, when repeated exposures to the substance cause the
body to develop an allergic reaction. This reaction can then be triggered by even very small quantities
of the substance.
Acids, alkalis, mineral oils, solvents, bleaches, glues, pollen, wood dusts, nickel, some types of
vegetables and fruits and even antibiotics are just a few examples of the substances which can cause
dermatitis in some people.
Heat, friction and dirt can also cause and aggravate dermatitis. Sweating and repetitive friction on
your skin, combined with dirt and bacteria, can be a sure-fire recipe for dermatitis.
Here are some suggestions on how to prevent it:
 Follow safe procedures when dealing with potential irritants.
 Always read the manufacturer's instructions for using the product.
 Refer to the MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet).
 Avoid spills and splashes and clean up messes promptly.
 Wear proper protection for the task. Use the correct gloves or other PPE for the job.
 Stay clean by using soap and washing your hands and arms. Always rinse your hands and other
exposed areas thoroughly. Dry your skin completely with clean paper towels.
 Use a good hand cream to replace the oils in your skin after washing.
 Keep your body free of irritants by changing into clean clothes at the end of your work day.
Wash contaminated clothing frequently and separately from your other clothing.
 Never keep an oily rag tucked in your pocket. It can lead to dermatitis under your clothing.
 Report early signs of skin irritation.
 Have minor cuts and scrapes treated promptly, because irritating substances can enter the skin
through these routes.
 Report any swelling, redness, or unusual symptoms to your supervisor

HMIS Label PPE Codes
Almost all the chemicals we get in this facility have the familiar blue, red, and yellow colored bar
labels indicate, respectively, the health, flammability, and reactivity hazard associated with the
material. These three bars use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the
material poses essentially no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.
However, what about the 4th white bar that indicates “Personal Protection” with a letter in them? It is
important we understand the PPE codes also. Here are their meanings:
A safety glasses
B safety glasses and gloves
C safety glasses, gloves and an apron
D face shield, gloves and an apron
E safety glasses, gloves and a dust respirator
F safety glasses, gloves, apron and a dust respirator
G safety glasses, a vapor respirator
H splash goggles, gloves, apron and a vapor respirator
I safety glasses, gloves and a dust/vapor respirator
J splash goggles, gloves, apron and a dust/vapor respirator
K airline hood or mask, gloves, full suit and boots
X ask supervisor or safety specialist for handling instructions.
As you can see, as you go higher in the alphabet code, the more personal protective equipment is
required for the chemical. The last code of “X” is used for those products that require something out
of the ordinary. For instance there is no letter code for just “goggles and gloves”. For those cases,
ask you supervisor or refer to the MSDS sheet for specific directions.

Two-Person Lifting Tips
Occasionally we can’t or shouldn’t lift something by ourselves. Items that are heavy, large, awkward
in shape or awkward in weight need two or more people to lift. However, if you don’t do that in an
organized fashion, a helping hand could become a hurting hand.
Have you ever helped move a something up or down the stairs and after it’s done it seems like it
would have been easier to do it yourself. With two or more people lifting, communication is the key to
doing it safely. All those involved have to be on the same page or else someone may do something to
cause an injury to another.
Each day in some form or fashion you do lifting in this facility and at home. Lifting safely is one the
most important things you can do to protect your back throughout your lifetime. Some items it’s
pretty straight-forward how to handle them. However, many people get injured trying to hand the
awkward shaped, awkward sized or awkwardly weighted objects. Here are some pointers for dealing
with those:
For a safe, correct, two-person lift:
 Work with a person about your height.
 Decide in advance which person will direct the move.
 Keeping knees bent and back straight, lift and raise the load together.
 Move smoothly together as you carry, keeping the load at the same level.
 Unload at the same time, keeping knees bent.
 If moving something up or down stairs, the taller person should be at the lower level.
Grip Properly to Lift Objects With Awkward Shapes
 Squat next to the object, with your feet spread shoulder width apart.
 Grip the object at the top outside corner and the bottom inside corner.
 Lift properly and slowly, with knees bent and back straight.
Get in Position to Lift from a Hard-to-Get-At Location
 Stand as close as possible to the object.
 Bend forward slightly at the hips, and push your buttocks out behind you.
 Bend your knees, keeping your back straight and stomach muscles tight.
 Grip the object firmly.
 Lift so your leg, stomach, and buttock muscles do the work—not your back.

Back Injury Prevention Techniques
Your back is in motion all day, every day, even when you sleep. It bends when you sit, twists when
you turn, lifts when you stand and supports you when you walk. An injured back can be
uncomfortable or it can be disabling. By learning a few back injury prevention techniques, you may
be able make your work day safer.
Here are some tips:
- When you are driving, make sure your back is well-supported and that you use good posture. To
prevent back strain, keep the steering wheel close enough that your knees are slightly flexed and
higher than your hips.
- When you have to lift an object, always plan ahead. Decide how you are going to pick up the load,
carry it and set it down, then check the route for obstructions. Always get assistance if the load is too
heavy or too awkward.
- As you lift, position your feet close to the load and squat - don't bend down. Rise to a standing
position, using the strong muscles in your legs rather than the weaker ones in your back. Don't twist
your body when carrying the load. Lower yourself to a squatting position as you set it down.
- Take several short rest breaks at work by standing up and doing a few minutes of stretching
exercises. If your job requires you to stand all day, try placing one foot on a slightly higher surface to
relax tight back muscles.
- When you sleep at night, curl up on your side and place a pillow between your knees for added
support. If you do sleep on your back, place pillows under your bent knees to relieve the strain on
your back muscles.

The "Dos" of Lifting
Is lifting part of your job routine? If so, then everyday you risk injury from strains, sprains, hernias,
cuts, and bruises. Let’s review the dos of lifting.
 Before you begin, know the right way to do the job.
 Check with your supervisor or co-worker if you have any questions about moving a load.
 Always size up the load.
 Get help for heavy or bulky objects. Inspect your path of travel.
 Be aware of stairs and tripping or slipping hazards.
 Choose the safest route.
 Be sure of a safe, firm grip.
 Check for sharp edges.
 If the load is wet or slippery, wipe it off.
 Lift with your legs, not your back.
 Squat down close to the load; keep your back straight; lift slowly with leg power.
 Use material handling equipment whenever possible. When properly used it can save a lot of
manual effort.
The "Don'ts" of Lifting
Today we are going to review the don’ts of lifting.
 Avoid heavy, manual jobs if you have had previous back injuries, are underweight or
overweight, or have a special medical problem such as a weak heart or high blood pressure.
 Never lift more than you can easily handle.
 Never lift with a rounded back and straight legs.
 Avoid twisting your body when lifting or carrying.
 Move your feet to change direction.
 Never lift from an unbalanced position. This means no lifting from one knee or reaching over
another object to lift.
 Never carry a load that blocks your view ahead.

Behavioral Safety - Who Is Responsible for Safety?
Safety is everyones responsibility! As an employee, you should:
 Learn to work safely and take all rules seriously.
 Recognize hazards and avoid them.
 Report all accidents, injuries and illness to your supervisor immediately.
 Inspect tools before use to avoid injury.
 Wear all assigned personal protective equipment.
On the other hand, it is managements responsibility to:
 Provide a safe and healthy workplace.
 Provide personal protective equipment.
 Train employees in safe procedures and in how to identify hazards.
Everyone must be aware of potential hazards on the job:
 Poor housekeeping results in slips, trips and falls.
 Electricity can cause shocks, burns or fire if not handled properly.
 Poor material handling may cause back problems or other injuries.
 Tools and equipment can cause injuries if guards or protective devices are disengaged.
Always use the protections that are provided on the job:
 Guards on machines and tools keep body parts from contacting moving equipment.
 Insulation on electrical equipment prevents burns, shock and fire.
 Lockout/tagout assures equipment is de-energized before it is repaired.
 Personal protective equipment shields your body from hazards you may face on the job.
In case of emergency:
 Understand alarms and evacuation routes.
 Know how to notify emergency response personnel.
 Implement a procedure for leaving the scene safely so emergency personnel can do their job.
 Wipe up spills promptly and correctly.
Safety benefits everyone. With fewer injuries, a business can be more productive and profitable. By
incorporating safety rules, employees avoid injury as well as illness from exposure to hazardous
substances.

First Aid Awareness
When an accident happens, a first aid program that meets the requirements of the law and is tailored
to the type and size of the workplace can literally make the difference between life and death, or
between recovery and permanent disablement.
Supervisors should have information readily available that list emergency contacts in case of a
serious injury. The emergency notice should state the phone numbers of the closest ambulance
service, fire/rescue unit, police station, and hospital. The amount of time it takes to look up one of
these important numbers can make a big difference to a seriously injured person. The location of first
aid equipment and rescue equipment should also be posted prominently.
First aid equipment and supplies should be stored where they can be reached quickly and easily in
case of an accident. These supplies should be inspected frequently, making sure they are kept in
sanitary and usable condition and re-stocked after use. Larger workplaces may need more than one,
fully equipped first aid kit.
In isolated work sites, emergency supplies and an action plan are especially important. If first aid is
not given properly, it can sometimes hurt rather than help an injured or ill person, or even be harmful
to the person giving the first aid. All workers should know where the emergency first aid equipment is
located, and what medical professional or medical facility should be contacted if a medical emergency
should occur.
These are simple objectives to administer when providing First Aid to an injured person until
professional help arrives.
 Make sure you and the victim are not in any danger.
 Maintain individual breathing
 Maintain blood circulation
 Prevent continued loss of blood
 Prevent or treat for shock
 Contact the nearest Medical Services as soon as possible.
Care for an emergency - Note: If the face is red, raise the head. If the face is pale, raise the tail.

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