data and knowledge management chapter 1

Editor's Notes

• #10: Figure 4.1 illustrates the processing of data into information and then knowledge.
• #11: This figure puts data, information, knowledge, and wisdom into perspective.
• #12: Data redundancy: The same data are stored in many places. Data isolation: Applications cannot access data associated with other applications. Data inconsistency: Various copies of the data do not agree.
• #15: Data security: Keeping the organization’s data safe from theft, modification, and/or destruction. Data integrity: Data must meet constraints (e.g., student grade point averages cannot be negative). Data independence: Applications and data are independent of one another. Applications and data are not linked to each other, meaning that applications are able to access the same data.
• #17: A bit is a binary digit, or a “0” or a “1”. A byte is eight bits and represents a single character (e.g., a letter, number or symbol). A field is a group of logically related characters (e.g., a word, small group of words, or identification number). A record is a group of logically related fields (e.g., student in a university database). A file is a group of logically related records. A database is a group of logically related files.
• #22: The data model is a diagram that represents the entities in the database and their relationships. An entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which information is maintained. A record generally describes an entity. An attribute is a particular characteristic or quality of a particular entity. The primary key is a field that uniquely identifies a record. Secondary keys are other field that have some identifying information but typically do not identify the file with complete accuracy.
• #23: Entity classes are groups of entities of a certain type. An instance of an entity class is the representation of a particular entity. Entity instances have identifiers, which are attributes that are unique to that entity instance.
• #25: A database management system is a set of programs that provide users with tools to add, delete, access, and analyze data stored in one location. The relational database model is based on the concept of two-dimensional tables. Structured query language allows users to perform complicated searches by using relatively simple statements or keywords. Query by example allows users to fill out a grid or template to construct a sample or description of the data he or she wants.
• #33: A data warehouse is a repository of historical data organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization. The data cube has three dimensions: customer, product, and time.
• #37: This figure (Figure 4.9) shows the process of building and using a data warehouse.
• #38: This is the first slide (Figure 4.10) of five showing the relationship between relational databases and a multidimensional data structure (or data cube).
• #39: Figure 4.11 a, b, and c.
• #40: Figure 4.12 a, b, and c.
• #47: Knowledge management is a process that helps organizations manipulate important knowledge that is part of the organization’s memory, usually in an unstructured format. Knowledge that is contextual, relevant, and actionable. Intellectual capital is another term often used for knowledge.
• #48: Explicit knowledge: objective, rational, technical knowledge that has been documented. Examples: policies, procedural guides, reports, products, strategies, goals, core competencies Tacit knowledge: cumulative store of subjective or experiential learning. Examples: experiences, insights, expertise, know-how, trade secrets, understanding, skill sets, and learning
• #49: Knowledge management systems refer to the use of information technologies to systematize, enhance, and expedite intrafirm and interfirm knowledge management. Best practices are the most effective and efficient ways of doing things.